61. THE STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY IN POST-SOVIET TAJIKISTAN It involves regional groups which, in the past, held power at different times . The recent history of other nations that face this choice, notably Turkey http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1999/issue4/jv3n4a7.html

Volume 3, No. 4- December 1999 THE STRUGGLE FOR IDENTITY IN POST-SOVIET TAJIKISTAN By William O. Beeman Abstract: All new nations face a struggle in constructing a national identity for themselves. This article examines Tajikistan as a particularly interesting case of this issue. The task of nation-building in Tajikistan involves wrestling with factors such as religion, ethnicity, linguistic heritage, and regional loyalties, in a particularly difficult regional context. The author discusses the current celebration of the 1100th anniversary of the Samanid empire as a national celebration of Tajik identity representing important policy choices in solving the dilemmas facing the Tajik nation. The multi-cultural Dilemma for New Nations As Lloyd Fallers observed more than two decades ago in “The Anthropology of the Nation State,” the greatest national challenges revolve neither around economics, nor politics, nor defense; they are often challenges concerning intangible symbols. All successful nations possess core symbolic elements that serve as touchstones for their citizens. These symbolic elements inspire loyalty, concretize feelings of personal pride and honor, and underlie the moral basis for public participation in national defense, politics, and social and economic institutions. New nations must decide, consciously or unconsciously, what symbols best represent their feelings about themselves individually and collectively. New nations in the twentieth century have faced a great struggle in constructing national identities for themselves. The problem is particularly acute when a given nation encompasses more than one ethnic, religious or linguistic group. One can note the problems with new nations of Africa, some of which have dozens of groups with their own local loyalties that supersede their loyalty to the state.

62. Tajikistan News.Net Updating national and Central Asia regional news headlines, world news and financial markets. Links to local newspapers, weather, travel, hotels and a map of the country. http://tajikistannews.net/

images= new Array(8); images[0] = new Image; images[0].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left.jpg"; images[1] = new Image; images[1].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left_bg.jpg"; images[2] = new Image; images[2].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_middle.jpg"; images[3] = new Image; images[3].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right_bg.jpg"; images[4] = new Image; images[4].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right.jpg"; images[5] = new Image; images[5].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_lower.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_left_bg.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_right_bg.jpg"; images[7] = new Image; images[7].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_bottom.jpg"; World News British troops to be withdrawn from Iraq Big News Network.com Six killed in Baghdad bus bombing Channel News Asia Israel assassinated Islamic Jihad leader in Gaza Strip Big News Network.com Texas, Louisiana breathe sigh of relief

63. NPICenter / History Of NPICenter 1995 Patent No 1 of the Republic of tajikistan was granted. 1997 - Regionalconference on National system of protection of industrial property http://www.tjpat.org/english/

EAPO NPICenter NPICenter history annual report patent attorneys contact information ... Protection of Industrial Property Objects Search HISTORY OF NPI CENTER - Creation of the National center for patents and information: Establishment of an independent state - the Republic of Tajikistan and the processes of transition of the economy to market relations brought into WW problem of creation of new governmental managing bodies, in particular, a body for realization of the State's policy in the field of the protection of the objects of industrial property became necessary. In connection with this by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No 242 from 28 May 1993 a. on the basis of the former Tajik Scientific and Research Institute of Scientific and Technical Information and Technical and Economic Research (TajikNIINTI) a National Center for Patents and Information was created, one of the main functions of which is the protection of the State's interests in the field of inventions, industrial designs, trademarks and service marks and other subjects of industrial property inside the country and abroad, and also a coordination of inventive activity. - Tajikistan joined the World Intellectual Property Organization and accessed to the most important international Agreements and Treaties in the field of industrial property protection.

