41. Section 1: Response To UK Government Policy home page of wednesday vigil for tibet, london, uk. http://www.tibet-vigil.org.uk/Section01.htm

Section 1: Response to UK government policy Response to UK government policy Responses from: Jack Straw Foreign Secretary Denis MacShane Minister with responsibility for relations with China Ben Bradshaw Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State in the Foreign Office Responses we agree with: Tibet Vigil welcomes the fact that the UK:- "Is the only country that does not recognise Chinese sovereignty over Tibet" [Denis MacShane] "Believes that the Tibetans should have a greater say in running their own affairs" [Ben Bradshaw] "Takes every opportunity to press the Chinese to enter a dialogue with the Dalai Lama on a long term political solution in Tibet" [Denis MacShane] "Discusses human rights issues with the Chinese authorities in our regular high level human rights dialogue" [Jack Straw] "Raise a wide range of issues including individual cases such as that of Gedhun Choekyi Nyima, the Dalai Lama's choice as Panchen Lama. We also urged China to release a number of Tibetan dissidents"

42. Meeting At Foreign Office ,14th June 2002. AParaphrase The UK government does not recognise tibet as Independent, and recognises the special relationship of China with tibet, http://www.tibet-vigil.org.uk/f&co140602.html

Meeting At Foreign Office ,14th June 2002. I had a second meeting at the Foreign Office , this time with Caroline Rowett ,China/Hong Kong Department, freshly returned from the bilateral talks in China. [accompanied by Alison Banks] The body of our meeting was taken up with 6 questions I had sent in ahead of the meeting Q : As the UK Government does not recognise Chinese sovereignty over Tibet it would seem to follow that the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan Government In Exile must be considered as the political leaders of a Tibet regarded by the UK Government as autonomous. How can the government justify the fact therefore that it does not recognise [or receive on visits to the UK] those leaders as political leaders ? A:[Paraphrase] The UK Government does not recognise Tibet as Independent, and recognises the special relationship of China with Tibet, so would not recognise Tibetan leaders in exile as political leaders. Q:-As the UK Government does not recognise Chinese sovereignty over Tibet surely the UK Government should not allow UK firms to invest in Tibet without the permission of the Tibetan Government In Exile ?

43. The Situation Of Religious Freedom In Tibet When the tibetan government in exile refers to tibet, it is generally referring The communist government has sought to inculcate in the tibetan people a http://www.religiousfreedom.com/wrpt/tibet.htm

Tibet Prepared by the International Coalition for Religious Freedom document.write(" Updated: "); document.write(document.lastModified); Prior to 1949, Tibet included almost all of the Tibetan plateau having a territory of about 2.5 million square kilometers. The independent country of Tibet included three provinces: U’Tsang, Kham, and Ando. In 1949, the Chinese renamed the two eastern provinces of Ando and Kham and integrated them into China as the province of Qinhai and parts of Sichuan, Gansu, and Yunnan. The province of U’Tsang became the Tibet Autonomous Region. When China refers to Tibet, it is referring to the Tibet Autonomous Region. When the Tibetan government in exile refers to Tibet, it is generally referring to the original three regions of Tibet or "Greater Tibet." For over 300 years, from the coronation of the Great Fifth Dalai Lama in 1642 until the Chinese takeover in 1951, Tibet was governed by a bureaucracy of trained monks. The Dalai Lama was the head of the government. Popular Buddhist millenarianism combining Maitreya Buddhism, ideas of the reincarnation of Lokeshvara, and Shambala prophecy was the basis of this monastic Buddhist state. Thus Tibetan Buddhism is integrally intertwined with traditional Tibetan nationalism. On March 17, 1959, the Dalai Lama, followed by 100,000 refugees sought asylum in India where he established the Tibetan Government in Exile. China claimed that Tibet was historically a part of China and that they were liberating Tibet from "medieval feudal serfdom" and "slavery." The communist government has sought to inculcate in the Tibetan people a sense of identity with the Chinese nation based upon the ideology of communism. Repression of Tibetan Buddhism was particularly severe in the years following 1959. More than six thousand monasteries, temples and other cultural sites were destroyed. Many suffered sever hardship and torture in prisons, labor brigades and camps. It is estimated that 1.2 million Tibetan people died under a regime which Alexander Solzhenytsin described as "more brutal and inhumane than any other communist regime in the world."

