61. Sudan Leader: World Must Pressure Darfur Rebels (washingtonpost.com) He called the pact a real landmark in sudan s recent history and said it There had been tensions and periodic violence among regional tribes for http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55249-2005Mar21.html

var SA_Message="SACategory=" + thisNode; Hello Edit Profile Sign Out Sign In Register Now ... Subscribe to SEARCH: News Web var ie = document.getElementById?true:false; ie ? formSize=27 : formSize=24 ; document.write(''); Top 20 E-mailed Articles washingtonpost.com World Africa ... E-Mail This Article RSS News Feeds Top News Sudan What is RSS? All RSS Feeds Sudan Leader: World Must Pressure Darfur Rebels Government Blamed Unfairly, Powerful Vice President Says in Interview By Emily Wax Washington Post Foreign Service Tuesday, March 22, 2005; Page A01 KHARTOUM, Sudan, March 21 Sudan's first vice president said foreign nations must put more political pressure on Sudanese rebel groups to lay down their guns before lasting peace can be achieved in the war-shattered western region of Darfur. In a two-hour interview with The Washington Post, Ali Uthman Muhammad Taha said his government had received an unfair share of the blame for the war in Darfur, which has displaced 2 million villagers and killed tens of thousands in the past two years, mostly through hunger and disease. Vice President Taha: "This was not genocide, but an unfortunate internal conflict."

62. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Sudan Map of the sudan, with areas discussed in this report highlighted. history http//www.sudan.net/. IRINUN Integrated regional Information Networks http://selfdetermine.irc-online.org/conflicts/sudan_body.html

Self-Determination Conflict Profile Sudan By Jim Lobe OVsudan.pdf History Arabs, mostly from Egypt, gradually achieved dominance over northern and parts of central Sudan between the 13th and the mid-19th centuries. The Suez Canal's opening in 1869 resulted in increased British intervention, followed by a successful Islamic uprising in the 1880s. In 1898-9, a joint British-Egyptian force re-occupied Sudan and established a British-dominated condominium over it. Southern groups, notably the Dinka, the Nuer, and the Azande resisted condominium rule until 1930, separating Sudan into North and South, where authorities banned Arabic and encouraged Christian missionaries and the use of English. Sudan was re-integrated after World War Two and Britain declared it independent in 1956, despite southern opposition. North-South conflict broke out immediately, intensifying in1958 after a military coup brought to power a government whose avowed aim was Islamization. It was overthrown in a popular revolt in 1964, ushering in a period of civilian rule ended by another military coup led by Jaafar al-Numeiry in 1969. In 1972, he reached a ceasefire and peace accord with the southern Anya-Nya that guaranteed the South a degree of regional autonomy. In 1983, civil war between Khartoum and the South (Sudan People's Liberation Army, or SPLA, under Col. John Garang) broke out again after Numeiry, working with the Muslim Brotherhood, imposed Shari'a, or Islamic law.

63. The History Of The Nile Region The rich history of sudan presents many paradoxes, primary among them, 2300 BC VI Collapse of central government regional princes recover local powers http://www.aboutsudan.com/general_information/history.htm

The history of the Nile region by Muriel Mirak-Weissbach Executive Intelligence Review June 9, 1995, pp. 19-27 The rich history of Sudan presents many paradoxes, primary among them, the paradox of its relationship to Egypt. Throughout ancient history, the culture of dynastic Egypt and that of the Nubians were intertwined, at times in conflict, at times at peace. During the periods of peaceful coexistence, if not actual alliances, both cultures prospered, the arts and literature flourished, regardless of which nation was the ruler. It was in fact under the reign of a Sudanese Pharoah, Piankhy (or Piye), in the XXVth dynasty, that Egyptian culture, which had fallen into decay, was renewed; monuments were built, and a great age in sculpture was inaugurated. When, however, outside forces invaded, as in the case of the Assyrians, Egypt and Sudan were set against each other. Egypt's continuing efforts to subjugate Sudan led to repeated invasions and conquests, each time driving the Sudanese power into retreat, in rump kingdoms, moving further south. The Sudanese, regardless of the pressures, held

