81. About This Site Basic Islamic Beliefs What S New Muslims Today What is known as African Islam is characteristic of these people and of Moslems in Its nondogmatic standpoint and openness towards indigenous African http://www.islamfortoday.com/tanzania.htm

About this Site Basic Islamic Beliefs What's New Muslims Today ... Search this site African Islam in Tanzania By Abdulaziz Y. Lodhi and David Westerlund (March 1997) The historical background Islamic denominations Islam in society New organizations and tendencies ... Literature Because of extensive missionary activities and development projects, Tanzania is one of the most well-known countries of Africa. The idealistic socialist politics of president Julius Nyerere during the 1960's and 70's attracted many Westerners. Tanzania had approximately 30.4 million inhabitants in mid 1995; about 1% were of non-African origin. Even if the population growth is high, the country is (like most countries in Africa ( sparsely populated. The population consists of a large number of ethnic groups. The great majority of these are speakers of Bantu languages. The largest ethnic group is the Sukuma, spread south of Lake Victoria. South of the Sukuma live the Nyamwezi who, culturally and linguistically, are closely related to their northern neighbours. The historical background The earliest concrete evidence of Moslem presence in East Africa is the foundation of a mosque in Shanga on Pate Island where gold, silver and copper coins dated AD 830 were found during an excavation in the 1980's. The oldest intact building in East Africa is a functioning mosque at Kizimkazi in southern Zanzibar dated AD 1007. It appears that Islam was widespread in the Indian Ocean area by the 14th century. When Ibn Battuta from Maghreb visited the East African littoral in 1332 he reported that he felt at home because of Islam in the area. The coastal population was largely Moslem, and Arabic was the language of literature and trade. The whole of the Indian Ocean seemed to be a "Moslem sea". Moslems controlled the trade and established coastal settlements in South East Asia, India and East Africa.

82. 1Up Travel > Tanzania > Travel & Tourism | Tourist Guide To Tanzania Tanzania is a large country in eastern africa that borders the Indian Ocean. People of Tanzania Learn about the population, age structure, http://www.1uptravel.com/international/africa/tanzania/

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Africa Tanzania ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Tanzania Guide Tanzania Maps Tanzania Hotels Tanzania Flag ... Featured in Beachcomber Community Guides Tanzania Introduction Tanzania is a large country in eastern Africa that borders the Indian Ocean. Most of Tanzania lies on the mainland of Africa. Several nearby islands make up the rest of the country. Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's capital and largest city. A new capital, Dodoma in central Tanzania was scheduled for completion in the 1990's. Tanzania's official name is the United Republic of Tanzania. A Short Background Shortly after independence, Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form the nation of Tanzania in 1964. One-party rule came to an end in 1995 with the first democratic elections held in the country since the 1970s.

83. Journal Of Third World Studies: Power Of Babel: Language And Governance In The A Power of Babel Language and Governance in the African Experience, The search for a return to the people, to the indigenous languages and cultures which http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200110/ai_n8994240

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Journal of Third World Studies Fall 2001 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for Advocate, The Air Force Journal of Logistics Air Force Law Review Air Force Speeches ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience, The Journal of Third World Studies Fall 2001 by Owino, Francis R Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Mazrui, Ali A. and Alamin M. Mazrui. The Power of Babel: Language and Governance in the African Experience. London: James Currey, Limited, 1998. 228 pp. In chapter one, "Language and Race in the Black Experience," Ali A. Mazrui notes the paradoxical survival of the cultural and linguistic practice of the subjugated communities when the colonialists, following separatist policies, denied Africans the use of European languages and promoted the use of the indigenous languages. He posits that the effect of assimilation where mixed policies were pursued has seen a remarkable loss of speakers of the indigenous languages. Where they survived, they have merely continued to serve communalist role as the European languages play the ecumenical role.

