81. Troovel.com syria / history and Government Muslim control of syria was vital to the defeat of the Christians and their expulsion from Jerusalem. http://troovel.com/country/syria/1439/HistoryGovernment/en

[english] [françâis] [español] [deutsch] ... Home / Syria / History and Government Syria Information Hotel Reservations Car rental Contact Addresses General Information ... Camping Syria - History and Government History : The 19th century was a period of increasing restlessness in the area ? Napoleon's campaign in 1799/1800, the Egyptian invasion in the 1830s and the insurrection in 1860-61 are three instances of this. The Turks were defeated in World War I and Syria was occupied by the French for a short time, before Syria was granted full independence in 1946. Three years later, the country came under the first of a series of military dictatorships that have governed the country for most of the subsequent period. As in the rest of the Middle East, Arab nationalism became a major political force during the 1950s ? indeed, the influence of Nasser's revolution in Egypt on the Syrians was so strong that Syria joined Egypt in forming the United Arab Republic in 1958. The alliance was short-lived, Syria seceding in 1961, to form the Syrian Arab Republic. The most powerful political force in Syria since then has been the Ba'ath Party or Arab Socialist Renaissance (see Iraq ), which seized power in 1971, under the leadership of General Hafez al-Assad, who ruled at the head of a tightly controlled dictatorship, until his death in June 2000. Assad's main power base was the Alawite group, a Muslim sect to which 10 per cent of the Syrian population is affiliated. With the tactical and strategic skill that was his trademark, Assad comfortably dealt with the challenges to his supremacy ? largely through his control of the army and the country's myriad intelligence organisations.

82. BikeAbout: A Brief History Of Syria BikeAbout has compiled this list of Internet sites we believe will be helpful to people who want to learn more about syria and the syrian people. http://www.bikeabout.org/resource/syr-hist.htm

A Brief History of Syria A brief history of Syria , officially known as Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah, or the Syrian Arab Republic The first concept Like a game of "Hot Potato," the country was passed from the Assyrians to the Chaldeans and then the Chaldeans to the Persians (538 BC) before Alexander the Great made it a part of his empire (in 333 and 332 BC). The Seleucids eventually came to control all of what is now know as Syria, as well as the region then known as Palestine, and much of the rest of western Asia. Finally , in 64 BC, the unstoppable tide of the Roman Empire swept over the Middle East and Syria was made a province. When the vast Roman dominions were divided into two sections (in 395 AD), Syria became and remained a Byzantine province for almost 250 years. With the spread of the Islamic Empire Damascus , in 661, became the seat of the powerful Omayyid caliphs. It was during this time, under the reign of Abdul Malek bin Marwan and his sons, that Damascus became one of the most important and glamorous cities of the Muslim world, not to mention the known world. The Omayyid Empire would eventually stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the borders of China, surpassing even the Roman Empire in terms of area. (A interesting bit of trivia: It was during this time that the first postal system was developed.) Damascus, with its new, great mosque , was at the center of this empire. Culture, architecture, art, science and administration prospered.

83. BBC NEWS | Middle East | France And Syria: A Tangled History Paris correspondent Allan Little visits Damascus to try to uncover what pressure, if any, France is bringing to bear on syria. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3635650.stm

News Sport Weather World Service ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Arabic Persian Pashto Turkish ... More Last Updated: Tuesday, 7 September, 2004, 17:41 GMT 18:41 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version France and Syria: A tangled history By Allan Little BBC, Damascus Assad and Chirac: France has long had involvement with Syria When Syria's old ruler Hafez al-Assad died in 2000 most western leaders stayed away from his funeral. The United States, after all, blames Syria for harbouring terrorist groups, and for failing to disclose stockpiles of weapons of mass destruction. But not French President Jacques Chirac. He went to the funeral rites of the dead potentate. It is said that, that day, the French president told the young son and heir, Bashar al-Assad: "I extended the hand of friendship to your father, and I extend it to you today." France has been present in what used to be known as the Levant for a millennium. The landscape of Syria is dotted with the magnificent fortified castles that the Crusaders - the founders of the medieval Frankish kingdoms - left behind.