64. SUDAN CONFLICT COULD WIDEN INTO REGIONAL, EVEN GLOBAL, CONFRONTATION, IF NOT PRO sudan CONFLICT COULD WIDEN INTO regional, EVEN GLOBAL, CONFRONTATION, signal abreak with the past, a change of course in sudanese history, he says. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2004/sc8206.doc.htm

Press Release SC/8206 Security Council th Meeting (AM) Sudan conflict could widen into regional, even global, confrontation, if not properly addressed, Security Council told Special Representative Jan Pronk Describes Political Gains, But Says No Progress Made in Key Areas of Security, Ending Impunity The man-made conflict in the Sudan, if not properly addressed, could create the conditions for a widening regional, if not global, confrontation, the Secretary-General’s Special Representative warned in a briefing to the Security Council today, in which he concluded that there had been no systematic improvement of human security in Darfur and no progress on ending impunity. Once the struggles in the Sudan were perceived as a clash between cultures –- Arabs against Africans –- they became unmanageable and spread to other places, Jan Pronk said.  Unfortunately, in the key areas of security and impunity, there had been no progress, but there had been signs of improvement on the political front.  Security Council resolution 1564 had laid the basis for further progress, by deciding on an expanded African Union force and by paving the way for a resumption of talks, which had, so far, been only partially successful. Agreements concerning humanitarian access could not be signed, and on security, the parties fell back on earlier positions, he said.  The main issues –- the political objectives and future economic development –- had not yet been dealt with.  “This is deplorable.”  The talks should not only concentrate on humanitarian and security concerns, but they should focus on the political and economic roots of the conflict political neglect and economic marginalization.  There would not be any improvement in

65. South Sudan A History Of Political Domination - A Case Of Self SOUTH sudan A history OF POLITICAL DOMINATION A CASE OF both North andSouth, and could have negative consequences on regional peace and stability. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Hornet/sd_machar.html

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA - AFRICAN STUDIES CENTER South Sudan: A History of Political Domination - A Case of Self-Determination, (Riek Machar) SOUTH SUDAN: A HISTORY OF POLITICAL DOMINATION - A CASE OF SELF-DETERMINATION by Dr. Riek Machar Teny-Dhurgon Chairman and Commander-in-Chief, SSIM/A. The people of South Sudan have been denied this right by the different regimes that ruled the Sudan since its constitution as a state. However, it is now imperative that peace shall prevail only when the people of South Sudan are acceded their inalienable right to self-determination. On the other hand, although it is generally accepted that there is racial, religious, cultural, linguistic and historical diversity in the Sudan, these diversities have not been used to help enrich and consolidate the unity of the new state, but rather were used by the ruling Arab elites in the North to oppress, subjugate and exploit the people of South Sudan resulting in conflicts and wars. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE To clarify the objective of the struggle of the people of South Sudan, it is important to go quickly over the colonial history of the South Sudan - the territorial unit claiming the right of self-determination.

66. SUDAN Online List sudan in the regional Index of Mennonite Central Committee (Canada) Embassy ofthe Republic of sudan in USA history of Ebola outbreaks http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/sd_online.html

S udan O nline L ist V ersion O ne Sudan Online List is a collection of sites related to Sudan on the Internet. It was compiled using different Internet research tools. Sudan Online List does not claim to be a comprehensive list about Sudan on the Internet. As the Internet is changing rapidly many sites and documents are to be searched and included. Compiling list of this kind requires a lot of time and effort. Searching Sudan by using the Internet search engines could be misleading and time consuming as they may point to any document that contain the name SUDAN . You have to wade through hundreds of insignificant doucments and sites to find the subject of your interest. I spent a lot of time looking up sites to find out they are sites for a software named Soudan, homepages for some guys from Turkey with the last name Sudan, gifs for family's vacation in the red sea.. etc.!! I tried , in this list, to regroup sites or documents of relatively similar nature under certain categories defined by topic. By this I hope surfing the Internet for Sudan-related sites would be a lot easier and cost you less time online Sudan Online List is a list under construction. It would be updated and maintained regulary. As many other sites are yet to be added, the current enteries will be modified to further improve seaching.