84. Human Organization: Sungusungu: The Role Of Preexisting And Evolving Social Inst African Studies Review AfroAmericans in New York Life and History For amore detailed discussion of the Sungusungu and the sukuma people, see, http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3800/is_200404/ai_n9392949

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles Human Organization Spring 2004 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Sungusungu: The Role of Preexisting and Evolving Social Institutions among Tanzanian Vigilante Organizations Human Organization Spring 2004 by Paciotti, Brian Mulder, Monique Borgerhoff Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Key words: informal social control, Sungusungu, cultural evolution, Tanzania Continue article Advertisement Anthropologists have described how people organize informal institutions of social control. Some groups rely more on personal and family honor to protect their property and interests, whereas others act collectively across a wider social scale to provide the publicly beneficial good of law and order. Such informal institutions are especially important when state provisioning of law and order is weak or corrupt; to protect themselves, individuals and groups provide their own mechanisms of order (Ellickson 1991;Horwitz 1990). With state corruption, as well as weak resources to provide adequate services to the vast rural areas of Tanzania, East Africa (Abrahams 1998;Hyden 1980; Waters 1997), informal organizations of social control emerged as an institutional or cultural adaptation to provide protection and resolve disputes. A particularly strong nonstate system of justice originally emerged among the Sukuma and Nyamwezi1 ethnic groups. The system, called Sungusungu, is comprised of village-level policing and court organizations that are governed by higherlevel political units. "Sungusungu" is a Kiswahili word for biting black ants, and this term may refer to the organization's similarity with these aggressive and highly cooperative in sects. Although the Sukuma use this term, many people also use the KiSukuma term basalama, or "people of peace." As with extra-legal organizations in other parts of the world, the Sukuma were unable to rely on the state to protect property and resolve disputes.

85. Frans Wijsen - Intercultural Theology And The Mission Of The Church Some people rejected completely one of the two, sticking to either a The actof calling sukuma the language spoken by those who are called sukuma http://www.sedos.org/english/wijsen.htm

Frans Wijsen * Intercultural Theology and the Mission of the Church In its recent Assessment of Research Quality the Association of the Universities in the Netherlands noted the danger of 'an overly introspective Eurocentrism' in doing theology in the Netherlands and called for more 'involvement with extra-European issues'. (1) Some years earlier I made an investigation of missiological education in the Dutch faculties of theology. This investigation confirmed the diagnosis of Eurocentrism, except for some evangelical schools of theology which have a missionary and crosscultural set-up. (2) The Nijmegen Graduate School of Theology has been opened as part of the 'mutual missionary assistance of churches'. But the question is: How mutual is this mutual assistance? To what extent are we open to a 'reversed mission' by which members of churches in the South help us to overcome the crisis of Christianity in the West? This contribution will have four sections. First I wish to elaborate on the paradigm shift in mission. Then I will introduce intercultural theology as new perspective and a new method in theology. I will continue by showing the need of developing an intercultural hermeneutics. Finally I will show a direction in which we could go, namely subaltern hermeneutics. In the conclusion I will discern the consequences of a new understanding of culture for the mission of the church in the 21st century.

86. Demographics Of Tanzania -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article Population distribution in (A republic in eastern africa) Tanzania is extremely An estimated 70000 (A member of a Semitic people originally from the http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/D/De/Demographics_of_Tanzania.htm

Demographics of Tanzania [Categories: Demographics by country, Tanzania] Population distribution in (A republic in eastern Africa) Tanzania is extremely uneven. Density varies from 1 person per square kilometer (3 per sq. mi.) in arid regions to 51 per square kilometer (133 per sq. mi.) in the mainland's well-watered highlands to 134 per square kilometer (347 per sq. mi.) on (An island in the Indian Ocean off the east coast of Africa; part of the United Republic of Tanzania) Zanzibar . More than 80% of the population is rural. (The capital and second largest city of Tanzania) Dar es Salaam is the capital and largest city; (Click link for more info and facts about Dodoma) Dodoma , located in the center of Tanzania, has been designated the new capital, although action to move the capital has stalled. The African population consists of more than 120 ethnic groups, of which the (Click link for more info and facts about Sukuma) Sukuma , Haya, Nyakyusa, (A Bantu language spoken in central Tanzania) Nyamwezi , and (A Bantu language spoken by the Chaga people in northern Tanzania) Chagga have more than 1 million members. The majority of Tanzanians, including such tribes as the

