21. ASC 2006 Harnessing the Magic. Links to calls for papers, venue. 6 days in Jacksonville, Florida, USA. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

22. Superconductors superconductors also have interesting magnetic properties; they are perfect Despite these interesting properties, superconductors are not widely used in http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node107.html

Next: Questions Up: Diamagnets and superconductors Previous: Diamagnets and superconductors Superconductors An extreme example of a diamagnet is a superconductor . These materials are known primarily through their electrical properties - at some relatively low temperature their electrical resistance is exactly zero. Thus, one can establish a current in a superconductor and it will never die away due to resistance, even when the source of potential difference that started the current is removed. Superconductors also have interesting magnetic properties; they are perfect diamagnets: when an applied magnetic field is applied, eddy currents in the superconductor induce a magnetic field which exactly cancels the applied magnetic field. This is the Meissner effect This effect is responsible for the magnetic levitation of a magnet when placed above a superconductor. Suppose, as in Fig. , we place a magnet above a superconductor. The induced magnetic field inside the superconductor is exactly equal and opposite in direction to the applied magnetic field, so that they cancel within the superconductor. What we then have are two magnets equal in strength with poles of the same type facing each other. These poles will repel each other, and the force of repulsion is enough to float the magnet. Such magnetic levitation devices are being tried on train tracks in Japan; if successful, this would make train travel much faster, smoother, and more efficient due to the lack of friction between the tracks and train (in some cases, rather than superconductors, strong electromagnets are used to provide the magnetic levitation).

23. McDevitt Group Materials and solid state chemistry including superconductors and taste chips. http://neon.cm.utexas.edu/mcdevitt/

24. Intermagnetics General Corporation Introduction IGC is a developer and manufacturer of superconducting materials, radiofrequency coils, magnets, superconducting wire, cable and tape, and related http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

25. Diamagnets And Superconductors Diamagnets and superconductors. Diamagnets and superconductors. There existsa class of materials called diamagnets which exhibit some interesting http://theory.uwinnipeg.ca/mod_tech/node106.html

Next: Superconductors Up: Currents from magnetism Previous: Magnetic tape reader Diamagnets and superconductors There exists a class of materials called diamagnets which exhibit some interesting properties when an external magnetic field is applied. In these materials, eddy currents consisting of circulating electrons are induced whose magnetic effects are such as to cancel part of the applied external field (typically about 0.1%). A metal detector is a device which relies on this property. Figure 9.17: Metal detector / magnetic levitation In this device, a magnetic field is generated from an electromagnet, which causes eddy currents to be produced. The magnetic fields from the induced currents are in turn picked up by the detector in the form of small currents being produced. Most diamagnetic materials are metals, which have good electrical conductivity properties and so the eddy currents can be relatively easily established. This is the reason these detectors can readily sense metallic objects but not plastics or other poor conductors. Superconductors modtech@theory.uwinnipeg.ca

26. Welcome To Dr. Zhi Gang Yu's Web Site Research physicist studying spindependent transport in organic materials and devices, DNA and proteins, conducting polymers, and high-temperature superconductors. http://aristotle.sri.com/~zyu/

I am a Research Physicist in the Applied Physical Sciences Laboratory at SRI International Phone: (650) 859-6456 Fax: (650) 859-5036 Email: zhi-gang.yu@sri.com http://aristotle.sri.com/~zyu SRI International 333 Ravenswood Ave Mail Stop 306-22 Menlo Park, CA 94025 Graphics by

27. American Magnetics, Inc. Home Page AMI is an engineering and manufacturing firm specializing in superconducting magnet design and manufacturing. In Oak Ridge, Tennessee. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

28. Arbiol, Jordi Ph.D. in Physics and Associate Professor (Universitat de Barcelona, Spain). Research areas Nanostructured Materials, Transmission Electron Microscopist and Microanalyst, Semiconductor Gas Sensor materials, Mesoporous materials, IIIV and II-IV semiconductor compounds, superconductors, Metals and Nanostructure. http://nun97.el.ub.es/~arbiol/cv_ang.html

29. Superconductors A Guide To Resources On The Web Provides links to web resources on all aspects of superconductors, including research and development, applications, producers, education and public http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

30. Making Matter: Superconductors Neutron diffraction from oxide superconductors indicated that oxidation ofthese ¶charge reservoir layers results in the formal oxidation of the planes of http://www.ill.fr/dif/3D-crystals/superconductors.html

High Tc Superconductors Solid State Chemistry Index Help Oxides like silica are normally insulators because the electrons are intimately associated with the individual bonds or ions. Metals can conduct because the electrons are relatively free. But there are oxides that can become metallic conductors, or even superconductors. The most interesting contain "mixed valence" atoms such as copper that can give up a variable number of electrons when bonding. According to Pauling's ideas about chemical bonds, by looking at the co-ordination of these atoms, we can usually tell something about their valence. For example, look at the co-ordination of copper in one of the new ceramic oxide superconductor . The copper (Cu) are the green atoms, the oxygen are as usual red and barium is blue. Clearly there are two kinds of copper atom - those that are co-ordinated by 4 oxygen atoms (green squares), typical of divalent Cu++, and those that have a fifth oxygen atom (green pyramids). This material has zero electrical resistance even above the temperature of liquid air - cold but easy to produce and handle. This is truly amazing, and a few years ago would have been thought impossible. If we heat this remarkable superconductor in the absence of oxygen it loses one of its oxygen atoms and becomes the insulator with a very similar structure. The oxygen is lost from one particular site; the chains of CuO4 squares. Copper in these squares is left with only two oxygen atoms, typical of monovalent Cu+. Copper is said to have been "reduced" from Cu++ to Cu+. Oxygen and superconductivity can be restored by "oxidising" the copper again from Cu+ to Cu++. This solid state chemistry is clearly responsible for the unusual electrical properties.

