41. High-Temperature Superconductivity R&D At ORNL In the coming decade, hightemperature superconductors will revolutionize muchof industry and technology. ORNL researchers are partnering with US industry http://www.ornl.gov/HTSC/htsc.html

Superconductivity Oak Ridge National Laboratory is helping to make the dream of high-temperature (from 20 K up to 135 K) superconductivity a reality. Since 1988, our High-Temperature Superconductivity Technology Center has blended materials research and wire development through Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs) with industry. In the coming decade, high-temperature superconductors will revolutionize much of industry and technology. ORNL researchers are partnering with U.S. industry to hasten the revolution. HTS research areas ORNL HTS research facilities and equipment Superconductivity: Creating the Future Today [poster] ORNL Home ETD Search Comments Thursday, August 19, 2004 9:47 AM

42. MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS PAGE Provides service to industry for ion implantation of metals, semiconductors, and superconductors http://www.albany.net/~md1/

MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS Mail us for more information ACCELERATOR PICTURE PAGE SERVICES PAGE PROFILING PAGE IMPLANTATION PAGE TO REACH US BY PHONE : (518) 449 - 1744 TO FAX US : (518) 442 - 4486 E-MAIL US @ : MD1@albany.net DR. H BAKHRU, PRESIDENT MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS P.O. BOX 22070 1400 WASHINGTON AVENUE ALBANY NEW YORK 12222 A LITTLE ABOUT US MATERIALS DIAGNOSTICS, the company providing service for the low energy (20 keV to 400 keV) and high energy (400 keV to 4.2 MeV) Ion Implantation of Metals, Semiconductors,and Superconductors working with four different Particle Accelerators. We accommodate small dimension to eight inch samples. We also perform nondestructive compositional analysis of thin films using RBS and PIXE techniques. Some of our other services include : Nuclear Reaction Analysis, Hydrogen profiling using N(p, alpha gamma) reaction, Carbon, Nitrogen, Sodium, Fluorine, and other elemental analysis, crystal structure using channeling, Micorbeam RBS, Microbeam PIXE; Elemental maps using microbeams, This page best viewed with

43. FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of A Josephson junction consists of two superconductors separated by a thin http://www.ornl.gov/info/reports/m/ornlm3063r1/pt3.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF SUPERCONDUCTORS The theoretical understanding of superconductivity is extremely complicated and involved. It is far beyond the scope of this video booklet to attempt to discuss the quantum mechanics of superconductors. However, in this section fundamental terms and phenomena of superconductors will be discussed. Superconductors have the ability to conduct electricity without the loss of energy. When current flows in an ordinary conductor, for example copper wire, some energy is lost. In a light bulb or electric heater, the electrical resistance creates light and heat. In metals such as copper and aluminum, electricity is conducted as outer energy level electrons migrate as individuals from one atom to another. These atoms form a vibrating lattice within the metal conductor; the warmer the metal the more it vibrates. As the electrons begin moving through the maze, they collide with tiny impurities or imperfections in the lattice. When the electrons bump into these obstacles they fly off in all directions and lose energy in the form of heat. Figure (3) is a drawing that shows atoms arranged in a crystalline lattice and moving electrons bouncing off the atoms that are in their way.

44. Welcome To NGimat Produces coating material for computer boards and chips, satellites, cell phones, fuel cells, superconductors, flat panel displays, building and automotive windows, food and beverage plastic containers, metal foils, pipe plating, vision ware, manufacturing equipment and turbine engines, located in Chamblee, Georgia. http://www.microcoating.com/

document.write( DayName + ", " + MonthName + " " +ThisDate ); Nanopowders, Thin Films, and Devices n Gimat Co.* is an intellectual property company and a manufacturer of engineered nanomaterials in the following areas: nanopowders, thin film coatings, and devices. nGimat's CCVD and NanoSpray SM Processes along with its enable synthesis of nanoparticles and thin films. These processes are easily scalable, thereby enabling low-cost production of engineering materials with controlled composition, size, and morphology. Nanopowders Advantages of Our Technology Product List/Orders Cosmetics, Pigments, etc. ... Product List/Orders Nanopowders Thin Films "Building the Future Layer by Layer SM Devices Corporate Information About nGimat Technology NanoSpray SM ... Contact Us n Gimat TM has expertise in nanomaterial discovery, production, and processing in final products. The Company has over 30 U.S. patents, issued or allowed; many of these have also issued overseas, and over 100 patent applications pending covering its raw materials, processes, equipment, composition of matter, intermediate products and final products. * Formerly known as MicroCoating Technologies, Inc.