64. Central Asia News.Net Updated news headlines from Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Access regional newspapers, travel, hotels sites and a map of Central Asia. http://centralasianews.net/

images= new Array(8); images[0] = new Image; images[0].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left.jpg"; images[1] = new Image; images[1].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left_bg.jpg"; images[2] = new Image; images[2].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_middle.jpg"; images[3] = new Image; images[3].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right_bg.jpg"; images[4] = new Image; images[4].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right.jpg"; images[5] = new Image; images[5].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_lower.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_left_bg.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_right_bg.jpg"; images[7] = new Image; images[7].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_bottom.jpg"; World News British troops to be withdrawn from Iraq Big News Network.com Six killed in Baghdad bus bombing Channel News Asia Israel assassinated Islamic Jihad leader in Gaza Strip Big News Network.com Texas, Louisiana breathe sigh of relief

65. BBC News | SOUTH ASIA | Analysis: Masood's Regional Allies With Massood out of the picture, officials from Iran, Russia, tajikistan, India and Uzbekistan hold an emergency meeting to address the spread of the Taleban's brand of Islamic militancy throughout the region, supported by Pakistan. Addresses the issues of Osama bin Laden and the proposed oil pipeline across Afghanistan. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1537244.stm

CATEGORIES TV RADIO COMMUNICATE ... INDEX SEARCH You are in: World: South Asia Front Page World ... AudioVideo SERVICES Daily E-mail News Ticker Mobiles/PDAs Feedback ... Low Graphics Tuesday, 11 September, 2001, 14:15 GMT 15:15 UK Analysis: Masood's regional allies Even as the uncertainty about the fate of the Afghan opposition alliance leader Ahmed Shah Masood continues, Afghanistan's neighbours are planning to meet to review the situation. Officials from Iran, Russia, Tajikistan, India and Uzbekistan are due to hold an emergency meeting in the Tajik capital, Dushanbe. Masood's reputation was based on his military brilliance If he is dead - or incapacitated - it will have serious implications both for Afghanistan and for its neighbours. What all of them fear is the spread of the Taleban's brand of Islamic militancy throughout the region. They also see Afghanistan as a source of drugs, terrorism and instability. It is because of this that they have been backing the assorted groups which make up the anti-Taleban Northern alliance. Mr Masood kept that alliance together - and there is a widespread fear that without him the alliance would fall apart.

66. CNN.com - Central Asian Nations Discuss Creating Regional Rapid Reaction Forces CNN http://www.cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/central/09/20/tajikistan.security.ap/index.html

asianow Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search AsiaNow TIME Only Asiaweek Only CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web ASIANOW TOP STORIES Faith, madness, magic mix at sacred Hindu festival MORE TOP STORIES Tanker spills remaining fuel near Galapagos as captain detained Final two Texas fugitives make first court appearance Gore accepts visiting professor post at Columbia Lott calls Justice Department 'cesspool,' Ashcroft foes 'extremists' ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Central Asian nations discuss creating regional rapid reaction forces September 21, 2000

67. Tajikistan Atlas tajikistan Facts on tajikistan flags, maps, geography, history, tajikistan history - history The people of tajikistan are probably descended http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0108024.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Countries Tajikistan Infoplease Atlas: Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan National name: Jumhurii Tojikiston President: Imomali Rakhmonov (1992) Prime Minister: Akil Akilov (1999) Area: 55,251 sq mi (143,100 sq km) Population (2005 est.): 7,163,506 (growth rate: 2.2%); birth rate: 32.6/1000; infant mortality rate: 110.8/1000; life expectancy: 64.6; density per sq mi: 130 Capital and largest city (2003 est.): Dushanbe, 817,100 (metro. area), 590,300 (city proper) Other large city: Khodzhent (Leninabad), 156,500 Monetary unit: somoni Languages: Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business Ethnicity/race: Tajik 64.9%, Uzbek 25%, Russian 3.5% (declining because of emigration), other 6.6% Religions: Islam: Sunni 85%, Shiite 5%; other 10% (2003 est.) Literacy rate: 99% (2003 est.) Economic summary: GDP/PPP (2004 est.): $7.95 billion; per capita $1,100. Real growth rate: Inflation: Unemployment: 40% (2002 est.).