84. Arabic News Weekly Edition For Syria, 5/7/2001 Very early in history syria has been outstanding as a land of civilizations and a cradle of religions, where nearly every nation in the world would find http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Weekly/Syria/20010507.html

Weekly Edition, Syria - Week of May 7, 2001 Front Page Previous Week Category Politics Business and Economics Local Country News Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti ... News Calendar Resources Weather Book Store Science and Technology Phone Codes ... Free Subscription Subscription Premium Subscription Free Newsletter Marketplace Advertising Info Apply now! Damascus: the communists release al-Nour paper The al-Nour paper of the Syrian communist party ( Youssef faisal wing) will be issued soon after months from the release of " its sister" " Sawt al-Shaab of "Bakdash wing." Syria, Politics, 5/12/2001 Al-Assad to visit Cairo News reports close to the Egyptian presidency said that President Bashar al-Assad will on Wednesday visit Cairo to hold talks with the Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak on the condition in the Middle East. Egypt Syria, Politics, 5/12/2001 Koreyah employment contract expires Syria, Politics, 5/12/2001 Israeli fears of increased popularity of President Bashar al-Assad The London- based al-Muharrir al-Arabi weekly said that Israel has conveyed to the US administration its fears from the accelerated popularity of the Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in the Arab states, especially amid circles which are against the Israeli policies. Syria Israel, Politics, 5/12/2001

85. Arabic News Weekly Edition For Syria, 4/30/2001 syria is written in history as the cradle of Jesus mission of peace and love, from where it syria, history, 5/3/2001 syria has yet to legalize forums http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Weekly/Syria/20010430.html

Weekly Edition, Syria - Week of April 30, 2001 Front Page Previous Week Category Politics Business and Economics Local Country News Algeria Bahrain Comoros Djibouti ... News Calendar Resources Weather Book Store Science and Technology Phone Codes ... Free Subscription Subscription Premium Subscription Free Newsletter Marketplace Advertising Info Apply now! Pope arrives in Damascus Pope John Paul II arrived in Damascus today afternoon in a visit to Syria which will last for four days. He was welcomed at the Damascus airport by President Bashar al-Assad, Syrian state officials and men of religion representing all Syrian religious communities. Syria Vatican, Politics, 5/5/2001 Pope John Paul II in Damascus today Damascus, the cradle of divine religions receives today ( on the steps of the messenger of nations, Paul), Pope John Paul II in his first visit to Syria after he had concluded a similar visit to Greece in which he offered apology to the Orthodox Christians who were exposed to faults committed against them by the Catholics and asked them forgiveness. One of the main stops in the visit of the Pope is a visit to the Umayyad's mosque which is rich in religious symbols, as it contains the tomb of John the Baptist ( Prophet Yahya for Muslims). Syria Vatican, Politics, 5/5/2001

86. FRONTLINE/WORLD . Dispatches From A Small Planet . Lebanon/Syria, April 2005 - L Lebanon s history of Occupation In one form or another, syria has exerted its influence over Lebanon for nearly a century. By Kate Seelye http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/dispatches/lebanon.syria/seelye1.html

makenav(0,1); May 10, 2005 Syria: Measuring the Mood in Damascus May 3, 2005 Sunday at the Castle With Walid April 26, 2005 Border Town: Stopping the Insurgents April 22, 2005 Part 1: At Home in the Garden of Eden Part 2: The Warning April 12, 2005 Notes from the Road to Damascus Lebanon - Muslims and Christians share political power in Lebanon, according to a system called "confessional democracy." learn more Syria - Bashar al-Assad, Syria's president, was elected in a referendum in which he was the only candidate. learn more Learn more about Syria's relationship with Lebanon, including its support of Hezbollah. learn more Middle East experts reflect on the state of politics in Lebanon and Syria and in neighboring countries. learn more Read breaking news from Syria and Lebanon from American and Middle Eastern news sources. learn more See FRONTLINE/World's Party of God an examination of the role of Hezbollah in Lebanon.

87. The New Yorker: Fact The secret history of America’s “extraordinary rendition” program. Maher Arar, a Canadian engineer who was born in syria, was surprised to learn of http://www.newyorker.com/fact/content/articles/050214fa_fact6