45. Physics Central Physics In Action - Superconductivity These elements require cooling by liquid helium to become superconductors.Such materials are called lowtemperature superconductors. http://www.physicscentral.com/action/action-01-3.html

do you see what eye see? solar flares sonic shock energetic degenerates ... physics in action archives About Superconductivity How would you like to board a Maglev train and then speed off to your destination at more than 300 miles per hour? The magnets that levitate these trains are an application of superconductivity Metals are good conductors of electric current. That is, they have very low electrical resistance, but this resistance is not zero. A voltage difference is still required to generate the current in the metal, and the metal heats up while the current is flowing. The electrical resistance of an object depends on its temperature and declines slowly as the temperature falls. Early in the last century, however, a Dutch physicist discovered that a sample of mercury, when cooled below a certain temperature close to absolute zero, loses all electrical resistance. When the mercury is in this state, an electric current flows indefinitely, even in the absence of any applied voltage. This effect is called "superconductivity." The table lists the everyday metals that exhibit superconductivity and the temperature below which electrical resistance disappears. These elements require cooling by liquid helium to become superconductors. Such materials are called "low-temperature superconductors." Much later, in the 1980s, physicists discovered ceramic compounds that exhibit superconductivity at temperatures as high as -145º Celsius. This temperature is high enough that the materials need be cooled only with liquid nitrogen, which is far less expensive to do than with liquid helium.

46. Making High-Temperature Superconductors Making Ceramic superconductors in a High School Science Lab. http://www.webcom.com/cfsc/scpart1.html

Making High-Temperature Superconductors Colorado Futurescience, Inc. What follows are the instructions for making ceramic superconductors in a high school science laboratory. These were originally the instructions that were included in a Colorado Futurescience kit for superconductor fabrication. We no longer sell the fabrication kit, so we decided to put these instructions on the Web. We do, however, still sell other superconductivity kits. Since we're making this information available without charge, we can assume no liability for the safety or reliability of the procedure. This procedure was written for High School Science labs; but, of course, it can also be used at colleges and in other settings. Individuals unaffilated with any research laboratory or educational institution have also used this procedure successfully. Unaffiliated individuals, however, may have difficulty obtaining the required chemicals. None of the major suppliers of research chemicals will sell chemicals to individuals. Colorado Futurescience also no longer sells these chemicals. Some larger cities have science stores that do sell small quantities of these chemicals to individuals. Also, some re-sellers of scientific supplies, such as those listed in the classified ads in publications such as Popular Science will sell these chemicals to individuals. One option for the unaffiliated individual with a scientific background is to volunteer to assist a High School Science Department with this project. Many schools are in need of qualified volunteers to assist with science projects.

47. PLUTONIUM SUPERCONDUCTOR Describes the way that scientists found a way to use plutonium as a supercondutor. http://superconductors.org/PlutonSC.htm

AGAINST ALL ODDS: A PLUTONIUM COMPOUND IS THE LATEST SUPERCONDUCTOR Courtesy: University of Florida, et al November 20, 2002 GAINESVILLE, Fla. - Scientists have discovered superconductivity in a most unlikely place: the highly radioactive element used to make nuclear weapons. In an article in the journal Nature , a group of researchers, including a University of Florida physicist, report discovering a plutonium-based electrical superconductor. The finding is significant because plutonium, the active ingredient in atomic bombs, has physical properties that should prevent it from behaving as a superconductor - suggesting current theories about this phenomenon may not apply to this element. “This is anomalous superconductivity, which is fascinating,” said Gregory Stewart, a UF professor of physics and contributing author to the paper. Stewart said John Sarrao, the lead author on the Nature paper, and his colleagues at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico discovered the plutonium compound PuCoGa superconducted while they were measuring its magnetic behavior. To their surprise, a probe of the material’s magnetic properties revealed diamagnetic, or “anti-magnetic” behavior, a telltale indicator of superconductivity, he said. That was unexpected because plutonium, a heavy element in the actinide group, very often forms compounds that are highly magnetic; never before had a compound containing plutonium been found to be superconducting.

