41. Sudan Web Links: Library And Links: Jeannette Rankin Library Program: U.S. Insti other Internet resources which describe the background, history and currentevents in sudan. Integrated regional Information Network (IRIN) sudan http://www.usip.org/library/regions/sudan.html

Regional Resources Sudan Web Links Below are links by topical categories to resources primarily in English providing information on the conflict in Sudan. For related web links, see Regional Resources: Africa General Resources Government Agencies and International Organizations Maps and Guides ... Political Resources and Selected Documents These links support: (1) Institute Programs on Sudan (2) Special Report: A New Approach to Peace in Sudan: Report on a USIP Consultation (3) the conflict resolution simulation exercise on Sudan for the state-level high school winners of the Institute's National Peace Essay Contest in June 2004. General Resources The sites below collect links to other Internet resources which describe the background, history and current events in Sudan. Africa South of the Sahara: Sudan An extensive collection of well-annotated links compiled by Karen Fung at Stanford University for the African Studies Association. Includes links to email lists, newsgroups, special projects, databases and archives, articles and documents, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), news and general sources. Organized alphabetically within country listing. The web site also has regional and topical categories of links, as well as a site searching capability.

42. Religion And Politics In Sudan: Religion And Peacemaking: U.S. Institute Of Peac Contact Religion and Peacemaking. regional Resources. sudan Muslim World Iraq Philippines history of World Vision s Involvement in sudan http://www.usip.org/religionpeace/rehr/sudanconf/almquist.html

Religion, Ethics, and Human Rights Activities Index Overview Selected Activities Religion, Nationalism, and Intolerance Religious Reconciliation in the former Yugoslavia ... Reports and Papers Conference Paper Religion, Nationalism, and Peace in Sudan U.S. Institute of Peace Conference September 16-17, 1997 Religion and Politics in Sudan A Humanitarian Agency's Perspective Introduction My task today is to provide you with the perspective of an international, Christian, relief and development agency which is operational in Sudan. In particular, how does World Vision understand the conflict in Sudan and the role which religion plays in the conflict? What implications does the role of religion have for resolving the conflict? The argument which I will present to you is that religion plays both a conflictual role and a unifying or reconciling role. I must state from the outset that my argument is not based on antipathy toward the Muslim parties in the north, or sympathy toward the non-Muslim parties in the south, but on the reality in Sudan which our vantage point as a humanitarian agency has afforded us. History of World Vision's Involvement in Sudan World Vision (WV) began its commitment to Sudan in 1972, at first working through partner organizations. Later in the early 1980s, WV began an operational presence in Sudan. However, in 1988 the Government of Sudan (GOS) declared several Christian NGOs, including WV

43. African History On The Internet - Kingdoms And Ancient Civilizations Kingdoms of the Medieval sudan An introduction to the history of sudanic Islamic history Includes under regional Dynasties, a section on West Africa. http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/history/hisking.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... History: Kingdoms / Ancient Civilizations African Indigenous Knowledge Systems Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Professor of History, Central Connecticut State University, provides citations to books and links to web sites relating to the, "Background History of Africa, African Food Processing Techniques, African Textile Techniques, African Metallurgy, Colonialism and Africa's Technology, and Mathematics in pre-colonial Hausaland, West Africa. http://www.africahistory.net African Mathematical Union. Commission on the History of Mathematics in Africa Includes issues of their newsletter, articles on " The Ancients ", pages on mathematics in Ghana, Namibia, Nigeria Zambia, Zimbabwe, profiles of African mathematicians. The newsletter has bibliographies and web sites. Maintained by Scott W. Williams, Professor, Mathematics Dept., State Univ. of New York at Buffalo. [KF] http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/AMU/amuchma_online.html African Timelines http://www.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimelinetoc.htm

44. Sudan (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) history of the sudan, by Alexander Ganse (World history at KMLA) regional.Colonial Period, 18821956. Development of the Armed Forces, by US Library of http://www.regiments.org/nations/mideast/sudan.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated SUDAN Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Note: for a fuller imperial constitutional history see British Empire and Commonwealth Constitutional history: Under nominal Egyptian rule to 1882. Reconquered from Mahdist forces by Britain 1898, and placed under joint Egyptian-British rule. Egyptian forces withdrawn, 1924-36, and condominium reaffirmed 1936. Independence 1956. French Revolutionary Wars Treaty of Amiens, ending French Revolutionary wars Napoleonic Wars Treaty of Paris, ending Napoleonic wars First World War Second World War Dictionaries Sudan (CIA World Fact Book) Governors and Rulers , by Benjamin Cahoon ( World Statesmen Social and Political History History of Sudan , by Sudan.Net.

