21. Tajikistan Government Structure Independent Tajikistan s initial government conformed to the traditional Sovietformula of parliamentaryministerial governance and complete obeisance to http://www.country-studies.com/tajikistan/government-structure.html

Government Structure Independent Tajikistan's initial government conformed to the traditional Soviet formula of parliamentary-ministerial governance and complete obeisance to the regime in Moscow. The office of president of the republic was established in 1990, following the example set by the central government in Moscow. Until the establishment of the short-lived coalition government in 1992, virtually all government positions were held by communist party members. After December 1992, power was in the hands of factions opposed to reform. Former allies in that camp then contended among themselves for power. The 1994 Constitution In 1994 Tajikistan adopted a new constitution that restored the office of president, transformed the Soviet-era Supreme Soviet into the Supreme Assembly (Majlisi Oli), recognized civil liberties and property rights, and provided for a judiciary that was not fully independent. Like constitutions of the Soviet era, the document did not necessarily constrain the actual exercise of power. For example, the mechanism by which the constitution was formally adopted was a referendum held in November 1994. Balloting occurred simultaneously with the vote for president, even though that office could not legally exist until and unless the constitution was ratified. The Executive The president was first chosen by legislative election in 1990. In the first direct presidential election, held in 1991, former communist party chief Rahmon Nabiyev won in a rigged vote. The office of president was abolished in November 1992, then reestablished de facto in 1994 in advance of the constitutional referendum that legally approved it. In the interim, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet, Imomali Rahmonov, was nominal chief of state. In the presidential election of November 1994, Rahmonov won a vote that was condemned by opposition parties and Western observers as fraudulent. Rahmonov's only opponent was the antireformist Abdumalik Abdullojanov, who had founded an opposition party after being forced to resign as Rahmonov's prime minister in 1993 under criticism for the country's poor economic situation.

22. Tajikistan Government Information Travel Document Systems; Passport and Visa Services. This is the site for thelatest Travel Information and the most complete collection of online Visa http://www.traveldocs.com/tj/govern.htm

Tajikistan Europe GOVERNMENT The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and promptly fell into a civil war from 1992-97 between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992-93. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO successfully negotiated a powersharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Tajikistan is slowly rebuilding itself with an integrated government and continues to permit a Russian military presence to guard their border with Afghanistan and the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Principal Government Officials PresidentEmomali Rahmonov

23. Tajikistan Government 1998 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural R tajikistan government 1998 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/tajikistan/tajikistan_government.html

2001 INDEX 2000 INDEX 1999 INDEX 1997 INDEX ... People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military ... [TOP] Tajikistan Government 1998 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb1998/tajikistan/tajikistan_government.html SOURCE: 1998 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikistan local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Data code TI Government type republic National capital Dushanbe Administrative divisions 2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati avtonomii); Viloyati Avtonomii Badakhshoni Kuni* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobod (Khujand - formerly Leninabad) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses Independence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday National Day, 9 September (1991) Constitution 6 November 1994 Legal system based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage 18 years of age; universal

24. Tajikistan Government 2002 - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural R tajikistan government 2002 Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, NaturalResources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/tajikistan/tajikistan_government.html

2002 INDEX Country Ranks DEFINITIONS Introduction ... History Government Gov. Leaders Flags Economy Communications ... [TOP] Tajikistan Government - 2002 http://www.greekorthodoxchurch.org/wfb2002/tajikistan/tajikistan_government.html SOURCE: 2002 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Country name conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston Government type republic Capital Dushanbe Administrative divisions 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses Independence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991) Constitution 6 November 1994 Legal system based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage 18 years of age; universal

25. Harold Doan And Associates Ltd. - HEAVY SNOWS PROMPT TAJIKISTAN GOVERNMENT TO AS HEAVY SNOWS PROMPT tajikistan government TO ASK FOR UN ASSISTANCE The GermanGovernment today agreed to provide a helicopter to transport relief http://www.harolddoan.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=867

26. 1Up Travel > Tajikistan Government - Facts On Government Of Tajikistan Is Here. Wanted to find out info about Government of Tajikistan with respect to Countryname, Data code, Dependency status, Government type, Capital, http://www.1uptravel.com/international/asia/tajikistan/government.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Asia Tajikistan ADVERTISEMENT Country Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Tajikistan Guide Tajikistan Maps Tajikistan Hotels Tajikistan Flag ... Tajikistan Travel Warning Tajikistan Government Tajikistan Government Top of Page Country name: conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Government type: republic Capital: Dushanbe Administrative divisions: 2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati mukhtori); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobod (Khujand - formerly Leninabad) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses Independence: 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday: Independence Day, 9 September (1991)