67. History: Déjà Vu? 6 history déjà vu? Patterns of power. Southern sudan - where most of the The 1972 agreement set out regional self-rule and the incorporation of the http://www.sudanupdate.org/REPORTS/Oil/06hdv.html

Patterns of power Southern Sudan - where most of the oil is - has long been a zone of extraction rather than of development. In fact, since the resurgence of civil war in the last two decades it has gone backwards in terms of development and social provision. Sudan's mineral wealth - oil in Southern Sudan and Southern Kordofan, as well as gold in the Red Sea Hills and chromium in the Ingessana Hills, is monopolized by central government for its own ends. Bargaining between the various political elites - of the regions and the centre -sometimes obscures this one-way flow of wealth. Struggles over environmental resources - land and water as well as minerals - drive the war at a deeper level than questions of religion. For a long time oil stirred strikingly little popular interest in Sudan, except as a commodity to queue for. Soon after oil was discovered in 1979 in President Jaafar Nimeiri's reign, a government newspaper cartoon ran: "Oil? Fine, but where will we get the barrels?" Oil: THE BIG TURN-ON How Khartoum's newspapers showed it: Jaafar Nimeiri (centre), the ageing Sudanese ruler in whose era oil was first discovered, was persuaded to return from exile in 1999. He was photographed in May 1999 with the current regime's top men (

68. African Studies Interdisciplinary Graduate Seminars dealing with the history of the current conflicts, their regional and national The sudan Studies Association (SSA) is an independent professional http://www.arts.yorku.ca/african/events/

breadCrumbs("www.arts.yorku.ca/sosc/african",">","index.html","None","None","None","0"); Sudan Studies Association 24th Annual Meeting Date: August 18-20, 2005 Hosted By: The Center for Refugee Studies York University Toronto, Canada Call for Papers: "Civil Wars in Sudan: Casualties, Displacements, and Injustices" The Sudan Studies Association (SSA) is an independent professional society founded in the United States in 1981. Membership is open to scholars, teachers, students, and others with interest in the Sudan. The Association exists primarily to promote Sudanese studies and scholarship. SSA works to foster closer ties among scholars in the Sudan, North America, Europe, the Middle East and other places. For more information, please contact: Michele Millard, e-mail mmillard@yorku.ca http://www.yorku.ca/crs/News/Conferences.htm Home General Information ... Social Science Home

69. Foreign Policy In Focus - Self-Determination - Regional Conflict Profile - Sudan history. Arabs, mostly from Egypt, gradually achieved dominance over northern http//www.sudan.net/. IRINUN Integrated regional Information Networks http://fpif.org/selfdetermination/conflicts/sudan_body.html

Self-Determination Conflict Profile Sudan By Jim Lobe OVsudan.pdf History Arabs, mostly from Egypt, gradually achieved dominance over northern and parts of central Sudan between the 13th and the mid-19th centuries. The Suez Canal's opening in 1869 resulted in increased British intervention, followed by a successful Islamic uprising in the 1880s. In 1898-9, a joint British-Egyptian force re-occupied Sudan and established a British-dominated condominium over it. Southern groups, notably the Dinka, the Nuer, and the Azande resisted condominium rule until 1930, separating Sudan into North and South, where authorities banned Arabic and encouraged Christian missionaries and the use of English. Sudan was re-integrated after World War Two and Britain declared it independent in 1956, despite southern opposition. North-South conflict broke out immediately, intensifying in1958 after a military coup brought to power a government whose avowed aim was Islamization. It was overthrown in a popular revolt in 1964, ushering in a period of civilian rule ended by another military coup led by Jaafar al-Numeiry in 1969. In 1972, he reached a ceasefire and peace accord with the southern Anya-Nya that guaranteed the South a degree of regional autonomy. In 1983, civil war between Khartoum and the South (Sudan People's Liberation Army, or SPLA, under Col. John Garang) broke out again after Numeiry, working with the Muslim Brotherhood, imposed Shari'a, or Islamic law.