87. Planting New Churches The first churches established among the sukuma were missionary plants. The people of the land should not perceive the church as a foreign religion but http://www.missiology.org/essentialtasks/plantingchurches.htm

Monthly Missiological Reflections Contact Books Planting New Churches The theological and strategic foundations upon which churches are planted greatly affect their ability to grow and mature. Paul encourages the church planter to "be careful how he builds." Sooner or later the builder's work will be tested with fire. Those who build with incombustible materials (gold, silver, and costly stones) will receive a reward, but those who build with combustible materials (wood, hay, and straw) will experience loss (1 Cor. 3:10-15). Definition of Church Planting Church planting may be defined as initiating reproductive fellowships who reflect the kingdom of God in the world . A number of characteristics of church planting are reflected in this definition. First, church planting is aimed at the creation of fellowships . The church is the family of God, the body of Christ (Eph. 1:23), a people "belonging to God" (1 Pet. 2:9). These biblical metaphors indicate that the church must become a cohesive body reflecting the qualities of God in an alien world (vv. 11-12). Evangelistic methodologies should not scatter contacts who cannot be molded into bodies of believers; they must focus evangelism in one area for the purpose of creating a community of God. Converts must not be treated merely as individuals but incorporated in the body of Christ. Matayo Lang'at, a Kipsigis evangelist of Kenya, used a farming metaphor to explain why new Christians must work together to become part of a functioning fellowship:

88. Tanzania (09/05) Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, The majority of Tanzanians, including such large tribes as the sukuma and the http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2843.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of African Affairs September 2005 Background Note: Tanzania PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: United Republic of Tanzania Geography Area: Mainland 945,000 sq. km. (378,000 sq. mi.); slightly smaller than New Mexico and Texas combined. Zanzibar 1,658 sq. km. (640 sq. mi.). Cities: Capital Dodoma (legislative), Dar es Salaam (executive). Major metropolises Arusha, Mwanza, Dodoma, Mbeya, Mtwara, Stonetown, Zanzibar. Terrain: Varied. Climate: Varies from tropical to arid to temperate. People Nationality: Noun and adjective Tanzanian(s); Zanzibari(s). Population: Mainland 34.57 million. Zanzibar 1 million (est.). Religions: Muslim 45%, Christian 45%, indigenous beliefs 10%. Language: Kiswahili (official), English. Education: Attendance 74% (primary). Literacy Health: Infant mortality rate Life expectancy 50 years. Work force: Agriculture industry, commerce, government Government Type: Republic. Independence: Tanganyika 1961, Zanzibar 1963. Union formed 1964. Constitution: 1982.

89. L.C. Subject Headings Weekly List 25 (June 18, 2003) 550 RT Deportation (C) 150 Awori (African people) May Subd Geog sp2003006215 450 UF indigenous ecological knowledge 450 UF indigenous environmental http://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/wls03/awls0325.html

CATALOGING POLICY AND SUPPORT OFFICE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS SUBJECT HEADINGS WEEKLY LIST 25 (June 18, 2003) Changes to existing headings are indicated by an asterisk. (A) indicates proposals that were approved before the editorial meeting. (C) indicates proposals submitted by cooperating libraries. Go to: Cataloging Policy and Support Office Home Page Cataloging Directorate Home Page Library of Congress Home Page Library of Congress Library of Congress Help Desk

90. MSN Encarta - African Languages Encarta Search. Search Encarta about african Languages While indigenouslanguages are spoken across africa, many african countries have European http://uk.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761565449_2/African_Languages.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Search ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Afro-Asiatic Languages Linguistics Encarta Search Search Encarta about African Languages Advertisement Page 2 of 2 African Languages Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 3 items Article Outline Introduction Language Groupings The Afro-Asiatic Family The Nilo-Saharan Family ... Other Language Families V The Khoisan Family Print Preview of Section The Khoisan (or Click) languages comprise the smallest language family in Africa, with only around 200,000 speakers of the 30 or so languages altogether. Most of these languages are spoken by the Khoikhoi and San peoples of southern Africa; the largest of them is Nama. Far to the north-east in Tanzania are two other representatives of this family: Sandawe and the much smaller Hadza (800 speakers). The Khoisan languages are best known for the unusual click consonants characteristic of most of them; in some Khoisan languages nearly every word begins with a click. The production of these sounds involves a sucking action of the tongue; by the positioning of the tongue and the way air is released into the mouth, distinctive kinds of clicks are produced. When these languages are written, the clicks are represented either by otherwise unused letters such as C, Q, X