search: OUTSOURCING TORTURE by JANE MAYER Issue of 2005-02-14 Posted 2005-02-07 On January 27th, President Bush, in an interview with the Times, The extraordinary-rendition program bears little relation to the system of due process afforded suspects in crimes in America. Terrorism suspects in Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East have often been abducted by hooded or masked American agents, then forced onto a Gulfstream V jet, like the one described by Arar. This jet, which has been registered to a series of dummy American corporations, such as Bayard Foreign Marketing, of Portland, Oregon, has clearance to land at U.S. military bases. Upon arriving in foreign countries, rendered suspects often vanish. Detainees are not provided with lawyers, and many families are not informed of their whereabouts. allow A more elaborate operation was staged in Tirana, Albania, in the summer of 1998. According to the Wall Street Journal Journal, Albanian security forces, working with U.S. agents, killed one suspect and captured Attiya and four others. These men were bound, blindfolded, and taken to an abandoned airbase, then flown by jet to Cairo for interrogation. Attiya later alleged that he suffered electrical shocks to his genitals, was hung from his limbs, and was kept in a cell in filthy water up to his knees. Two other suspects, who had been sentenced to death in absentia, were hanged. Times Last summer

88. WHKMLA : History Of Syria, ToC Global Currency history syria Worldwide Refugee Information syria, from US Committee for Refugees Entry Latakia, from Footnotes to history, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/arabworld/xsyria.html

Lebanon Turkey First posted on July 5th 2002; last revised on July 10th 2005 Timelines : Ottoman Syria Syria Regional Timelines : Alawite Territory / Latakia Souaida / Druze Territory Historical Atlas, Syria Page List of Wars : Syria EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook : Syria ; BBC Country Profile : Syria ; World Reference Desk : Syria Virtual Library History : Syria Timeline, from BBC News ; from timelines.ws Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Syria, from Kirken i Norge (article missing) Library of Congress, Country Studies : Syria Encyclopedia of the Orient : Syria ; Syrian Encyclopedia, from Damascus Online Political Resources on the Net : Syria For the Record 2000 : Syria , from UN Human Rights System Languages of Syria (15), from Ethnologue Wars of Syria 1919-1999, from ACED Article Syria, from EB 1911 ; Article Syria, from Catholic Encyclopedia , 1912 edition Global Currency History : Syria Worldwide Refugee Information : Syria, from U.S. Committee for Refugees Entry Latakia , from Footnotes to History, by James L. Erwin Online Books on the History of Syrian Architecture, posted by

89. Inquiry And Analysis Series - No. 225 hopes that the convention would be the greatest leap in syria s history, see the upcoming convention as the most significant in syria s history. http://memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=countries&Area=syria&ID=IA22505

90. Images From World History: Syria Under The Ummayads And `Abbasids (7-11th C. A.D Images from World history syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (711th cAD) http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/efsyria.html

Images from World History: Syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (7-11th c. A.D.) The Ummayad era (661-750 A.D.) amirs were Arab military governors set up by the Ummayad dynasty as it expanded in defense of the Rightly-Guided Community (a struggle called the jihad amir, by creating opportunities for direct personal contact and for jpgt exchange. Walid may have cultivated his reputation as a lover of wine, women and song for its political benefits. jihad, which combined alienation from home (social reproduction), and struggle (personal development), was a means of personal salvation. Romanitas, but at the same time opposing the contemporary expression of that ethos by the Christian Byzantine empire, whose relation with the Ummayads was antagonistic.

91. Images From World History: Feudal Syria (7-19th C. A.D.) Images from World history Feudal syria (719th cAD) http://www.hp.uab.edu/image_archive/syria/

Images from World History Feudal Syria (7-19th c. A.D.) Umayyad and `Abbasid Syria (7-11th c. A.D.)

92. Greater Syria: The History Of An Ambition - By Daniel Pipes Greater syria The history of an Ambition by Daniel Pipes. http://www.danielpipes.org/books/greaterchap.php

Home Page Articles Weblog Reviews ... this site Search for: 78 readers online now Introduction: A Neglected Topic from Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition Her Majesty's Government has stated that it considers Syria to be the military key of Asiatic Turkey. - Lord Palmerston, 1840 On first entering Syria, the observant traveler will probably be startled to go through passport control and notice a military map of Syria on the wall, for this map contains several anomalies. It shows the Golan Heights under Syrian control, though they have been occupied by Israel since 1967. Syria's boundaries with Lebanon and Jordan appear not as international borders but as something called "regional" borders. Israel does not even exist; instead, there is a state called Palestine. And Palestine is separated from Syria by a line designated a "temporary" border". Finally, the province of Hatay, a part of Turkey since 1939, appears to be included in Syria; only on close inspection can one see the "temporary" border between it and Syria. The many inaccuracies on this map reflect the Syrian rulers' profound unwillingness to accept the actual size and shape of the country they administer. They remember that until 1920, "Syria" referred to a region much larger than the Syrian Arab Republic of today, a region that stretched from the borders of Anatolia to those of Egypt, from the edge of Iraq to the Mediterranean Sea. In terms of today's states, the Syria of old comprised Syria, Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan, plus the Gaza Strip and Alexandretta. This larger land, known since 1920 as Greater Syria, is what they dream of reclaiming.