27. Helsinki From early December 1992 through February1993 the tajikistan government, Helsinki Watch had good reason to believe that the tajikistan government was http://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/WR94/Helsinki-20.htm

Home News Releases About HRW Get Involved ... RSS TAJIKISTAN Human Rights Developments Following the government's victory in the civil war against an alliance consisting of the Democratic Party of Tajikistan (DPT) and the Islamic Revival Party (IRP), Tajikistan became a human rights disaster area. From early December 1992 through February1993 the Tajikistan government, led by Emomali Rakhmonov, presided over an extraordinarily ruthless campaign of revenge against individuals believed to have supported or sympathized with the DPT-IRP coalition, which had governed Tajikistan for six months in 1992. In later months the government began arresting and convicting persons for their conduct during the DPT-IRP coalition period, continued a crackdown on the press, and banned the country's four main opposition political organizations. The war brought disaster to Tajikistan, killing an estimated between 20,000 and 50,000 people and wrecking the country's cotton-dependent economy. More than 500,000 residents of Tajikistan fled the civil war, seeking refuge either in other parts of Tajikistan or in Afghanistan. In the spring and summer refugees and the displaced began to return to their homes and suffered harassment, beatings, and killings, partly due to inadequate protection measures on the part of local governments. The Popular Front committed summary executions in villages on the outskirts of Dushanbe after DPT-IRP rebels had already retreated, and, in at least one instance, the village of Subulak, in places that had never been a base for rebels. In another village called Kyrgyzon in January, the Popular Front, apportioning to itself law enforcement responsibilities, arrested and executed a thirty-one-year-old man (of Garmi origins) whom a neighbor had accused of murder. The summary execution was preceded by a two-minute "people's trial" in front of villagers.

28. Tajikistan Government Type - Government Flag of Tajikistan. tajikistan government type. Home Tajikistan Government Government type. republic. Definition This entry gives the basic form of http://www.indexmundi.com/tajikistan/government_type.html

Tajikistan Government type Home Tajikistan Government republic Definition This entry gives the basic form of government. Definitions of the major governmental terms are as follows: Anarchy - a condition of lawlessness or political disorder brought about by the absence of governmental authority. Commonwealth - a nation, state, or other political entity founded on law and united by a compact of the people for the common good. Communism - a system of government in which the state plans and controls the economy and a single - often authoritarian - party holds power; state controls are imposed with the elimination of private ownership of property or capital while claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people (i.e., a classless society). Confederacy (Confederation) - a union by compact or treaty between states, provinces, or territories, that creates a central government with limited powers; the constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government. Constitutional - a government by or operating under an authoritative document (constitution) that sets forth the system of fundamental laws and principles that determines the nature, functions, and limits of that government.

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Tajikistan Government Profile 2005 Home Tajikistan Country name conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: Tojikiston former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Government type republic Capital Dushanbe Administrative divisions 2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshon* [Gorno-Badakhshan] (Khorugh), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa), Viloyati Sughd (Khujand) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses Independence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991) Constitution 6 November 1994 Legal system based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts Suffrage 18 years of age; universal Executive branch chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since 19 November 1992) head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV (since 20 January 1999) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly

30. Regional: Asia: Tajikistan: Government And Politics - Open Site Regional Asia tajikistan government and Politics Open Site. http://open-site.org/Regional/Asia/Tajikistan/Government_and_Politics/

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project home submit content become an editor the entire directory only in Tajikistan/Government_and_Politics Top Regional Asia Tajikistan : Government and Politics See also: Regional: Asia: Government and Politics This category needs an editor - apply here Open Site Code 0.5.3 robot company. Visit our sister sites dmoz.org mozilla.org chefmoz.org musicmoz.org ... edit

31. Tajikistan Government - Constitution, Flag, And Leaders Information on the government of Tajikistan. Browse the listing below to findgovernment information for Tajikistan, including flags, leaders, http://www.factrover.com/government/Tajikistan_government.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers Tajikistan Government Browse the listing below to find government information for Tajikistan, including flags, leaders, and constitution information. Factrover also has complete information on Tajikistan at its Tajikistan Country Page Tajikistan People Tajikistan Geography Tajikistan Economy ... Tajikistan History Government Type: Republic. Independence: September 9, 1991 (from Soviet Union). Constitution: November 6, 1994. Branches: Executive Chief of state: President Emomali RAHMONOV since November 6, 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly chairman since November 19, 1992; head of government: Prime Minister Oqil OQILOV since January 20, 1999. Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly. Elections: president elected by popular vote for a 7-year term; election last held November 6, 1999 (next to be held NA 2006); prime minister appointed by the president. Election results: Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote: Emomali RAHMONOV 96%, Davlat USMONOV 4%. Legislative bicameral Supreme Assembly or Majlisi Oli consists of the Assembly of Representatives (lower chamber) or Majlisi Namoyanandagon (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms) and the National Assembly (upper chamber) or Majlisi Milliy (33 seats; members are indirectly elected by popular vote to serve 5-year terms, 25 selected by local deputies, 8 appointed by the president; all serve 5-year terms)