48. Lithium Joins The Superconductors (October 2002) - News - PhysicsWeb PhysicsWeb, The web site for physicists, PhysicsWorld, Institute of Physics,Electronic Publishing, online products and services. http://physicsweb.org/article/news/6/10/10

Advanced site search news Browse the archive January February March April May June July August September October November December Show summaries quick search Search the news archive. News for October 2002 Lithium joins the superconductors 14 October 2002 Japanese physicists have shown that lithium becomes superconducting when it is subjected to pressures in excess of 30 gigapascals. Katsuya Shimizu of Osaka University and co-workers at Osaka and the University of Tokyo have shown that lithium loses all resistance to electric current at this pressure, which is equivalent to 300 000 atmospheres (K Shimizu et al. Nature 597). Researchers in the US have also observed superconductivity in dense lithium (V V Struzhkin et al. Science published on-line). Some 29 elements are superconductors under normal pressure conditions, and lithium brings to 23 the number that superconduct at higher pressures. In high-pressure experiments the sample is compressed between two diamond surfaces in a diamond anvil cell. However, lithium is highly reactive, which makes high-pressure experiments difficult. Shimizu and co-workers have now managed to compress a ribbon of highly pure lithium in such a cell. They observe superconductivity as a drop in electrical resistance, and also find that the superconducting transition temperature rises to 20 Kelvin at 48 gigapascals. Although this is the highest observed transition temperature of any element, it is a factor of four less than theoretical predictions. The team also points out that it has failed to observe the Meissner effect - the expulsion of a magnetic field from the sample. Observation of the Meissner effect is often considered a more reliable indication of superconductivity than a dramatic reduction in resistance.

49. Colorado Futurescience Good introductory material on superconductors, including instructions for Making superconductors in a High School Science Laboratory, and complete superconductor kits for science educators. http://www.webcom.com/cfsc/

and Futurescience, Inc.) Products and Services for Science Education since 1987. SUPERCONDUCTOR DEMONSTRATION KITS INFORMATION ON LIFE EXTENSION AND ANTI-AGING MEDICINE THE ACCORD PUBLISHING STORE and much more Superconductors Educational Kits including online manuals Background Information Making Superconductors THE ACCORD PUBLISHING STORE Calendars Science Kits Children's Books Toys ... Lots of Other Stuff Advanced Preventive Medicine and Life Extension Life Extension Manual Needle Phobia Page Under Development E-kits Superconductors. We make superconductor demonstration kits and accessory items for science education. Our superconductor products are available directly from Futurescience, Inc. The complete manuals for all of our superconductor kits are now online. THE ACCORD PUBLISHING STORE sells the complete line of calendars, science stuff, children's books, and much more from Accord Publishing. Futurescience compiles the material each year for the Easy Answer Science Calendar , published by Accord Publishing. For an abundance of information on the latest research into the possibilities of a longer, healthier life than most people ever thought possible, see Jerry Emanuelson's free comprehensive manual on the practical applications of scientific research into a

50. Superconductors Power Up Now, superconductors are heading, in small steps, into the power grid. The incentive for putting bulk superconductors into the power grid is efficiency. http://www.memagazine.org/backissues/january99/features/superpower/superpower.ht

Superconductors Power Up They find uses in medicine and in cellphone systems; the next step is Detroit's electric power grid. By Gale Morrison, Associate Editor M ore than a decade has passed since the 1986 superconductivity milestone event, which introduced a new set of ceramic compounds that could conduct electricity without energy losses, at much higher temperatures than previously thought possible. c , its critical temperature for superconductivity. Already, because of the sophisticated magnets superconductors can produce, superconducting quantum interference devices (dubbed "SQUIDs") are being designed into nuclear magnetic resonance imaging equipment that has provided awe-inspiring insight into biological tissue make-up. MRI equipment has used superconducting components, like current leads, for years. Because high temperature superconductor (HTS) materials are ultrareceptive to high-frequency signals and cheap enough to cool in a remote box, superconductive communications filters are deployed in the infrastructure that carries wireless phone calls. Now, superconductors are heading, in small steps, into the power grid. Decades of work remain to be accomplished, but the science is ready for engineering development into our daily lives. One high-profile demonstration project has just begun in the United States. Energy Secretary Bill Richardson announced that the Department of Energy has contracted to install the world's first HTS power cable system in an electric utility network.

51. Introduction To Superconductors The new ceramic oxide superconductors are type II superconductors and early It is entirely conceivable that the new oxide superconductors could make it http://www.futurescience.com/scintro.html

This is a 1989 revision of a paper delivered at the October 9, 1987 Conference of the American Society of Test Engineers. An appendix was added in September, 1999. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE NEW OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTORS by Jerry Emanuelson Colorado Futurescience, Inc. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, the Dutch physicist known for his research into phenomona at extremely low temperature. In 1908, Onnes had become the first person to liquify helium. He was investigating the electrical properties of various substances at liquid helium temperature (4.2 degrees Kelvin) when he noticed that the resistivity of mercury dropped abruptly at 4.2 K to a value below the resolution of his instruments. In 1933, W. Meissner and R. Oschenfeld discovered that a metal cooled into the superconducting state in a weak magnetic field expels the magnetic field from its interior. In 1945, the Russian physicist V. Arkadiev first performed the now-classic experiment of using this expulsion of a magnetic field to levitate a small bar magnet above the surface of a superconductor. Advances in superconductivity continued to proceed slowly. During the first 75 years of superconductivity research, the critical temperature (the temperature below which superconductivity is present) was raised by less than 20 degrees . In 1973, a niobium alloy was produced with a critical temperature of 23.2 K. This is still the highest temperature for a metallic superconductor.