93. Greater Syria: The History Of An Ambition - By Daniel Pipes Greater syria The history of an Ambition by Daniel Pipes. http://www.danielpipes.org/books/greater.php

Home Page Articles Weblog Reviews ... this site Search for: 78 readers online now Greater Syria The History of an Ambition New York: Oxford University Press, 1990 Paperback edition: Oxford University Press, 1992 While for many years scholars and journalists have focused on the more obvious manifestations of political life in the Middle East, one major theme has been consistently neglected. This is Pan-Syrian nationalism -the dream of creating a Greater Syria out of an area now governed by Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Turkey. Though not nearly as well known as Arab or Palestinian nationalism and hardly studied in depth, Pan-Syrianism has had a profound effect on Middle Eastern politics since the end of World War I. In Greater Syria , the noted Middle East scholar Daniel Pipes provides the first comprehensive account of this intriguing, important, and little understood ideology. Read a chapter from Greater Syria Buy this book at Amazon.com ... BarnesAndNoble.com Critics on Greater Syria "A superior book" Foreign Affairs , Spring 1990 "Pipes' story of Syria's impact on the Palestinians is fascinating... A highly useful, well-written guide to a complex issue that is at the heart of many of the region's most difficult problems."

94. Syria Comprehensive information about syria, including the economy, history, geography, history A concise history of syria. News Daily English newspaper. http://www.albany.edu/history/middle-east/syria.htm

Syria General Information Capital: Damascus Population: 15,725,000 Land Area: 184,180 sqkm Per Capita GNP: $970 Under 5 Mortality Rate: 30 Adult Literacy: 91(M); 73(F) Fertility Rate: 3.8 Life Expectancy: 70(M); 73(F) Urbanization Rate: 55% Unemployment Rate: 20% (2000) Major Language: Arabic Major Religion: Islam Government Type: Republic (under control by military now) * Data are from UNSD, UNICEF and CIA World Factbook Internet Resource Ministry of Information Embassy of the Republic of Syria in Washington D.C. A Country Study Comprehensive information about Syria, including the economy, history, geography, culture, society, etc. CIA World Factbook This site contains detailed information the country's population, economic situation, political system, natural resources, etc. History A concise history of Syria. News Daily English newspaper. Tourist information Ministry of Tourism. Other links Provided by U of Texas. General Resources History Culture Society Religion ... Saudi Arabia Syria Turkey U.A.E.

95. Gorgias Press - Hitti, Philip K. History Of Syria, Including Hitti, Philip K. history of syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine. http://www.gorgiaspress.com/bookshop/pc-296-16-hitti-philip-k-history-of-syria-i

@import url("skins/Skin_1/src/skin-aspdnsf.css"); Digitization Services Join Mailing List Become an Affiliate Authors ... Home Categories Special / Deluxe Limited Editions All Books Books In-Print Forthcoming Books ... My Cart - Hitti, Philip K. History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine Search: Special / Deluxe Limited Editions All Books Series Biblical Studies ... next Hitti, Philip K. History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine E-mail this product to a friend Author: Philip K Hitti Title: History of Syria, Including Lebanon and Palestine Subtitle: Series: Publisher: Gorgias Press LLC Publication Date: 9/24/2002 4:27:59 PM 1951 Availability: In Print ISBN: Format: Hardback 6 x 9, 1 volume(s), xxv+749 pages, 120 illustrations Description Philip K. Hitti is one of the world's leading Arabic scholars and authorities on the Near East. His History of the Arabs was acclaimed by Samuel Chew in the New York Herald Tribune as "enthrallingly interesting work..." Now Dr. Hitti has written a brilliant history of the land into which more historical and cultural events, colorful and dynamic, were croweded than perhaps into any area of equal size. For Syria, which first saw the dawn of continuous history, has either invented or transmitted to mankind such benefits as monotheistic religion, philosophy, law, trade, agriculture, and our allphabet. Table of Contents The Pre-Literary Age (5 chapters) Ancient Semitic Times (11 chapters) The Greco-Roman Period (13 chapters)