68. NCSJ - Tajikistan Page tajikistan’s postindependence history has been tumultuous. tajikistan allowedUS forces into the country to coordinate humanitarian assistance http://www.ncsj.org/Tajikistan.shtml

Tajikistan Country Page Tajikistan Data Tajikistan Summary Reports: 2003/04 NCSJ 2003 CIA World Factbook 2003 U.S. State Dept. - Human Rights 2003 U.S. State Dept. - Religious Freedom ... U.S. Embassy Dushanbe 2005 Updates April: Dushanbe Monitoring Outside Influences February: Elections Tainted By Fraud 2004 Updates December: RFE/RL Looks at Religion and Reform November: Interview with U.S. Amb. Hoagland June: Tajik Shul May Be Razed February: U.S. Offers Support for Reforms About NCSJ Country Reports Return to Directory Population : 6.86 million Ethnic Composition 64.9% Tajik, 25% Uzbek, 3.5% Russian, 6.6% other Religion : 85% Sunni Muslim, 5% Shia Muslim, 10% other Jewish population : 100 (est.)

69. Tajikistan Situation As he suggests, those knowledgeable about the situation in tajikistan the brink of crisis merit scrutiny, especially given tajikistan s recent history. http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/53/118.html

Documents menu Date: Sun, 4 Feb 1996 10:51:20 EST Subject: Tajikistan Situation Tajikistan Situation Dialog on CenAsia list, February 1996 Date: Sun, 4 Feb 1996 10:51:20 EST As he suggests, those knowledgeable about the situation in Tajikistan acknowledge that there are several layers of motivation involved: power politics, yes, but regional and ethnic competition, as well. Anthony Richter Date: Sun, 4 Feb 1996 11:27:51 -0500 In response to Anthony Richter's comments, I would like to clarify. In saying that the problems of Tajikistan are not rooted in ethnic relations, one must of course acknowledge that 1) the conflict has had a profound impact on ethnic relations, because 2) political aspirations have often been pursued though efforts to mobilize people along ethnic or *regional* lines. When people are disenfranchized or promoted, killed or protected because they belong to one group or another, it is inevitable that they will behave as if their primary political interest is ethnic or regional. However, if Boimatov entered Tajikistan after receiving support and endorsement from the government of Ozbekistan, I would consider this a matter of power politics. If his primary motivation is dissatisfaction with the Kolabi leadership's broad program of placing their loyal followers from Kolab region in positions of power throughout the country, this again is not so much a matter of ethnic relations but of power, and it is doubtless a disatisfaction felt not only by Ozbeks in Tajikistan but also by representatives of many ethnic groups and regions throughout the country.

70. Regional > Asia > Tajikistan This category is for sites related to the country of tajikistan, including itshistory, culture, people, education, arts, government, and other national http://www.xasa.com/directorio/mozilla/Top/Regional/Asia/Tajikistan/

Results for Tajikistan Open directory project Top Regional Asia Search in: Directory Web the entire directory only in Asia/Tajikistan This category is for sites related to the country of Tajikistan, including its history, culture, people, education, arts, government, and other national issues. Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education Government ... Weather See also: This category in other languages: Esperanto French German Greek ... Spanish Help build the largest human-edited directory on the web. Submit a Site Open Directory Project Become an Editor All rights reserved.

71. The Inner Asian And Uralic National Resource Center At Indiana University Central Asia regional Information The Journal of Early Modern history has aweb site with tables of contents for the last few years. http://www.indiana.edu/~iaunrc/caweb.html

Goodbody Hall 324 Indiana University Bloomington IN 47405 Phone: (812) 856-5263 Fax: (812) 855-8667 Email: iaunrc@indiana.edu Central Asia Regional Information Azerbaijan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan Uighurs of Eastern Turkistan/ Xinjiang Central Asia Regional Information This page contains convenient starting points for exploring web sites related to Central Asia. To make this page easier to load and use, we generally have limited the list to those sites which contain substantial collections of links to information on these subjects. The views reflected on any web site linked below do not necessarily reflect the views of the Inner Asian and Uralic National Resource Center. We provide these links as a service to the public. Central Asia Internet Resources Access International Domains has general information and links for a variety of different subjects for Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The website is also constructing an Islamic World information page. ABYZ News Links has links to find information about most of the central Asia countries. Each country page has background and news source links.