45. Sudan Resources sudan. Sites Universities Researchers Culture history Info From l EspaceCulturel, a regional capital of the Meroitic period. http://archaeology.about.com/library/atlas/blsudan.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology World Atlas ... Sudan Sudan Resources Homework Help Archaeology Essentials Ancient Daily Life ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Archaeology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Archaeology Sudan Sites Universities Researchers Culture History ... Ancient Atlas: Sudan Archaeological Sites Early Khartoum Sites Investigations at several sites along the Nile north of Khartoum, by Elena A. A. Garcea, an abstract from the Journal of Field Archaeology. Gebel Barka1 A virtual reality construction of the sacred mountain and temples of Thutmose III and Ramesses II, from the Learning Sites. Gism el Arba From l'Espace Culturel, French Archaeological Mission of Gism el-Arba, excavations and survey near this Kush city. In French. Kerma From the Institut du Monde Arabe, Paris, the first Nubian state, 2500-1500 BC. Ile de Sai From l'Espace Culturel, a description of the archaeology of this island in the Nile River, including Palaeolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age

46. AMECEA History And Development history; First Meeting; Development. Departments These were the FoundingMembers of the regional body. The sudan and Eritrea/Ethiopia joined later http://www.amecea.org/amecea-history.htm

About Us History First Meeting Development Departments Secretary General Social Communication ADS Pastoral ANA COLEA Institutions CUEA Blessed Bakanja AMECEA College Pastoral Institute Gaba Publications Countries Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Malawi ... Zambia Publications ADS AMECEA News Vision Statistics SECAM ... Home THE HISTORY OF AMECEA BEGINNING OF AMECEA AMECEA (then ITEBEA) was the brainchild of the Catholic Bishops of Tanganyika (today's Tanzania). In 1960 they proposed, through the then Apostolic Delegation (today's Nunciature) in Nairobi, that there be collaboration among Catholic Bishops in the region. That time the following countries were under the Nairobi Apostolic Delegation namely Kenya, Nyasaland (today's Malawi), Uganda, Sudan, Tanganyika and Northern Rhodesia (today's Zambia). When these other Bishops' Conferences agreed to the necessity of working together, the then Apostolic Delegate (today's Nuncio) Monsignor Guido Del Mestri consulted Rome. Rome gave its approval. REASONS FOR SOLIDARITY There were at that time winds of change in both the Church and society in this region.

47. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Regional Perspectives-> Southern Africa East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of sudan, Eritrea, In this activity, students should get a sense of the rich history of this http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm19/intro.html

Unit Four Regional Perspectives Module Nineteen: East Africa Teacher's Edition PURPOSE The purpose of Module Nineteen is to introduce students to the region called East Africa. East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, and Comoros. As with other regions of Africa (see Introduction to Module Twenty: Regional Perspectives ), the countries that are included in East Africa can vary somewhat depending on whom you talk to. Some of the countries listed here can also fit into the regions of Central, Southern, or Northern Africa. But for the sake of this module, we will refer to East Africa as the twelve countries listed above. Activity One: The Region Called East Africa gives a brief overview of the history of the region, highlighting human origins, early kingdoms, trade routes, European colonialism, and postcolonial states. In this activity, students should get a sense of the rich history of this region and its connectedness to other regions in Africa and the rest of the world. The activity ends by discussing intra-regional political and economic organizations in East Africa, giving COMESA as one example. Activity Two: The Geography of East Africa deals with some of the geographical differences between East African subregions. The region of East Africa can be further broken down into three subregions—The Horn of Africa (Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Djibouti), the Great Lakes Region (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi), and islands in the Indian Ocean (Seychelles and Comoros). The different vegetations, water availabilities, topographies, and population densities in these regions are discussed. Also, the impact of tourism on the East African enviroment is discussed.

48. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Regional Perspectives-> Southern Africa East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of sudan, Eritrea, to some of the history and contemporary regional relationships of East African http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm19/actone.html

Unit Four Regional Perspectives Module Nineteen: East Africa Activity One: The Region Called East Africa (click on map for larger view) INTRODUCTION East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, and Comoros. EAST AFRICA (click on map for larger view This first activity will introduce you to some of the history and contemporary regional relationships of East African countries. How have East African countries been connected to one another throughout history? How have they been connected to other regions of Africa and the world? EAST AFRICAN HISTORY I. Pre-history: The Origins of Modern Humans East Africa is a region with some of the most significant and oldest paleoanthropological finds in the world. Paleoanthropology is the study of early hominids (primates belonging to the Hominidae family, including modern humans and their ancestors). Paleoanthropologists such as Mary and Louis Leakey, and Donald Johanson have made important discoveries of hominid skeletons and artifacts in East Africa that have helped scientists to piece together how human beings may have evolved. Olduvai Gorge in Ngorongoro Crater Used with permission of Africa Focus Website - University of Wisconsin (click on image for larger view) Homo Homo sapiens ) in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. One of these hominids was named

49. January 2005 But there are also wider national, regional and international interests in But no government in sudan s history has faced the present combination of a http://www.justiceafrica.org/bulletin.htm

Subscribe to the Sudan E-mail Briefing Sudan Monthly Briefing: "Prospects for Peace" ARCHIVE 2005 ARCHIVE 2004 ... Contact us PROSPECTS FOR PEACE IN SUDAN BRIEFING FEBRUARY 2005 Justice Africa 23 February 2005 Overview 1. A month after the signature of the CPA, the Sudan peace process faces its first major test. The release of the report of the International Commission of Inquiry (ICI) into human rights violations in Darfur is a triumph for international processes of accountability. It is also a direct challenge to the security cabal that lies at the heart of the GoS. The international community is demanding justice before peace, an unprecedented reversal of the normal sequence. 2. The implementation of the pre-interim period is on track. Both GoS and SPLM are demonstrating good faith. The immediate task of drafting the interim constitution is well in hand, though it is vitally important to expand the review process to ensure that it is all-inclusive. 3. The war in Darfur continues. The African Union is planning to accelerate the Darfur peace process. In order to achieve this, a coordinated strategic plan worked out between the AU, the UN and international partners is needed, that includes not only a political deal between the GoS and rebels, but also an intra-Darfurian dialogue on social, economic and governance issues. Another attempt at a quick fix is sure to be counterproductive.

50. SMI - Centre For Middle Eastern Studies Covers sudan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, in particular coastal regions of these. Early history and regional / comparative studies, Chrisitianity in each http://www.hf.uib.no/smi/library/class.html

CENTRE FOR MIDDLE EASTERN AND ISLAMIC STUDIES University of Bergen THE CENTRE STUDIES RESEARCH SEMINARS RESEARCH ... FRONT PAGE Classification of the Centre library Below are some comments and clarifications of the rules used to classify (and put on shelves) the books of the Middle East Centre's library. They add to the general classification scheme indicated in the categories page. Geography The basic units are the modern states. The following directions apply: General vs. geographic: A, NA, P. There are three general, non-geographic categories: A , for books not on the Middle East or Africa, NA , for Islam and P , for Arabic language and literature. A is used for books where the topic has no relation to the region, including e.g. Arabic translations of European literature, and general works in human and social science (thus general works on Imperialism, put under A 970 However, if any identifiable part of the book, thus a chapter or a paper, concerns the region, classification is made on the basis of that part. NA is used for works generally on Islamic topics, which are not classifiable to a particular country.

51. The Economic History Of The Republic Of The Sudan The economic history of the Republic of the sudan. Food Supply PrecariousAnd Likely to Worsen UN Integrated regional Information Network (Nairobi), http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/index-fc.html

The economic history of the Republic of the Sudan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of the Republic of the Sudan Introduction to SUDAI (Sudan Development Intiative Abroad) A new Sudan? By Mark Bruzonsky, Mid-East Realities, Korean Hyundai to Open Assembly Line in Khartoum Panafrican News Agency, 19 October 2000. Hafiz Barbari Incorporated will assemble and market the Hyundai 1500cc and 2000cc limousines in Sudan under the supervision of the emerging Sudanese Masters Technology or SMT, which has built a vast industrial complex 50km south of Khartoum. British Land Rover and Bedford manufacturers have established assembly lines in Sudan since the 1970s. Christian Aid, press release, 15 March 2001. Christian Aid calls on foreign oil companies to immediately suspend their operations in Sudan, and for oil giants BP and Shell to divest their shares in companies whose parent corporation is complicit in atrocities in Sudan. Food Supply Precarious And Likely to Worsen UN Integrated Regional Information Network (Nairobi), 19 May 2001. The food supply outlook for parts of Sudan is highly precarious after two successive years of reduced cereal harvests and depletion of stocks. Despite government efforts to mitigate food shortages by lifting customs duties on food imports and other measures, the food supply situation was likely to tighten further.