44. Free Tibet Campaign - Tibet's Relations With Britain Free tibet Campaign therefore recommends that the British government From 1910 onwards, the British government treated tibet as a de facto independent http://www.freetibet.org/info/facts/fact17.html

Tibet Facts No.17: British Relations with Tibet While current British foreign policy on Tibet includes pressing the Chinese Government on human rights abuses, overall Britain takes a soft approach due to considerations such as the future of Hong Kong and the strong desire for profitable trade with China. The British Government refuses to address the question of Tibet's status or to discuss the issue of Tibetan independence, claiming this is "not a realistic option" - an expedient approach based on realpolitik rather than one of principle or consistency. Current British Position The current British position on Tibet is described in a policy statement of October 1995, which begins: "Successive British Governments have consistently regarded Tibet as autonomous, although we recognise the special position of the Chinese there. This remains our view. We have stressed to the Chinese authorities the need for fuller autonomy in Tibet. However, we do not regard independence for Tibet as a realistic option as Tibet has never been internationally recognised as an independent State, and no member of the UN regards Tibet as independent." ('Government Policy on Tibet', a Statement from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Oct. 1995.)

45. Free Tibet Campaign File - UK And China Relations In 1907, again without informing the Tibetans, the British government signed a The Tibetan government sought to appeal to the United Nations against http://www.freetibet.org/info/file/file14.html

Tibet File No.14: UK and China Relations A submission by Hugh Richardson, formerly of the Indian Foreign and Political Service, to the Foreign Affairs Select Committee in November 1993 for the enquiry on UK relations with China in connection with Tibet in the 20th Century At the Younghusband Expedition to Lhasa in 1904 a treaty was signed by the British Government directly with the Tibetans agreeing inter alia the frontier between Sikkim and Tibet, establishing trade marts in Tibet, and attempting to exclude any other foreign power from political influence in Tibet. In 1906, without the participation of the Tibetans, the British Government concluded a treaty with China which, although refusing to acknowledge Chinese sovereignty over Tibet, greatly reduced the advantages of the 1904 Treaty. In 1907, again without informing the Tibetans, the British Government signed a treaty with Russia binding itself not to negotiate with Tibet except through the Chinese and not to send representatives to Lhasa. For the next few years they could only watch the Chinese attempting to restore their lost influence in Tibet. That culminated in a Chinese invasion of Lhasa in 1910 and the flight of the 13th Dalai Lama to India, where he established a close rapport with Charles Bell, the Political Officer of the Government of India in Sikkim.

46. U.s. Tibet Committee While the Chinese government claims that tibet has always been part of China, As an independent state, tibet had a sovereign government, currency, http://www.ustibet.org/facts/facts.html

f i f t e e n t h i n g s y o u s h o u l d k n o w a b o u t t i b e t a n d c h i n a 1. Tibet was invaded by Chinese forces in 1949. Since that time, over 1.2 million Tibetans have died as a direct result of the occupation, over 6,000 monasteries have been destroyed, and thousands of Tibetans have been imprisoned and tortured for their political or religious beliefs. 2. Forceful annexations are a violation of international law. Article 2, section 4 of the United Nations Charter expressly prohibits annexation by force. Under the Charter, member states are to respect peoples' right to self-determination; Tibetans have a right to this as set forth in Article 1, section 2 of the Charter. 3. Tibet is an independent country now occupied by the People's Republic of China, and struggles to regain its independent status. While the Chinese government claims that Tibet has always been part of China, historical evidence supports otherwise. Tibetans have a distinct culture, religion, and political system. As an independent state, Tibet had a sovereign government, currency, postal system, language, laws, and customs. Prior to 1951, the Tibetan government had also signed treaties with foreign nations including Britain, Mongolia, and Nepal. 4. His Holiness the Dalai Lama

47. Tibetan History (9) The regent of tibet Radreng requested the government of ROC to exempt the The situation was clear to everybody, and tibetan government decided to end http://omni.cc.purdue.edu/~wtv/tibet/history9.html