72. Regional Asia Tajikistan, Tajikistan regional Asia tajikistan Resources tajikistan became fully established underSoviet control with the creation of tajikistan as an autonomous Soviet http://creekin.net/k17756-n180-regional-asia-tajikistan-tajikistan.html

Creekin.net World Travel Information Source Countries About Us Contact Regional Asia Tajikistan Tajikistan Principal Locations Dushanbe Gharm Isfara Khorog ... Ura-Tyube Resources Tajikistan Language Travel Tajikistan Tajikistan Picture Tajikistan Export ... Country Profile Tajikistan Regional Asia Tajikistan Tajikistan Sports Fresh Tajikistan Water Tajikistan Music Tajikistan Recipe ... 2005 Education Report Tajikistan Regional Asia Tajikistan Tajikistan Public Announcement This Public Announcement is being issued to update security information on potential terrorist actions against Americans in Tajikistan and add concerns due to narcotics trafficking through Tajikistan. This Public Announcement supersedes the Public Announcement dated July 19, 2004, and expires on August 12, 2005. Elements of terrorist groups allied with al-Qa'ida, including the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) and other groups, remain active in Tajikistan and still pose risks to tr ... [ Read More Tajikistan In addition, supporters of extremist groups such as the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), the Islamic Jihad Group and al-Qaeda remain active in Central Asia, including in Tajikistan. These groups have expressed anti-U.S. sentiments and they may attempt to target U.S. Government or private interests in the region. Attacks against foreign interests in Central Asia have occurred within the past year. Terrorists do not distinguish between official and civilian targets and travelers should increase their vigilance in areas Westerners congregate. Because of increased security at official U.S. facilities, terrorists may seek softer targets such as residential areas, clubs, restaurants, hotels and other less-protected venues where Westerners may be present. ... [

73. Tajikistan (10/04) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, Flag of tajikistan is three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5775.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs October 2004 Background Note: Tajikistan PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Republic of Tajikistan Geography Area: 143,100 sq. km. Capital: Dushanbe. Terrain: Pamir and Alay mountains dominate landscape; western Ferghana valley in north, Kofarnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest. Climate: Mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir mountains. People Nationality: Tajikistani. Population (2003 est.): 6.25 million. Population growth rate (2003 est.): 2.1%. Ethnic groups: Tajik 67%, Uzbek 23%, Russian 3.5%, other 6.5%. Religion: Sunni Muslim 80%, Shi'a (Ismaili) Muslim 5%, other 15%. Language: Tajik (sole official language as of 1994); Russian widely used in government and business; 77% of the country, however, is rural and they speak mostly Tajik. Education: Literacy (according to Tajikistan official statistics, 2003)88%. The Tajik education system has suffered greatly since independence. Health: Life expectancy 65.2 years men; 67.38 years women.

74. AsiaSource: AsiaTODAY - A Resource Of The Asia Society tajikistan s history has been the most troubled of the Central Asian republics . The Politics of history in tajikistan Reinventing the Samanids http://www.asiasource.org/news/at_mp_02.cfm?newsid=76574

75. AsiaSource: AsiaEXPERTS - A Resource Of The Asia Society Specialty(s), history of fine arts and architecture, sociology of arts,Sociology of Region/Country, Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, tajikistan, http://www.asiasource.org/experts/ax_mp_02_country.cfm?countryid=37

76. Tajikistan Travel Trips history The Tajiks come from an ancient stock the inhabitants of the tajikistan’s distance and remoteness again saved it during the Soviet era, http://www.asia-planet.net/tajikistan/history-government.htm

Introduction Tajikistan Information Tajikistan Travel Trips Tajikistan Regions Tajikistan Travel Trips Passport and Visa Money Public Holidays Travel International ... Climate History and Government History : The Tajiks come from an ancient stock - the inhabitants of the Pamir Mountains claim to be the only pure descendants of the Aryan tribes who invaded India over 4000 years ago, and that the Saxon tribes of Western Europe also originated there. Tajikistan’s inaccessibility has protected it from most invaders, although Alexander the Great founded a city on the site of modern-day Khojand, calling it Alexandria Eskate (Alexandria the Furthest). However, the mountains effectively spared it from the Mongols, although it was under their aegis. After the dissolution of the Mongol Empire, Tajikistan was successively ruled by the emirs of Samarkand, Bukhara, and finally, Kokhand. It was eventually ceded to the Russian sphere of influence in the dying days of the ‘Great Game’ of political intrigue between the Russian Empire and the British in India at the end of the 19th century. The Bolsheviks were not made welcome and the Basmachi movement continued to resist them until the early-1930s. Enver Pasha (d. 1924) and Ibraghim Beg (d. 1931) both came to their end in Tajikistan. During the fighting, some 200,000 Tajiks fled to Afghanistan. Tajikistan’s distance and remoteness again saved it during the Soviet era, when it escaped more lightly than other republics did.