52. The History Of Children And Youth In The Sudan The social history in general of the Republic of the sudan ‘Time Running Outin Darfur’—SCF UN Integrated regional Information Network (Nairobi), http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/33/index-feb.html

The history of children and youth in the Sudan Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The social history in general of the Republic of the Sudan UN Integrated Regional Information Network (Nairobi), 19 May 2001. Save the Children (UK) has this week warned that time is running out to prevent a major disaster in west Sudan . In the worst-affected areas, the nutritional status of children had hit alarming levels. Drought. Diseases. Market forces. Government, SPLA Cited in Child Soldiers Report UN Integrated Regional Information Network, 15 June 2001. There has been extensive use of child soldiers, including some as young as 10 years of age, by both government and opposition armed forces in the Sudanese civil war. The government supports the Ugandan LRA, which uses child soldiers extensively, and paramilitary groups aligned with the government have long used forced recruitment, including children. Armed opposition groups, including the SPLA, uses child solders, although it promoses to coopearte with UNICEF. More child soldiers demobilized in Gahr al-Ghazal Child Labour News Service, press release, 1 February 2002. The removal of thousands of children from the SPLA military wing of the regel SPLM by UNICEF was a significant inroad into the number of children used as soldiers (brief).

53. Atlas - Sudan Map sudan Map, history, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, large,wellequipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; http://www.map.freegk.com/sudan/sudan.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Introduction People History Culture ... Communications Legal system Organization Provinces Disputes Sudan Plants and Animal Back to Top The forestry subsector comprised both orthodox gatherers of firewood and producers of charcoal-the main sources of fuel for homes and some industry in urban areas-and a modern timber and sawmilling industry, the latter government owned. around 21 million cubic meters of wood, mainly for fuel, were cut in 1987. Gum arabic production in FY 1986-87 was about 40,000 tons. In the late 1980s, it became in most years the second biggest export after cotton, amounting to about 11 % of total exports. Sudan Communications Back to Top large, well-equipped system by regional standards and being upgraded; cellular communications started in 1996 and have expanded substantially domestic: consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat Sudan Culture Back to Top The Sudanese of the south are of African origin. Islam has made only modest inroads among these followers of orthodox religions and of Christianity, which was spread in the twentieth century by European missionaries, and Arabic has not replaced the various languages of the south. The strong regional and cultural differences have inhibited nation building and have caused the civil war in the south that has raged since freedom, except for a time of peace between 1972 and 1983. The distrust between Sudanese of the north and those of the southwhether elite or peasantshas deepened with the long years of hostilities. And the cost of war has drained valuable national resources at the expense of health, education, and welfare in both regions.

54. Harvard International Review: Love Thy Neighbor regional Intervention in sudan’s Civil War been the recipient of regionalsupport, they do not have a history of supporting neighboring rebel groups. http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1220/2/

Home Interventionism Features Web Features Global Notebook Regions Africa The Americas Asia/Pacific Europe ... The Middle East Sections Correspondence Global Notebook Perspectives World in Review ... Endpaper Information Archives About Us Contact Us Advertising ... Reprints This article from: Interventionism , Vol. 26 (1) - Spring 2004 Current Issue: Subscribe Love Thy Neighbor Regional Intervention in Sudan’s Civil War John Prendergast is Director of the Africa Program and Special Adviser to the President of the International Crisis Group. David Mozersky is a Sudan Analyst with the International Crisis Group. Little progress was achieved in the IGAD talks from 1997 to 2002, in part because regional politics were constantly shifting. Although the SPLA’s original vision was focused around the concept of a “New Sudan,” based on democracy, secularism, and equal rights for all, the bloody civil war had led to a strong movement for an independent South, and a Southern self-determination referendum had become a core demand of the SPLA by the 1997 talks. Egypt had reacted negatively to the call for an independent South, as it would create a new state along the White Nile, threaten Egypt’s water supply, and potentially lead to the Balkanization of the region. In 1999, Egypt and Libya intervened and sponsored an alternative peace initiative, which made up for the lack of inclusiveness in the IGAD process by calling for the NDA’s participation, but made no mention of the South’s right to self-determination as a principle for a resolution of the conflict.