9. Recent history In this last part about the history of Tibet, I will talk about the most controversial parts of Tibetan history: (E) The state of semi-independent, 1911-1951, (F) part of P.R. China, 1951 to present. (E) The state of semi-independent 19111951 (1) The revolution of China, 1911 Under the pressures of Western Powers and Japan, and domestic rebellions, Ching court lost its `Mandate of Heaven' (Tian-Min). When there was a small disturbance at a city along Yangtse river, the disturbance spread to several areas. Ching court decided to abdicate instead of fighting. Gone with Ching court was the old establishment which had helped ruling China for several thousand years. Only after many years, did people realize that they lost not only `pig-tails' but also the central government of civilian services. China plunged into chaos. Many provinces were independent or semi-independent for one time or other. Let us come back to the problem of Tibet. In 1911, the New Army which was the garrison of Lhasa revolt following the event of Yangtse river. Tsu Tsan Dachen was captured. Then there was a fight between Tibetan army and New Army. None wanted to fight to death. Each guarded a corner of Lhasa, and shot from a distance. It lasted a few months, and people ran back and forth to cry to each camp. Finally, New Army had enough and was bribed to leave. Since then until 1950, Tibetan army was the only force in Tibet. Traditionally, Tibetan just wanted a peaceful land to worship Buddha. Naturally, the

48. Tibet China s government accuses the Dalai Lama of trying to break tibet away from China, which has controlled it since Chinese troops invaded the mountainous http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/tibet.htm

var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="8/7/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; Education Jobs Home Loans Telecom ... Public Eye var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="97/63/19/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="120"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="8"; Choose: HTML TEXT AOL Military References Regional Ethnic Autonomy in Tibet Information Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China 23 May 2004 Links Tibetan Government in Exile International Campaign for Tibet var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="91/20/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="300"; var zflag_height="250"; var zflag_sz="9"; var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="107/18/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="160"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="7"; Tibet One of the autonomous regions of China, often called "the roof of the world," Tibet occupies about 471,700 square miles of the plateaus and mountains of Central Asia, including Mount Everest. It is bordered by the Chinese provinces of Tsinghai to the northeast, Szechwan to the east, and Yunnan to the southeast; Myanmar, India, Bhutan, and Nepal to the south; the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir to the west; and the Uighur Autonomous Region of Sinkiang to the northwest. Lhasa is the capital city. Virtually all of the Tibetan autonomous region, much of Qinghai and Xinjiang, and parts of Sichuan, Yunnan, and Gansu are above 13,000 feet (4,000 meters) in altitude. Some main roads in Tibet, Qinghai, and Xinjiang go above 17,000 feet (5,200 meters), where available oxygen is only half of that at sea level. Conditions in Tibet are primitive, and travel there can be particularly arduous. Medical facilities are practically nonexistent. Many otherwise healthy visitors to the high altitude areas may suffer severe headaches, nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, or a dry cough. These symptoms usually disappear after a few days of acclimatization. However, if symptoms persist, sufferers should descend to a lower altitude, or seek medical assistance as soon as possible. Visitors with respiratory or cardiac problems should avoid such high altitudes. Consult a physician before making the trip.

49. Tibet Facts 1 The British government refuses to address the question of tibet s status or to From 1910 onwards, the British government treated tibet as a de facto http://tibet.dharmakara.net/TibetFacts11.html

Tibet Facts British Relations With Tibet: Discussion of the official British position on Tibet and the issue of independence. While current British foreign policy on Tibet includes pressing the Chinese Government on human rights abuses, overall Britain takes a soft approach due to considerations such as the future of Hong Kong and the strong desire for profitable trade with China. The British Government refuses to address the question of Tibet's status or to discuss the issue of Tibetan independence, claiming this is "not a realistic option"; an expedient approach based on realpolitik rather than one of principle or consistency. Current British Position The current British position on Tibet is described in a policy statement of January 1994, which begins: "Successive British Governments have consistently regarded Tibet as autonomous, although we recognise the special position of the Chinese there" ('Government Policy on Tibet', a Statement from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Jan 1994). The statement continues: "Independence for Tibet is not a realistic option. Tibet has never been internationally recognised as an independent state, and no state regards Tibet as independent" ('Government Policy on Tibet'). In fact, Britain did officially regard Tibet as being de facto independent for much of the first half of the 20th century -from a Tibetan declaration of independence in 1912 until the Chinese invasion and occupation of 194950. British representatives were stationed in Tibet from 1904 to 1947 to liaise with the Tibetan Government.