77. CGBond In the area of regional Security, we are encouraging the Central Asians to work CASI assistance has since been extended to tajikistan and Turkmenistan. http://www.kazakhembus.com/CGBond.html

U.S. Policy toward Central Asia Clifford G. Bond Acting Principal Deputy Special Adviser to the Secretary of State for the New Independent States Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia Committee on International Relations House of Representatives June 6, 2001 Mr. Chairman, I am honored to represent the Administration here today, and I appreciate the opportunity to discuss with you and your committee our policies toward Central Asia. Today, all of the nations of the former Soviet Union confront the multiple challenges brought on by independence and the social and political problems inherited from their Soviet past. Central Asia faces two additional handicaps: its geography, bounded as it is by Russia, China, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran; and its history of authoritarianism going back even before the Soviet period. Central Asian governments must carefully balance their relations with this diverse set of neighbors, as well as with other regional players such as Turkey and the United States. The overarching goal of U.S. policy in Central Asia is to see these states develop into stable, free-market democracies, as a bulwark against potential instability and conflict in the region. This broader goal serves three core strategic interests of the United States: regional security; political/economic reform; and energy development.

78. REENIC: Tajikistan World history Archives the history of tajikistan (a database that containsdocuments on the political, economic, social and cultural history of the http://reenic.utexas.edu/reenic/countries/tadjikistan.html

REENIC Home Regional directory Country directory CREEES ... Ukraine Tajikistan Basic facts about Tajikistan Internet searching tools (search engines, internet guides, etc.) Area study centers (teaching and research) Associations (professional, non-governmental, international, local) Communications (incl. computer and Internet issues) Culture, fine arts, entertainment Current events and media Economy (incl. business and finances) Education Geography and travel (incl. cities, maps, transportation, etc.) Government Grants Health and fitness (incl. medicine, sports, etc.) History (incl. genealogy, etc.) Language (incl. dictionaries) Law Libraries and archives Literature (incl. books online and book vendors) People (biography) Politics (incl. international relations, military affairs and US policies) Religions Science and technology (incl. environmental issues) Society (incl. human rights, women issues, etc.) Statistics Basic country information US Department of State Background Note: Tajikistan Basic facts about Tajikistan: geography, population, history, economy, etc. Tajikistan (an online introduction to Tajikistan, with basic facts on its economy, defence, geography, government, history and people)

79. Asia Society: Speeches The new, young Republic of tajikistan has taken its first steps on the way For example, we need regional highways to connect us with our immediate and http://www.asiasociety.org/speeches/nazarov.html

Our Sites Asia Society AsiaSource AsiaFood AsiaSocietyMuseum InternationalEd Exhibitions Social Issues Culture Performing Arts ... InternationalEd.org Tajikistan: Horizons of the Present and for the Future Remarks by H.E. Academician Talbak Nazarov, Foreign Minister of The Republic of Tajikistan, New York September 30, 1998 It is a great honor for me to meet with the members of your Society. I am sincerely grateful to you for your genuine interest in the history, present, and future of Tajikistan. Let me brief youwithin the allocated timeon several aspects of the current situation of my country and perspectives on its future development. In this regard I would like you to keep in mind the following: First, Tajikistan is now engaged in a process of national reconciliation. The process has run into many difficulties but, nonetheless, is moving steadily forward. The major achievement is that the initiated peace process and related nationwide consolidation have already become irreversible. Second, Tajikistan has embarked on the track of a multifaceted and promising integration into the modern interrelated and interdependent world. The new, young Republic of Tajikistan has taken its first steps on the way to constructing a modern nation-state based on a free market economy and oriented towards democratic principles and ideals of social life. Moreover, our accomplishments in this area have already been accepted with great satisfaction by major international organizations, first and foremost by the United Nations and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).

80. Central Asian Gateway Central Asia, composed of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, tajikistan, In spiteof unique history of each state in the region they covered the similar ways http://www.cagateway.org/index.php?nu=101&lng=1

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