70. TRAVEL.com ® RegionalAfricaSudan Top regional Africa sudan Notes on geography, history, politics, economy,international relations, travel, current affairs. sudan A Country http://www.travel.com/Regional/Africa/Sudan/

71. TRAVEL.com ® RegionalAfricaSudanNews And Media Broadcast by New sudan Council of Churches. Includes history, broadcast times, Directory of sudanese sites on the web, information and history, http://www.travel.com/Regional/Africa/Sudan/News_and_Media/

72. AllAfrica.com Sudan Sudan Garang Death A Terrible Blow To Within the SPLM/A, there is a long history of divisions, and unless they canthrash out Copyright © 2005 UN Integrated regional Information Networks. http://allafrica.com/stories/200508011065.html

73. AllAfrica.com Sudan His passing occurred during a pivotal time in sudan s history. has threatenedto close Ugandan newspapers for allegedly compromising regional security. http://allafrica.com/sudan/

74. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Kingdoms of the sudan. (Studies in African history Series.) London Methuen, 1974 . Barbour, KM The Republic of the sudan A regional Geography. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sudan/sd_bibl.html

BIBLIOGRAPHY Sudan Chapter 1 Abbas, Mekka. The Sudan Question . London: Faber and Faber, 1952. Abdin, Hasan. Early Sudanese Nationalism, 1919-1925 . Khartoum: Khartoum University Press, 1985. Ajayi, J.F. Ade (ed.). General History of Africa, 6: Africa in the Nineteenth Century until the 1880s . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989. Albino, Oliver. The Sudan: A Southern Viewpoint . London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Alier, Abel. Southern Sudan: Too Many Agreements Dishonoured . Exeter, Devon, United Kingsom: Ithaca Press, 1990. Allen, T. Full Circle?: An Overview of Sudan's "Southern Problem" since Independence . Manchester, United Kingdom: International Development Center, Manchester University, 1986. Arkell, A.J. A History of the Sudan from the Earliest Times to 1821 . (2d ed., rev.) London: Athlone Press, 1961. Arou, Mom K.N., and B. Yongo-Bure, North-South Relations in the Sudan since the Addis Ababa Agreement . Khartoum: Institute of African and Asian Studies, 1989. Asad, Talal. The Kababish Arabs: Power, Authority, and Consent in a Nomadic Tribe

75. Welcome To The Institute Of African Studies Political Islam and Urban Practices in sudan (University of Chicago Press, Her dissertation entitled Testing Freedom A history of the West African http://www.columbia.edu/cu/sipa/REGIONAL/IAS/newsletter/news00/postDocProfiles.h

Profiles of Post-Doctoral Research Scholars Dr. Abdoumaliq Simone Dr. Simone has held academic appointments at the University of Khartoum, University of Ghana, University of the Western Cape, and has worked for several African NGOs and regional institutions. Key publications include In Whose Image?: Political Islam and Urban Practices in Sudan (University of Chicago Press, 1994) and "Urban Social Fields in Africa" (Social Text, 56, 1998), as well as forthcoming articles (African Studies Quarterly and International Journal of Urban and Regional Research) that attempt a major re-theorization of the city from African perspectives. Dr. Amir Idris is currently a post-doctoral research scholar at the Institute of African Studies. Dr. Idris hails from Sudan, where he completed a bachelor's degree in political science in 1989. He subsequently moved to Egypt where he completed his first master in political science at the American University in Cairo. In Canada, he received his second master and completed doctoral studies in African history at Queen's University in Ontario. Both Dr. Idris' post-graduate thesis and doctoral dissertation dealt with his home-country Sudan; the latter will be published in 2001 ( Sudan's civil warslavery, race, and formational identities