50. Tibet Facts 1 Selection of Major Resolutions on tibet Passed by governments and Parliaments (Statements on tibet from the British government and the US Senate and http://tibet.dharmakara.net/TibetFacts14.html

Tibet Fact Sheet International Govermental/Parliamentary Action on Tibet Selection of Major Resolutions on Tibet Passed by Governments and Parliaments worldwide. In recent years, parliaments and governments around the world have begun to take action on behalf of Tibet. A representative selection of some of the major resolutions and motions that have been passed is given below. (Statements on Tibet from the British Government and the US Senate and Congress are included in separate TSG Information Sheets.) European Parliament (Strasbourg) 14 October 1987 A resolution was passed urging the Chinese Government to respect the rights of the Tibetan people to religious and cultural freedom, and suggesting that the Dalai Lama's Five-Point Peace Plan could provide the basis for a settlement of the Tibetan issue. l 5 March 1989 A resolution was passed deploring the loss of life in recent disturbances in Lhasa, condemning the subsequent violent repression, and calling for the lifting of martial law. The European Parliament urged the Chinese Government to hold discussions with the Dalai Lama on the future of Tibet, and called on Beijing to respect the autonomous status of Tibet as defined within the framework of the Chinese Constitution. April 1990 The Sub-Committee for Human Rights of the Political Affairs Committee of the European Parliament held a hearing on Tibet which was addressed by the Dalai Lama. At a meeting following the hearing, the decision was made to appoint a special rapporteur.

51. ASIANOW - Tibet's Government-in-exile Says Lama's Flight A Surprise - January 9, tibetan government in Exile s Official Web Site • His Holiness The Dalai Lama His Holiness The 17th Gyalwa Karmapa International Campaign for tibet http://archives.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/south/01/09/india.lama/

MAIN PAGE myCNN Video Audio ... daily almanac MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Tibet's government-in-exile says lama's flight a surprise January 9, 2000 Web posted at: 6:13 p.m. HKT (1013 GMT) DHARMSALA, India (CNN) Aides to the Dalai Lama, the Tibetan Buddhist spiritual leader, denied any involvement in the flight of Tibet's third-ranking religious leader from China last week. The 14-year-old Karmapa Lama the only leader of Chinese- occupied Tibet approved by both the Dalai Lama and Beijing made a guarded public appearance on Saturday and has met twice with the Dalai Lama since his trek across the Himalayas to India. "Since his arrival, our main concern is his health," said Tashi Wangdi, Minister of Religion and culture for the exiled Tibetan government in the Indian city of Dharmsala. "It was a long and difficult journey, and the whole flight was a very traumatic experience, because he is only 14 years old."

52. Tibet many of the tibetan government officials installed were of Chinese nationality. The Chinese government has administered tibet as the Autonomous Region http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa122200a.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Geography Locate Places Worldwide ... Specific Places of Interest Tibet Homework Help Geography Essentials Free Geography Basics Email Course ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Geography newsletter! See Online Courses Search Geography Tibet The Roof of the World, Shangra-La, or The Land of Snows - Under Chinese Control Join the Discussion "Should China 'Free' Tibet and allow it to regain independence?" Related Resources Articles: Places Around the World Articles: Political Geography Elsewhere on the Web Britannica.com: Tibet Tibet Its Ownership And Human Rights Situation (Chinese Gov't) Tibetan Government in Exile by Matt T. Rosenberg December 22, 2000 The Tibetan Plateau is a huge region of southwestern China consistently above 4000 meters. This region that was a thriving independent kingdom that began in the eighth century and developed into an independent country in the twentieth century is now under the firm control of China. Persecution of the Tibetan people and their practice of Buddhism is widely reported.

53. The Potomac Conference - Sino-Tibetan Relations: Prospects For The Future Secret negotiations were going on with Tibetan government representatives. Therefore, the Tibetan government could not take the offer seriously, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/area/tibet-potomac/historical/histdsc1.htm

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54. Office Of Tibet New York > Www.tibetoffice.org/en Hence, it is useless to approach UN , remarked Prof. Sandhong Rinpoche, Prime Minister of Tibetan government in Exile http://www.tibetoffice.org/en/