96. Syria A Terrorist Nation – Part II syria s history as a Terrorist Nation. syria, like Iraq, was ruled by a Ba athist minority. The Assads were from the Alawite sect, a Muslim minority, http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles/2003/5/9/122336.shtml

Home Money Jokes Links ... Shop September 26, 2005 Web NewsMax.com Powered by Greenspan Says U.S. Has 'Lost Control' of Deficit . . . Indicates More Rate Increases Ahead Syria a Terrorist Nation – Part II Emanuel A. Winston Saturday, May 10, 2003 Editor's Note – This is the second part of a two-part article. Read Part I Syria's History as a Terrorist Nation Syria, like Iraq, was ruled by a Ba'athist minority. The Assads were from the Alawite sect, a Muslim minority, while the majority of Syrians are Sunni Muslims. Former President Hafez al Assad and his generals ruled Syria with brutal repression. Assad, knowing he would soon be dead from cancer, had planned for his first son to take the reins of power, but after his son's assassination, Assad had to switch the line of succession to Bashar, the weaker son and an unlikely leader. Assad instructed his generals to keep Bashar as a figurehead but to run the country in the same brutal fashion from behind the throne. Even if Assad had not given these instructions, the generals had to maintain their grip lest the Sunni majority rise up and kill them all. (Note! The same thing is happening in Iraq as the Shi'ite majority is fast finding its strength, no doubt urged on by Iran, and will take or already has begun to take revenge against Saddam's brutal dictatorship.)

97. Juan Cole * Informed Comment * history, Middle East, South Asia, Religious Studies, War on Terror. In the meantime, syria gradually had gained a new client in Lebanon, the Shiites, http://www.juancole.com/2005/03/lebanon-realignment-and-syria-it-is.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=3463907"); Informed Comment Thoughts on the Middle East, History, and Religion Juan Cole is Professor of History at the University of Michigan Tuesday, March 01, 2005 Lebanon Realignment and Syria It is often pointed out that presidents get too much praise and blame for the economy, since the domestic economy has its own rhythms. We are now going to see everything that happens in the Middle East attributed to George W. Bush, whether he had much to do with it or not (usually not). What is now Lebanon consists of relatively hilly territory along the eastern Mediterranean coast. The mountains allowed small and often heterodox religious groups to survive, since the mountain inhabitants were relatively isolated and central governments had a difficult time getting hold of them. On the broad plains of Syria, governments could encourage conversion to Islam, then to Shiism, then to Sunnism, and most of the population went along. In the mountains near the coast, the population stuck to its guns. Thus, the Maronite Christians resisted conversion to Islam, as did many Eastern Orthodox Christains. The success the Ismaili government of medieval Egypt had in converting Muslims to Shiite Islam was long-lived, though most of these Shiites went over to the rival "Twelver" branch of Shiism that is now practiced in Iraq and Iran. Likewise, Egyptian Ismailism spun off an esoteric sect

98. Leanne Piggott Argues That Without Lebanon, The Syrian Economy May Implode. - On syria A Soviet relic collides with history To this day, the Ba’ath Party regime in syria largely operates according to the old Soviet model politically http://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=3273

99. Syria (Syrian) Genealogy: Resources For Family History Research syria (syrian) Genealogy history Culture. Miscellaneous Resources. 007 Web Directory Genealogy NedGen.com; Adoption Resources http://www.kindredtrails.com/syria.html

Search Our Site powered by FreeFind Libraries, Archives Libraries Regional Archives National Archives Family History Centers LDS/Mormons familysearch.org Societies Newspapers Genealogy on CDRom Start your Genealogy Data CD collection now! Ancestry.com AncestryView CD-ROMs Now Available in the Online Store Genealogy.com Data CD SuperSale! More than 200 CDs on sale Genealogical Publishing Company Genealogical.com Space Syria (Syrian) Genealogy FREE 14-Day Access to almost 2 Billion Records @ Ancestry.com Census, Voter and Tax Records Military Records Directories General Resource Links Ethnic Genealogy Resources Miscellaneous Resources 007 Web Directory: Genealogy NedGen.com Adoption Resources Adoption related news, books and web resources. The Genealogy Home Page GenHomepage.com

100. GlobalEDGE (TM) | Country Insights - History Of Syria globalEDGE Country Insights Profile of syria from an international business perspective. Information on the overview of the country, its history, economy, http://globaledge.msu.edu/ibrd/CountryHistoryPrint.asp?CountryID=173&RegionID=3

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