76. Taipei Times - Archives Authority on Development, a regional grouping that has mediated the talks.The deal will close a dark chapter in the history of sudan . http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2005/01/10/2003218772

Mon, Jan 10, 2005 News Editorials e-Industry e-Service ... e-Education 194563107 visits Front Page * Holidayers get advance-booking system * Storm kills 10 in northern Europe * First Palestinian presidential poll in 9 years ends ... Restaurants Back Issue Full List TaipeiTimes Advertise Employment FAQ About Us Contact Us Best View in Mozilla Search Advanced Search Most Read Story Most Viewed Photo Login ... Free sign up! Print Mail Wikipedia Peace agreement ends longest war in African history AP , NAIROBI, KENYA Monday, Jan 10, 2005,Page 1 Advertising Sudan's vice president and the country's main rebel leader signed a comprehensive peace agreement to end Africa's longest-running conflict yesterday, concluding an eight-year process to stop a civil war that has cost more than 2 million lives since 1983. In a lavish ceremony in neigh-boring Kenya where the talks were based Sudanese Vice Pres-ident Ali Osman Mohammed Taha and John Garang, chairman of the Sudan People's Liberation Army, signed the peace agreement. The north-south war has pit-ted Sudan's Islamic-dominated government against rebels seeking greater autonomy and a greater share of the country's wealth for the largely animist south. The conflict is blamed for more than 2 million deaths, primarily from war-induced famine and disease.

77. MapZones.com : Sudan Culture elements that have shaped its regional history from time immemorial. The strong regional and cultural differences have inhibited nation building and http://www.mapzones.com/world/africa/sudan/cultureindex.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Country Info Sudan Introduction Sudan General Data Sudan Maps Sudan Culture ... Sudan Time and Date Sudan Culture Back to Top The Sudanese of the south are of African origin. Islam has made only modest inroads among these followers of orthodox religions and of Christianity, which was spread in the twentieth century by European missionaries, and Arabic has not replaced the various languages of the south. The strong regional and cultural differences have inhibited nation building and have caused the civil war in the south that has raged since freedom, except for a time of peace between 1972 and 1983. The distrust between Sudanese of the north and those of the southwhether elite or peasantshas deepened with the long years of hostilities. And the cost of war has drained valuable national resources at the expense of health, education, and welfare in both regions. Albania Maps Andorra Maps Armenia Maps Austria Maps ... mailto:info@mapzones.com?subject=Mail from HomePage

78. Excite Deutschland - - Sudan > Africa > Regional (Web-Katalog) regional Africa sudan FOC Country Profile sudan Notes on geography,history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. http://www.excite.de/directory/Regional/Africa/Sudan

Web-Katalog Excites Katalog ... Computer Freizeit Gesellschaft Gesundheit Kids und Teens Kultur Medien Online-Shops Regional Spiele Sport Wirtschaft Wissen Wissenschaft Zuhause Flirt Auto Horoskop Spiele ... Africa Sudan Arts and Entertainment Business and Economy Education Government ... Travel and Tourism 7 Web-Sites Sudan AboutSudan.com Directory of information and news items about Sudan. http://www.AboutSudan.com/ BBC Country Profile - Sudan Key facts, figures and dates, media links. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/midd... CIA Factbook - Sudan Features map and brief descriptions of geography, economy, government, and people. http://www.odci.gov/cia/publications/... FOC Country Profile - Sudan Notes on geography, history, politics, economy, international relations, travel, current affairs. http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?p... Sudan - A Country Study Country profile, history, geography, economy, politics. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/sdtoc.html Sudanese Online Directory with comprehensive links to websites for Sudan. http://www.sudaneseonline.com Sudani.com A comprehensive Sudanese directory, with categorized links to Sudanese sites, news, books, and resources. http://www.sudani.com/