52. 404 Error Message Compares batteries, flywheels, supercapacitors, and superconductors for seamless power. Includes figuresElectrical Construction Maintenance http://ecmweb.com/ar/electric_success_energy_storage/index.htm

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53. Superconductor Technologies Answers to common questions about superconductors, cryogenics, the wireless Introductory 101 courses in superconductors, cryogenics, and 3G wireless http://www.suptech.com/technology.html

Complete Product line 3G World Congress Presentation (2003) NWEC TecLab Video Presentations (2002) WCNC Presentation (2002) ... Customer Service Help Technology Learn more about what we do and how we do it. STI's Technology pages will help you gain a better understanding of our remarkable technology, our growing company, and our strategy for continued success. Technical FAQ Answers to common questions about superconductors, cryogenics, the wireless industry and STI Technical Library Presentations, technical articles and industry articles, and white papers HTS University Introductory "101" courses in superconductors, cryogenics, and 3G wireless Tech Links Internet links to superconductivity information L

54. Nuclearbologna's Website describes my life, family, and work in physics. My work in is condensed matter physics where I deal with quantum spin systems and organic superconductors. http://web.utk.edu/~jharalds/

Welcome to Nuclearbologna's Website It is what life is made of!!! A.K.A. - Jason Haraldsen This website is made of 100% recycled electrons! Family Research Vita Google ... (Read Views and Leave Comments) Please try to support the American Red Cross or Habitat for Humanity and the victims of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita Pictures from http://www.physicsclassroom.com Nuclearbologna's Physics Store! The place for your physics items To contact me click here! Last update 9/8/05 You are number collectible phone cards

55. Organic Superconductors (BEDOTTF)2ReO4H2O organic superconductors in both low and high magnetic fields.Because the critical fields of these superconductors are at a moderate http://physics.clarku.edu/superconductor/superconductor.html

Introduction to Organic Metals (The lower dimensional, all purpose, solid state experimental samples) Organic conductors are materials made of relatively large organic molecules, about 20 atoms each. Their history started in 1964 when Bill Little (Stanford U.) suggested that the critical temperature of superconductors could be increased and he applied his theory to a polymer chain. Most materials composed of organic molecules are normally not metals because of hybridization which leaves their conduction and valence bands filled. This property was first overcome by combining planar organic molecules with nonorganic anions (ClO , PF etc.) which serve as acceptors or donors thus resulting in the appearance of partially filled conduction and/or valence bands. Such materials are called charge transfer salts. In 1981 Bechgard synthesized (TMTSF) ClO (see diagram below), the first organic material that was superconducting at ambient pressure. Although, it has a relatively low superconducting transition temperature (1.2 K), the interest in superconductivity and other rather unusual properties in organic materials exploded after this discovery. Because organic conductors are complicated organic salts, they have many free parameters that can be adjusted to carefully fine tune their chemical structure. Consequently their electronic sucture can also be esily adjusted and fine tuned. In addition their electronic structure is unique because they have low Fermi energies and are electronically very clean, making it easy to study the intricacies of their Fermi surfaces through the observation of quantum oscillations. The low Fermi energy makes high magnetic field experiments more interesting due to the impact of the magnetic energy on the Fermi surface structure. As an example, Ef = 7.0 eV for Pb, whereas Ef for a typical organic is approximately 0.01 eV (50 T ~ 0.003 eV). These properties make them ideal for a number of solid state physics studies such as the ones descirbed below.