Languages Chinese Spanish Home Site Map ... Archive News Updates NEW YORK MAYOR GIVES DALAI LAMA KEY TO THE CITY Mayor Michael Bloomberg presented the key to the city to the Dalai Lama on Sunday and called the Tibetan spiritual leader "a moral beacon to millions around the world, with a clear and constant voice for human rights." GERMAN COMPANY UNVEILS DALAI LAMA DOLL A doll depicting the Dalai Lama was unveiled in Neuss, Germany, on Monday in honour of the 70th birthday last July 6 of Tibet's spiritual leader, the Dalai Lama... MESSENGER FROM A BURNING HOUSE Already Tibetans are a minority in their traditional homeland. And they can still be imprisoned for 12 years by their Chinese occupiers if they are found with a picture of their temporal and spiritual leader... WITH DISARMING HUMOR, THE DALAI LAMA TACKLES WEAPONS AND WAR Under a cool, gray sky, the Tibetan leader and 14th Dalai Lama, Tenzin Gyatso, rose to the stage and addressed the audience with the disarming humor and message of compassion that has won him a loyal following across religions, cultures and languages... DALAI LAMA SPEAKS OF PEACE IN VIOLENT WORLD The Dalai Lama, Nobel Prize-winning Buddhist monk and Tibetan leader in exile, said Monday that the time has come for people to think more globally but their first commitment must be to inner peace...

55. Office Of Tibet New York > Www.tibetoffice.org/en The government of tibet should, however, develop and maintain relations, This means that the government of tibet will have the right to decide on all http://www.tibetoffice.org/en/index.php?url_channel_id=74&url_publish_channel_id

56. Hear Tibet! - Why Tibet Samdhong Rinpoche, Kalon Tripa of the Tibetan governmentin-exile, has called for satyagraha, a Ghandian resistance movement based on non-cooperation and http://www.heartibet.org/whytibet.html

Home Why Tibet Self-Determination Background ... IISD Hear Tibet! Self-Determination for the Tibetan People Why Tibet For many centuries the people of Tibet chose to isolate themselves from a world they felt threatened their unique culture and religion. The world, however, was not willing to leave untouched or unconquered this secluded nation dedicated to the Buddhist principle of non-violence. By the end of the nineteenth century, Tibet had become an unwilling player in the "great game" of international politics, caught first between England and Russia, and later between India and China. Tibet, long shrouded in mystery, was forced to open its doors by a British invasion in 1904. Although the British quickly withdrew their military forces, they left behind a small diplomatic presence that effectively put paid to any thoughts Tibet might have had of extending its period of splendid isolation. At the time of the British invasion there was a small Chinese presence in the Tibetan capital, Lhasa. The Chinese ambassadors, or ambans , and their small garrison were expelled following the collapse of the Manchu dynasty in 1911 and the establishment of the Republican government in China.

57. Hear Tibet! - Andrew Ayers 8/4/00 Logo for Hear tibet! International Campaign for a UN Referendum in tibet Unless the tibetan government, at least, demands tibetan independence, http://www.heartibet.org/Referendum/Guests/ayers2.html

Why Vote Endorse Endorsements ... Why Tibet Hear Tibet! International Campaign for a UN Referendum in Tibet Andrew Ayers - August 4, 2000 Response to the Proposed Campaign for a Referendum in Tibet 1. Introduction The referendum campaign seems likely to fail, and thereby waste valuable time, energy and money. Moreover, it has the potential to be deeply destructive. A referendum held at the wrong time-now-could set the cause of Tibetan freedom back decades. A fair referendum in Tibet, supervised by the U.N., allowing the Tibetan people to choose between independence, autonomy, and merging with China, and not interfered with by China, would be a great resolution to the Tibet problem. But barring revolutionary changes in the PRC government and the United Nations, it is difficult to imagine any scenario in which this could come to pass. Furthermore, there are other campaigns which stand a far greater chance of not only succeeding, but making a deep and lasting impact on the Chinese government. The recent successes of the World Bank campaign, which permanently seared the word Tibet into the mind of a global institution, and the campaign against the PetroChina stock offering, which cost the Chinese government seven billion dollars, are models for a powerful kind of campaign, the effects of which will be felt at the highest level of the Chinese government. At this moment the Tibet movement has more power than ever. By picking our battles carefully, we have the chance to make a deep impact on Beijing; the campaigns against PetroChina and the Bank show the road. There was a clearly emerging consensus in Berlin that economic and development campaigns are Tibet's greatest hope, for good reason.