32. MapZones.com : Tajikistan Government Information of Country s Government, Political parties, democracy, Prime Minister. http://www.mapzones.com/world/asia/tajikistan/governmentindex.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Country Info Tajikistan Introduction Tajikistan General Data Tajikistan Maps Tajikistan Culture ... Tajikistan Time and Date Tajikistan Government Back to Top Government: National government with nearly all administrative powers, centered in administrator branch (president and Council of Ministers, appointed by president). Head of government is prime minister. Supreme Assembly, unicameral parliament, with 181 deputies elected to five-year terms (first election 1995). separated into three provinces, one capital district (Dushanbe), and one autonomous province with dis-puted status. Judiciary with nominal freedom but no actual power to enforce rule of law. Politics: Essentially one-party system controlled by Communist Party of Tajikistan. In 1994 presidential election had only one nominal opposition candidate with similar platform. Several opposition parties formed around 1990 and determined events in early years of freedom, but all now operate from abroad. Substantial maneuvering for power among former communist elements within and outside current government. Foreign Relations: Strong economic and military reliance on Russia and other CIS countries. Friction and distrust toward neighbors Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan. Postfreedom cul-tivation of Afghanistan and Iran, the former complicated by Afghani role in Tajikistan civil war; limited relations with Western Europe and United States, contempt policy of expanding contacts. Ongoing border dispute with China, 1996.

33. Tajikistan Government: From The All Country Info Reference Guide To Country Fact Free reference information on tajikistan government. http://www.allcountryinfo.org/tajikistan/tajikistan_government/tajikistan_govern

University of Phoenix The fastest growing school in the world. Highly career-focused education , designed to accelerate the careers of working professionals. Both campus-based and online. Wide range of degrees, programs, locations. Tajikistan Government Tajikistan Government : A summary of information about Tajikistan Government, from government research data as well as independent research and other sources. You are here: All Countries Tajikistan Tajikistan: Government Country name conventional long form: Republic of Tajikistan conventional short form: Tajikistan local long form: Jumhurii Tojikiston local short form: none former: Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic Data code TI Government type republic Capital Dushanbe Administrative divisions 2 oblasts (viloyatho, singular - viloyat) and one autonomous oblast* (viloyati mukhtori); Viloyati Mukhtori Kuhistoni Badakhshoni* (Khorugh - formerly Khorog), Viloyati Khatlon (Qurghonteppa - formerly Kurgan-Tyube), Viloyati Leninobod (Khujand - formerly Leninabad) note: the administrative center name follows in parentheses Independence 9 September 1991 (from Soviet Union) National holiday National Day, 9 September (1991)

34. MSN Encarta - Tajikistan In reaction to the tajikistan government’s support of the coup attempt, Russia urged the tajikistan government to make some concessions to obtain a http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571704_7/Tajikistan.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Dushanbe, capital city Imomoli Rakhmonov, president more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Tajikistan Search for books and more related to Tajikistan Facts and Figures Quick information and statistics for Tajikistan Encarta Search Search Encarta about Tajikistan Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Tajikistan ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 7 of 7 Tajikistan Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 10 items Dynamic Map Map of Tajikistan Article Outline Introduction Land and Resources The People of Tajikistan Economy ... History B Reforms and Repression An opportunity for greater local autonomy (self-government) presented itself in the 1980s under Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev . Gorbachev introduced a program for political reforms called glasnost (Russian for “openness”). Although reform was gradual and limited in Tajikistan, this program allowed, among other things, the formation of unofficial political groups. The government of the Tajik republic relaxed its censorship policies, and the increased freedom fostered a renewed interest in Tajik culture. In 1989 the Tajik Supreme Soviet (legislature) declared Tajik the official state language. In early 1990 social unrest broke out in Dushanbe. Protestors called for democratic reforms and challenged the government to address the scarcity of work and housing. Demonstrators clashed with police, and the local government declared a state of emergency. Some 5,000 Soviet troops were dispatched to Dushanbe and suppressed the demonstrations. Opposition parties were then refused official registration.

35. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Tajikistan In reaction to the tajikistan government’s support of the coup attempt, someadvocates of By mid1996 Russia, which backed the tajikistan government, http://encarta.msn.com/text_761571704___33/Tajikistan.html

Print Print Preview Tajikistan Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Tajikistan VI. History Tajiks are descendants of the Indo-Iranian peoples who inhabited the ancient regions of Sogdiana (in southeastern Central Asia) and Bactria (northern Afghanistan and southern Tajikistan) before recorded history. Sogdiana included the northern portion of present-day Tajikistan, and its people spoke an ancient Iranian language. In the 6th century bc Sogdiana became a satrapy (a province ruled by a satrap, or Persian governor) of the Achaemenid Empire of ancient Persia. Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia, conquered the region in the 300s bc , but Macedonian control collapsed with Alexander’s death in 323. Sogdiana was known to the Greeks as Transoxiana. In the 100s bc Sogdiana was included in the vast empire of the Kushānas, an area that at its height stretched from Central Asia to northern India. Sogdiana was then a central hub on the Silk Road, a collective term for the ancient caravan trade routes that linked China with the Middle East, India, and imperial Rome. Invasions by the Huns and the Western Turks, nomadic tribes from the north, occurred between the 4th and 6th centuries

36. Access International Domains tajikistan government; http//www.eurasianet.org/resource/tajikistan/links/governme tajikistan government Links http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accessinfo.cfm?categoryid=1&Co

37. Access International Domains tajikistan government Moves to Expel Militants tajikistan government CracksDown on Illegal Armed Groups http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accessinfo.cfm?categoryid=22&C

38. IANA | IANA Report On Redelegation Of The .tj Top-Level Domain As noted above, the Government of Tajikistan has formally endorsed MIDCORP In this regard, the recognition the tajikistan government’s discussion of the http://www.iana.org/reports/tj-report-30jun03.htm

IANA Report on Redelegation of the .tj Top-Level Domain IANA Report Subject: Request of the Information Technical Center (ITC) for Redelegation of .tj Top-Level Domain Date: 30 June 2003 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (the IANA), as part of the administrative functions associated with management of the domain-name system root, is responsible for receiving requests for delegation and redelegation of top-level domains, investigating the circumstances pertinent to those requests, and reporting on the requests. This report gives the findings and conclusions of the IANA on its investigation of a request for redelegation of the .tj (Tajikistan) country-code top-level domain (ccTLD). Factual and Procedural Background In 1997, the University of Southern California's Information Sciences Institute (which then performed the IANA functions) approved a request for establishment of the .tj ccTLD. At that time and today, that two-letter code was and is set forth on the ISO 3166-1 list maintained by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA) as the approved alpha-2 code for Tajikistan. Upon its establishment in May 1997, the .tj ccTLD was delegated by Dr. Jon Postel (then in charge of the IANA function at the Information Sciences Institute) to Irage M. Tursoon-Zadeh, of TJ Network Services of Fresno, California USA, as administrative contact, and William Walsh, of ProNet Domains as the technical contact. At that time, it was Dr. Postel's usual practice to delegate authority and responsibilities regarding ccTLDs to trusted individuals. The technical contact role was subsequently moved to Karl Watts, located in Fresno, California USA.

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40. Tajikistan tajikistan government From Nationmaster.com. tajikistan government Index FromPhotius Coutsoukis. Constitution. Tajikistan From The World Factbook. http://www.washlaw.edu/forint/asia/tajikistan.htm

Add Site Search Law Library Contact Us ... LawTech Foreign and International Law Tajikistan Tajikistan law resource page with links to the Tajikistan constitution, Tajikistan government, Tajikistan law, Tajikistan society of law, Tajikistan legal research, Tajikistan president, Tajikistan legislature, and Tajikistan law guide. Tajikistan Law Government - Tajikistan From Nation by Nation. Governments on the WWW: Tajikistan Republic of Tajikistan From the Law Library of Congress. "The Guide to Law Online is an annotated compendium of sources accessible through the Internet. Links provide access to primary documents, legal commentary,” and more. Tajikistan Government From Nationmaster.com. Tajikistan Government Index From Photius Coutsoukis. Constitution Tajikistan From The World Factbook. Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan (1994) In English. From the IPF Fellows Publications Archive. Tajikistan Index From ICL. Constitution and constitutional background. Associations/Orgnaizations Society of Law In English. By Muatar Khaidarova. Legal Research Researching Tajik Law: A Guide to the Tajik Legal System In English. By Nargis Bozorova. Published on LLRX April 1, 2002.

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