56.   Oxide Physics Research The programme is a collaboration of experimental and theoretical physicists working on the behaviour of correlated electrons in oxide materials. Based in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Birmingham University, United Kingdom. Materials of interest include the high temperature cuprate superconductors, nonFermi liquid physics near quantum critical points, unconventional superconductivity in the ruthanates and heavy fermion behaviour in lithium vanadate. http://www.oxides.bham.ac.uk/

Oxide Physics Research University Fast Find Site Index Schools / Departments Telephone Directory Email Directory Useful Contacts Frequently Asked Questions Directions / Maps Acronym Directory Vacancies OXIDE PHYSICS RESEARCH Information Welcome Research Programme Staff Members Funding ... Contact Us Other links Theoretical Physics School of Physics and Astronomy SEARCH THIS SITE SEARCH WHOLE UNIVERSITY Introduction Welcome to the web pages of the Oxide Research Programme. The research programme is a collaborative effort between experimental and theoretical physicists, together with material scientists, with the common goal of understanding of the behaviour of correlated electrons in oxide materials. The work is distributed across the collaborating institutions: at the University of St Andrews (School of Physics and Astronomy), at the University of Birmingham (in the School of Physics and Astronomy and also the School of Chemistry) and in the Low Temperature Physics group at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge. We also work with a number of international collaborations. The experimental work is headed by Professor Andy Mackenzie (St Andrews) and the theoretical work by Professor Andy Schofield (Birmingham). What are correlated electrons?

57. Physics News Update Magnesiumdiboride superconductors can tolerate twice the usual amount of MgB2 superconductors, which made their debut three years ago (see Update 530), http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/683-2.html

advanced search Subscribe to Physics News Update Physics News Graphics Physical Review Focus ... Physics News Links Archives Number 683 April 29, 2004 by Phil Schewe and Ben Stein Magnesium-Diboride Superconductors Magnesium-diboride superconductors can tolerate twice the usual amount of magnetic field if you spike them with some carbon atoms. The main reason superconducting wires are used as the windings in magnets is not because they save energy, but because they can generate large magnetic fields by carrying large current densities without the resistive heating associated with ordinary copper wire, giving you a much more intense field for the same amount of volume employed in your MRI machine. MgB superconductors, which made their debut three years ago (see Update 530 ), become superconducting at around 40 K, in a colder regime than for the ceramic superconductors (which can be bathed in liquid nitrogen), but much warmer than traditional metal superconductors (such as niobium-tin) which must be cooled in liquid helium. Some consider that the MgB materials (which can be chilled with refrigerators without the use of expensive liquid helium) might be advantageous in some applications where Nb Sn is presently used. For this to happen, the MgB

58. Physics News Update the behavior of copper oxide (or cuprate for short) superconductors. to understanding why the cuprates are such good superconductors in the cold http://www.aip.org/pnu/2003/split/645-2.html

advanced search Subscribe to Physics News Update Physics News Graphics Physical Review Focus ... Physics News Links Archives Number 645 July 9, 2003 by Phil Schewe, James Riordon, and Ben Stein "Mottness" Might Help to Explain Cuprate Behavior see figure ). However, the pseudogap is observed in Mott insulators that never became superconducting in the first place, indicating that the pseudogap is of a more general origin. Maybe there is more to superconductivity than the pairing of electrons. (See Nature, 4 January 2001 for background on this topic.) Tudor Stanescu and Philip Phillips , Physical Review Letters , 4 July 2003; contact Philip Phillips

59. 08.16.2004 - Vibrations In Crystal Lattice Plays Big Role In High Temperature Su High temperature superconductors are almost always some type of copper oxide (cuprate) While conventional superconductors are explained by the seminal http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/08/16_Lanzara.shtml

UC Berkeley Karen Kenney says goodbye to Cal Berkeley thinks new opera is da Bomb Point of view: What should Berkeley do differently? More news: Competitive UC salaries Tackling local problems Select one All stories by date economics Campus news Education Environment Events at Berkeley International affairs People Science Social science Students engineering UC Berkeley Press Release A ceramic high temperature superconductor is actually a very poor metal, almost an insulator, at room temperature because electrons interact only slightly with the solid lattice (top), as represented by a slight depression in the crystal lattice. As the ceramic is cooled below a critical temperature, however, electrons pair up and are able to 'dance' with the vibrating lattice, stabilizing one another, as represented by a deep impression in the lattice. (Graphic by Gey-Hong Gweon/LBNL) Vibrations in crystal lattice play big role in high temperature superconductors By Robert Sanders, Media Relations

60. Outokumpu - Superconductors contact for leading producer of special copper and niobiumalloy wire and cable for superconducting applications http://www.outokumpucopper.com/pages/Page____7084.aspx

Outokumpu Copper Superconductors Wire enquiry MRI NMR Projects ... Enquiries Page: Superconductors Superior wires and cables for challenging applications Outokumpu has been producing niobium-titanium (NbTi)-based superconducting wires and cables for more than 30 years. We are the world's leading producer of special copper and niobium-alloy wire and cable for superconducting applications. Please, make an enquiry for wires here © Outokumpu 2005 Subject Guide E-mail us Site map Legal notice Top

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