79. SUDAN AIRWAYS A GLIMPSE OF THE history OF sudan AIRWAYS. 4.bmp (923454 bytes) all partswhich were out of reach for sudan Railways, such as, remote regional towns. http://www.sudanembassy.org/contemporarylooks/sudan.htm

Home A GLIMPSE OF THE HISTORY OF SUDAN AIRWAYS "FLYING FOR 50 YEARS" Sudan Airways started its flights in July 1947 with a fleet of 4 planes of the make De Haviland. These were small size airplanes with 8 seats each. A fifth plane of the same make was added later. When it was first established, the Sudan Airways was annexed to the Sudan Railways. It used to cover all parts which were out of reach for Sudan Railways, such as, remote regional towns. The purpose was to link them to the Capital - Khartoum . In the first year, thus , its small fleet of airplanes managed to carry 736 passengers and 1543 kgs of cargo. In 1952. Sudan Airways stared to ad 7 D.C. 3 airplanes to its fleet, of the capacity of 26 seats. It thence started its first international flights to Cairo in November 1954. Then flights were extended to Antebe, Asmara, Aden Beirut and Jeddah in 1955 . The first step towards development, though started in June 1959. In that year , Sudan Airways started its Blue Nile Flights to the European cities, using Vickers Via- Count, in June of that year, 3 flights were organized weekly to London, Rome. Athens, Cairo, Beirut and then to Nairobi vis Addis Ababa. Sudan Airways was the first non- British airliner to use Gatwick Airport ( London ) . Its vaicont and surpassed all standard in the number of passengers carries, and the distance travelled In 1959, Sudan Airways became a member of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), the Arab Air Transport Association (AATA) and the African Aviation Companies Association (AFROA). After ten years of continuous service, it changed its Dakota DC 3s planes, to planes of type Fokkers F27. The Sudan Airways was the first airline to use these airplanes. In the same year, it changed its Vai-count planes with planes of the type of De-Haviland Commmect . These These latter planes continued to operate successfully for 11 years in the Blue Nile flights, between Khartoum and London, and in local (internal) flights too. In 1968, 3 De-Haviland Twin were bought. Thus, Gineina, Fasher and Atbara added to Sudan Airways schedule.

80. Management Of The Crisis In The Sudan. Background Papers Presented To The Confer A federal structure therefore guarantees regional authorities more for theSudan on previous occasions in the history of constitution making for the http://www.fou.uib.no/fd/1996/f/712001/backahme.htm

BACKGROUND PAPERS PRESENTED TO THE CONFERENCE A NEW POLITICAL STRUCTURE FOR THE SUDAN Ahmed Ibrahim Diriage A new political structure for the Sudan Since its independence in January 1956 the Sudan has failed to secure political stability and peace to its people. Civil war between the South and the North had already broken out months before the country celebrated its independence. The war continued for seventeen years thus distorting our national resources by diverting them from development and services to the purchase of war machinery and paying for the cost of war. The war was brought to a halt in 1972 by the Addis Ababa Agreement signed between the Southern combatants and the government in the North. Yet in 1983 it started again as a result of arrogant and irresponsible decisions taken by the Government in Khartoum. Since independence the Sudan has experienced different types of governments and different types of political ideologies. We started with a democratically elected Government in 1953 and it was subsequently overthrown by a military dictatorship in 1958. In 1964 the military dictatorship was overthrown by a popular civil revolution. A short-lived civilian intellectual government was formed which was in turn overthrown by the political party leaders in less than a year. National elections in 1965 brought a second democratically elected partisan government. It lasted less than five years and it was in turn overthrown by a second popular revolution in which the armed forces stood by the side of the people. An interim government composed of a military council and a Civil Cabinet was formed.

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