58. Xizang: Definition And Much More From Answers.com When tibetans and the tibetan government in exile refer to tibet, they mean a large area It continues to be used by the government of tibet in Exile, http://www.answers.com/topic/xizang

showHide_TellMeAbout2('false'); Business Entertainment Games Health ... More... On this page: Dictionary WordNet Wikipedia Mentioned In Or search: - The Web - Images - News - Blogs - Shopping Xizang Dictionary Xi·zang shē dz¤ng or Ti·bet tə-bĕt An autonomous region of China in the southwest part of the country north and west of the Himalaya Mountains. Controlled by China since 1720, it became an autonomous province in 1951 and was formally proclaimed an autonomous region in 1965. Xizang is a center of Buddhism, but many Buddhists have fled since the 1950s to escape religious persecution. Lhasa is the capital. Population: 2,610,000. var tcdacmd="cc=edu;dt"; WordNet Note: click on a word meaning below to see its connections and related words. The noun Xizang has one meaning: Meaning #1 an Asian country under the control of China; located in the Himalayas Synonyms: Tibet Thibet Sitsang Wikipedia Tibet This article is on Historic Tibet. "Tibet" can also refer to the Tibet Autonomous Region Historic Tibet as claimed by Tibetan exile groups Tibetan areas designated by the PRC Tibet Autonomous Region (actual control) Claimed by India as part of Aksai Chin Claimed by PRC as part of TAR Historic Tibet commonly claimed by Chinese nationalists Tibet Tibetan Bod , pronounced p¶ in Lhasa dialect;

59. History Of Tibet, Map Of Tibet, History Of Tibet, Map Of Tibet He established the present system of the Tibetan government, The Tibetan people recognized the Central Tibetan government, headed by the Dalai Lama, http://www.friends-of-tibet.org.nz/tibet.html

BRIEF HISTORY OF TIBET Map of Tibet showing Historial and Contemporary Boundaries A brief account of Tibet, its origin, how it grew into a great military power and carved for itself a huge empire in Central Asia, then how it renounced the use of arms to practise the teachings of the Buddha and the tragic conseguences that it suffers today as a result of the brutal onslaught of the Communist Chinese forces is given in the following passages. Five hundred years before Buddha Sakyamuni came into this world i.e., circa 1063 B.C., a semi-legendary figure known as Lord Shenrab Miwo reformed the primitive animism of the Shen race and founded the Tibetan Bon religion. According to Bonpo sources there were eighteen Shangshung Kings who ruled Tibet before King Nyatri Tsenpo. Tiwor Sergyi Jhagruchen was the first Shangshung King. Shangshung, before its decline, was the name of an empire which comprised the whole of Tibet. The empire known as Shangshung Go-Phug-Bar-sum consisted of Kham and Amdo forming the Go or Goor, U and Tsang forming the Bar or Middle, and Guge Stod-Ngari Korsum forming the Phug or Interior. As the Shangshung empire declined, a kingdom known as Bod, the present name of Tibet, came into existence at Yarlung and Chongyas valleys at the time of King Nyatri Tsenpo, who started the heroic age of the Chogyals (Religious Kings). Bod grew until the whole of Tibet was reunited under King Songtsen Gampo, when tha last Shangshung King, Ligmigya, was killed.

60. Tibetan News Update Because the Tibetan governmentin-exile (TGiE) is not officially recognised The Tibetan government is therefore reliant on its own means to support its http://www.friends-of-tibet.org.nz/news/may_2005_update_38.htm

NEWS UPDATE NEWSLETTER APRIL - MAY 2005 HIV/AIDS and the Tibetan Diaspora 22 February 2005 Times of Tibet By Renata Palmi South Africa - This is a shorten copy of a presentation given at the University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa by Mr. Renato Palmi. Durban, South Africa will be hosting in June 2005 a conference on HIV/AIDS. The exiled Tibetan community has survived for 46 years as a stateless minority group living in the most populated democracy in the world - India, which, according to UNAIDS and India's National AIDS Control Organisation, has the second highest number of HIV infections by country in the world. South Africa has the highest. Politically and economically isolated, the Tibetan refugee community in India, which numbers around 85 000, faces the distinct reality of HIV and AIDS devastating their marginalised community if preventative measures are not put in place with urgency. Because the Tibetan government-in-exile (TGiE) is not officially recognised by any other of the world's governments, it cannot obtain financial assistance from international institutions such as the IMF. Nor can it rely on its hosts, the Indian government, for infrastructure in the 48 Tibetan settlements, some of which are so remote that the communities have very little access to or communication with the outside world. The Tibetan government is therefore reliant on its own means to support its people, and no doubt it is this reality that has stimulated the indomitable determination of the Tibetan exiles, evidenced by a demonstrable commitment to development, such as the building of some 44 health clinics, nine primary healthcare centres and seven hospitals since 1960.

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