31. Molecular Expressions: Images From The Microscope Hundreds of photomicrographs (photographs through the microscope) of everything from superconductors and hightech materials to ice cream and beer. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/index.html

Galleria License Info Image Use Custom Photos ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Welcome to the Molecular Expressions website featuring our acclaimed photo galleries that explore the fascinating world of optical microscopy. We are going where no microscope has gone before by offering one of the Web's largest collections of color photographs taken through an optical microscope (commonly referred to as "photo-micro-graphs"). Visit our Photo Gallery for an introductory selection of images covering just about everything from beer and ice cream to integrated circuits and ceramic superconductors. These photographs are available for licensing to commercial, private, and non-profit institutions. Secret Worlds: The Universe Within - Soar through space starting at 10 million light years away from the Milky Way down through to a single proton in Florida in decreasing orders of magnitude (powers of ten). This tutorial explores the use of exponential notation to understand and compare the size of things in our world and the universe, and provides a glimpse of the duality between the macroworld around us and the hidden microworld within. NEW! -

32. Superconductivity - Uses Of Superconductors 2nd year chemistry web project a small web site about the phenomenon ofsuperconductivity. http://www.chemsoc.org/exemplarchem/entries/igrant/uses_noflash.html

Uses of Superconductors Efficient Electricity Transportation Superconductors have many uses - the most obvious being as very efficient conductors; if the national grid were made of superconductors rather than aluminium, then the savings would be enormous - there would be no need to transform the electricity to a higher voltage (this lowers the current, which reduces energy loss to heat) and then back down again. Superconducting magnets are also more efficient in generating electricity than conventional copper wire generators - in fact, a superconducting generator about half the size of a copper wire generator is about 99% efficient; typical generators are around 50% efficient. The US Department of Energy are actively encourages the use of superconductors as energy efficient devices. At the moment, the problem lies with the critical temperature - unless a material is found that can superconduct above 300K, some sort of cooling system needs to be employed, which would be expensive, although companies are developing prototypes - in December 1998, Pirelli Wire built a test 150ft cable that transmitted electricity using high temperature superconducting materials.

33. First Principles Research Ab initio quantum chemistry and computational studies of superconductors. http://www.firstprinciples.com/

First Principles Research The primary focus of First Principles Research is to provide expertise in computational chemistry and physics to a variety of industries. Our resources are devoted to a mixture of consulting, contract research, and basic research. Projects First Principles Research has been involved with since its founding in 1994 include high temperature superconductivity, kinetic models for oil hydrocracking and gasoline reforming, physical and numerical models for medical devices and airborne/space-based radar. Details on this and other work can be found at this website. For additional information, please contact us directly as indicated below. Contact Information Telephone Postal address First Principles Research, Inc. 6327-C SW Capitol Hwy., PMB 250 Portland, OR 97239 Electronic mail General Information: jkp@firstprinciples.com [ Home ] News Background Projects Publications

34. Molecular Expressions: Images From The Microscope Features hundreds of photomicrographs (photographs through the microscope) of everything from superconductors and hightech materials to ice cream and beer. Also includes tutorials about microscopy and optics. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/

Galleria License Info Image Use Custom Photos ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Welcome to the Molecular Expressions website featuring our acclaimed photo galleries that explore the fascinating world of optical microscopy. We are going where no microscope has gone before by offering one of the Web's largest collections of color photographs taken through an optical microscope (commonly referred to as "photo-micro-graphs"). Visit our Photo Gallery for an introductory selection of images covering just about everything from beer and ice cream to integrated circuits and ceramic superconductors. These photographs are available for licensing to commercial, private, and non-profit institutions. Secret Worlds: The Universe Within - Soar through space starting at 10 million light years away from the Milky Way down through to a single proton in Florida in decreasing orders of magnitude (powers of ten). This tutorial explores the use of exponential notation to understand and compare the size of things in our world and the universe, and provides a glimpse of the duality between the macroworld around us and the hidden microworld within. NEW! -

35. High Temperature Superconductors The high temperature superconductors are ceramic materials with layers ofcopperoxide spaced Energy Gap in superconductors as a Function of Temperature http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/hitc.html