55. Harvard International Review: Love Thy Neighbor regional Intervention in sudan’s Civil War sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA),will mark the end of a long and bloody chapter of sudanese history. http://hir.harvard.edu/articles/1220/

Home Interventionism Features Web Features Global Notebook Regions Africa The Americas Asia/Pacific Europe ... The Middle East Sections Correspondence Global Notebook Perspectives World in Review ... Endpaper Information Archives About Us Contact Us Advertising ... Reprints This article from: Interventionism , Vol. 26 (1) - Spring 2004 Current Issue: Subscribe Love Thy Neighbor Regional Intervention in Sudan’s Civil War John Prendergast is Director of the Africa Program and Special Adviser to the President of the International Crisis Group. David Mozersky is a Sudan Analyst with the International Crisis Group. The historic peace agreement currently being completed between the government of Sudan and the country’s main rebel group, the Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLA), will mark the end of a long and bloody chapter of Sudanese history. Negotiated by the regional Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the resolution of the conflict under regional supervision should bring a fitting conclusion to a war that was consistently supported and fuelled by the interventions of the same neighboring states that are today pushing for peace. The SPLA’s revolt against the central government of President Gaafar Nimeiri began in 1983. Those leading the revolt opposed the government’s abandonment of the 1972 Addis Ababa peace agreement, which ended the first civil war, the government’s attempt to move forward on oil and water projects with little southern Sudanese input and benefit, Nimeiri’s manipulation of the South and southern interests for political gain, and Nimeiri’s decision to implement Islamic

56. BBC News | Analysis | Sudan: A Political And Military History A short history of sudan and its recent troubles. government pulled out ofthe talks after accusing the nonMuslim regional states who were sponsoring http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/africa/newsid_84000/84927.stm

Front Page World UK UK Politics ... Help Sunday, February 21, 1999 Published at 23:14 GMT World: Analysis Sudan: a political and military history Sudan has suffered under civil war for more than 15 years Sudan, the largest country in Africa, was ruled jointly by Britain and Egypt from 1899 until achieving independence as a parliamentary republic at the beginning of 1956. Since then Sudan has been ruled by a succession of unstable civilian and military governments. The country has been in a state of civil war for many years, and human rights abuses are widespread. In the 1990s government forces have repeatedly launched aerial bombardments on civilian targets in southern Sudan. War and crop failure has resulted in starvation Since 1983 over 1.2m people have been killed, and the civil war has devastated the Sudanese economy. It costs the government an estimated $1.5m a day. Peace talks have broken down repeatedly A peace agreement in 1972 ended the first civil war after independence, and made some movement towards federalism. However, tensions between the authorities in Khartoum and those in the Southern region, and divisions between different groups of southerners, led to further outbreaks of violence in the early 1980s.

57. ArabSites Search Engine For The Middle East: Regional iraq4ever Informative site about Iraq and it s history, culture, politics, sudanese online Complete website about sudan and sudanese online http://www.arabsites.com/links/Regional/

Monday, 26 September 2005 Content-type: text/html sales@arabsites.com Could not open /home/vs030f2/public_html/ads/thiscount.txt (No such file or directory). Please notify sales@arabsites.com Top : Regional Links: About istanbul : everything about istanbul,be our guest in istanbul,, Abuja City : window to nigeria's capital city AccessGCC - Bahrain : A comprehensive and humorous guide to life in Bahrain and the countries that make up the GCC states, lots of links to travel, shopping, entertainment, eating out, finance, Al-Salaf : Quran and sunnah Islmic community islamic topics free e-mail Alberta.com : Your home online for unique communications and personal financial tools, business solutions and in-depth content such as news, sports, entertainment, directory and travel information. All Riyadh Shopping Malls Directory : This is the only site where you can find all the shops of Riyadh and in one place. If you are looking for business partner in Riyadh or lookig for soething in particular in Riyadh then this is the site for you Apartments, Bernkastel-Kues, the interesting 700years old Wine City.