91. Ngoni Convinced by powerful witchdoctors (waganga), the people believed that special The entire south German East africa was completely devastated and the http://www.ntz.info/gen/n00942.html

Home Sources Names Dates ... Feedback Ngoni Name ID 942 1884 Ngoni Map and Guide to Tanzania - page 03k Page Number: 03k Extract Date: See also Chief Mirambo Ngoni Nyamwezi Ruga Ruga ... Henry Morton Stanley 'ruga-ruga' Chief Mirambo , a local warlord, turned the supremacy in long-distance trading and porterage into a political, economic and military system by uniting the numerous Nyamwezi clans into a powerful kingdom in with its capita) in Urambo. Between 1876 and 1881 he undertook missions to make alliances with neighbouring rulers and led expeditions to Burundi, the Vinza and Tongwe in the West, the Pimbwe and Konongo in the South, the Nyaturu, Iramba and Sukuma in eastern Tanzania, and to Kabaka Mutesa of Uganda. Using Ngoni mercenaries - the 'ruga-ruga' - his rule extended from the Northwest Buganda border to Lake Tanganyika and covered the area south of Tabora down to Uvinza. To consolidate his power he made an alliance with the sultan of Zanzibar but constant incidents led to the Sultan withdrawing his support, and Mirambo 's kingdom disintegrated after his death in He is a national hero and a famous war song honours his memory; Iron Breaks the Head.

92. ZNet |Africa | The Men Who Moil For Gold People like Butondo say they have faced police intimidation whenever they spoke out africa hosts approximately 40 per cent of the world s gold reserves. http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=2&ItemID=2824

93. ZNet | Africa | The Men Who Moil For Gold Night was falling on Eastern africa and Melania Baesi still had not People likeButondo say they have faced police intimidation whenever they spoke out. http://www.zmag.org/content/print_article.cfm?itemID=2824§ionID=2

94. African Languages The remainder of the population speak indigenous African languags Balanta Most people living in the area where their first language is indigenous speak http://chora.virtualave.net/afrilang1.html

African Languages Source: Colin Baker and Sylvia Prys Jones' (1998) Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education- Multilingual Matters Ltd. pp.355-367 Algeria The Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria, formerly French colony, gained independence in 1962, following e war against France. The population of 28.5 million 995 estimate) is of Arab, Berber or mixed Arab-Berber ancestry. After 1962, the majority of the one million Europeans resident in Algeria left the country, and now s than one percent of the population is of European origin. French still enjoys a high status in Algeria. It is a major foreign language and is still widely read and spoken by many educated Algerians. National radio has a French station. The only TV channel is in Arabic with some French material. The majority of newspapers and magazines are in French, and French is widely used in higher education. Scientific material in school and university text books is almost exclusively in French, while Arabic is the medium of primary education. A law to Arabize local administration, business, politics and the media from July, 1992 was postponed indefinitely, because it was felt that the necessary conditions for adequate implementation of the law did not yet exist. English is also a recognized foreign language in Algeria and is gaining in prestige. Angola The People's Republic of Angola was formerly part of Portuguese West Africa. The country gained independence from Portugal in 1975 after 14 years of guerrilla warfare and a brutal civil war. The population in 1995 was estimated at 10 million. Because of the devastation and social unrest caused by sporadic warfare since independence, it is not easy to assess the language situation in Angola. It is estimated that there are more than 90 ethnic groups in Angola, and numerous local languages are spoken. Over 90 percent of the population speak Bantu languages. There are three major ethnolinguistic groups, the Ovimbundu (37 percent) in the central and southern regions, the Kimbundu (25 percent) in Luanda and the east, and the Kikongo (13 percent) in the north.

95. Report Of The Secretary-General On (b) Poster on the International Decade of the World s indigenous People (DPI/1813) in The African Charter on Human and People s Rights (HR/PUB/90/1) http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.313.En?OpenDocument

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