High Temperature Superconductors Ceramic materials are expected to be insulators certainly not superconductors, but that is just what Georg Bednorz and Alex Muller found when they studied the conductivity of a lanthanum-barium-copper oxide ceramic in 1986. Its critical temperature of 30 K was the highest which had been measured to date, but their discovery started a surge of activity which discovered superconducting behavior as high as 125 K. Click on any of the compound formuli for further details. Show phase diagram Index Superconductivity concepts Reference Rohlf ,Ch 15 See also June 91 issue of Physics Today ( 7 articles). HyperPhysics Condensed Matter R Nave Go Back Cuprate Superconductor Phases Illustrative of the complexity of the high-temperature superconductor materials is this phase diagram which applies to the cuprate materials. At very low doping, they show the long range order of an antiferromagnet. Doping breaks up the antiferromagnetic order and they become insulators. Only with doping fraction between about 0.1 and 0.2 do they become superconductors. Index Superconductivity concepts Reference Batlogg in Physics Today, 1991

36. D Wave : The Quantum Computing Company TM DWave Systems (dwavesys.com) is a portal to the state of the art in the design of quantum computers, operating systems, algorithms, hardware, superconductors, and quantum physics. http://www.dwavesys.com

D-Wave's mission is to commercialize superconducting quantum computational systems - and thus to make available the vast power and speed of quantum computers to industrial customers. A privately-held corporation based in Vancouver, Canada, D-Wave is driving the development of computing platforms which use the principles of quantum mechanics. The company custom designs and builds software programmable superconducting custom integrated circuits, which form the heart of the quantum computer. With its 25 employees and a global collaborative network of research scientists, D-Wave's strategy is to partner with leaders in various industries and to solve their specific and valuable business problems which defy solution through traditional computational means. Great Chemistry D-Wave researchers close in on quantum chemistry From September 9th 2005 Issue of Science

37. Previous Articles Molecular Expressions Photo Gallery The Superconductor CollectionNow known as the Meissner effect, this property of superconductors is often The theory, which is only applicable to lowtemperature superconductors, http://physics.about.com/library/weekly/aa111798.htm?rf=dp&COB=home

38. Nanoelectronics At The University Of Basel Mesoscopic Physics Group. Research is directed towards static and dynamic electrictransport properties of nanostructures of various kind including normal metals, superconductors, and organic conductors (nanotubes, DNA). http://pages.unibas.ch/phys-meso/

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39. Molecular Expressions: Microscopy Publications - Microscopy In The Investigation MICROSCOPY IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HIGHTEMPERATURE superconductors The ceramicsuperconductors are all very dark materials with a high degree of http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/publications/pages/conductor.html

Virtual Microscopy Microscopy Primer License Info Image Use ... Visit Science, The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery MICROSCOPY IN THE INVESTIGATION OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTORS Michael W. Davidson National High Magnetic Field Laboratory (NHMFL) and Center for Materials Research and Technology The Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida USA INTRODUCTION In march of 1987 Paul Chu and his coworkers (2) reported a yttrium-barium-copper oxide ceramic that had a critical temperature of about 90K, a temperature accessible with relatively cheap liquid nitrogen. Soon, other ceramics were reported where the yttrium ion was replaced with a variety of rare-earth elements. It seemed at the time that a critical temperature in excess of 200K was just around the corner. Early in 1988 a bismuth-copper oxide ceramic containing calcium and strontium was developed by Paul Chu's group that was superconducting at approximately 125K (3). Figure 1. GdBa Cu O Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) reflected light photomicrograph of the surface of a single crystal of GdBa Cu O THE MEISSNER EFFECT One of the most important manifestations of the new high temperature superconducting ceramics is their ability to exclude magnetic fields while in the superconducting state. This property was first recognized in 1933 by a German physicist, Meissner, and, rather than the drop to zero resistance, is the key element used in the demonstration of the superconducting effect. The Meissner effect is the reason behind the levitating of a magnet by a superconductor. The superconductor behaves essentially as a "magnetic mirror", perfectly reflecting the magnetic field lines back to the magnet. The repulsion causes the magnet to rise above the superconductor with it's height being determined by the balance between the field strength and weight of the magnet. This effect is responsible for a host of new applications in electromechanical devices such a frictionless bearings, levitated trains, and superefficient motors.

40. Horizon Technologies...Software Products Code for properties of fluids, materials, and superconductors. http://www.htess.com/software.htm

Home Software Products Engineering Services About Us ... Contact Us Software Products... Quick links to: Fluid Property Packages Material Property Packages Superconductivity Analysis Hydraulic and Heat Flow Analysis ... List of International Sales Agents Fluid Property Packages vis PROP TM Developed by Horizon Technologies, vis PROP is a chemical / fluid / material property and data management system for the retrieval, estimation, analysis and display of chemical fluid properties from a variety of sources. Available: As an Excel Add-In interface and ActiveX DLL (version 1.10) for custom application development, allowing the same access to multiple Property Packages as registered in the vis PROP data management system. vis PROP Specifications Pricing ... GASPAK Developed by Cryodata Inc. , GASPAK provides 42 state and transport properties for 33 fluids from the triple point to high temperatures. The GASPAK property estimation algorithm uses a highly accurate variable-term Helmholtz equation. Note - not all properties are available for all fluids. Available: As an ActiveX DLL (version 3.41) to be interfaced to

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