58. African Conflicts The workshop noted the following concerning the history of the sudan. The sudan s regional importance appears to be significant owing to such issues as http://www.ossrea.net/rw/aconflict-02.htm

III. WORKSHOP DELIBERATIONS About 20 recent items of published materials were circulated as background documents to the workshop. The papers included peace initiatives; reflective notes by government and opposition groups on various initiatives; journal articles focusing on conflict in the Sudan, as well as journal news and comments found on the Internet. Prof. Abdel Ghaffar M. Ahmed, Executive Secretary of OSSREA, briefed participants on the purpose of the research project. He said that the project has been introduced due to the fact that peace is a necessary condition for development. He further explained that conflicts impose tremendous social and economic costs. He indicated that in addition to human suffering from all war-induced ills, including death and displacement of people, violent conflicts severely constrain development endeavors by destroying infrastructure, interrupting the production process and diverting resources away from productive uses. Prof. Ahmed also presented the case of the Horn of Africa. He said that this part of the continent is a case in point where civil wars in the 1980's and 1990's hindered development by affecting not only state structures but also other sectors. He added that in three decades, life expectancy has gone down by 10-20 years; per capita income has decreased by 50 percent; famine has become endemic; and other welfare indicators such as health and education have worsened. His presentation also covered the consequences of violent conflict in other regions. For instance, according to a recent World Bank report, resources diverted by conflict away from development use are estimated at $1 billion a year in Central Africa and more than $800 million in West Africa.

59. History The Lost Boys of sudan . Background history of The Lost Boys of sudan has experienced brutal civil war fueled by religious, ethnic and regional strive. http://www.coping.org/wordauthors/lostboys/history.htm

Coping.org Tools for Coping with Life's Stressors Home Up History Needs Links The "Lost Boys of Sudan" Background History of The Lost Boys of Sudan The "Lost Boys of Sudan" are a group of refugees named after Peter Pan's cadre of orphans who clung together to escape a hostile adult world. Some 33,000 Sudanese boys and some girls were forced by violence from their southern Sudan villages since the mid-1980's. Sudan, which is located in East Africa, has experienced brutal civil war fueled by religious, ethnic and regional strive. (click on map to enlarge and then click on BACK on your browser to return to this page) Facts about the War in Sudan: The current phase of the civil war began in 1983, pitting the main rebel army, the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA) and its allies against the government's military and its allies. Since 1983 this warfare has left nearly 4.5 million Sudanese uprooted from their homes. Combatants on all sides have targeted and exploited civilian populations. A 1998 study by the U.S. Committee for Refugees (USCR) estimated that 1.9 million people in southern and central Sudan had died of war-related causes since 1983. Another USCR report pointed out that Sudanese have suffered more war-related deaths during the past years since 1983 than any single population in the world. (

60. WHKMLA : History Of Sudan, 1882-1898 originated in the Kordofan, began as a regional phenomenon, in 1881. REFERENCE, PM Holt, A Modern history of the sudan, NY Grove Press 1961, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/northafrica/sudan18821898.html

Sudan 1821-1882 Sudan 1899-1918 External Online Maps featuring Mahdiyya Sudan Africa 1885 (Scottish Geogr. Magazine), posted by PCL , UTexas Africa 1886 (Berthelot 1888), posted by MSU Africa 1890, from Encyclopaedia Britannica Amer. edition, posted by PCL , UTexas Africa, 1891 (Brockhaus/Efron, Russian edition, 1890-1904), posted by MSU Africa in 1892, from Gardiner's Atlas of English History Sudan, 1882-1898 Khedive ISMAIL PASHA had been deposed in 1879; his successor TAWFIQ was perceived as weak, under the influence of URABI PASHA.. Following political intrigues at the court in Cairo, Urabi Pasha was ousted and the British government used the inability of the Egyptian administration to pay interest on her national bet to declare Egypt a BRITISH PROTECTORATE. In the KORDOFAN region of the Sudan, MUHAMMAD AHMAD declared himself to be the MAHDI, the expected one, a mouthpiece of the prophet, and assembled a community of followers. While the Egyptian administration during the preceding 6 decades had not been resented per se, many reforms introduced by her - the modernization of the army, the limitation of the application of the Sharia, the implementation of taxation, the abolition of slavery - were, all the more if they were perceived as alien to Islamic tradition, as due to Western pressure or influence. The presence of christian missionaries, the fact that Westerners such as Samuel White Baker, Charles Gordon, Eduard Schnitzler (Emin Pascha) occupied leading positions in the Egyptian administration of the Sudan personified this western influence.

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