21. Crimes Of War > Sudan Magazine The Burden of history. Modern sudan was shaped to a great extent by twentieth The Addis Ababa agreement gave the South its own regional government. http://www.crimesofwar.org/sudan-mag/sudan-overview.html

Magazine Home Masthead Contributors Magazine Archive ... Home April 2002 John Ryle is Chair of the Rift Valley Institute, a research and training association serving the African Rift Valley region. A View of the South Oil buys weapons for the government; it attracts foreign companies to work in the conflict zone. It also makes the rebels, or some of them, more determined to attack and disrupt the oil installations. Today Western Upper Nile (which the government of Sudan calls Unity State) has become the site of some of the fiercest fighting since the war began eighteen years ago. From the air Buoth is barely visible: a few huts and an airstrip. Look closer, and large herds of long-horned cattle are visible grazing on the edge of glittering swamps and watercourses. The watercourses are the interconnecting channels of the Bahr-el-Ghazal (Nam River), a tributary of the White Nile, which flows from East Central Africa through Sudan to Egypt; the cattle here belong to the Nuer people, the second largest ethnic group in South Sudan, between one and two million strong. The US Committee for Refugees says that Sudan has the biggest population of displaced people of any country in the world.

22. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach Outreach World Download interdisciplinary, crossregional and A Visit to sudan.A lesson on the largest country in Africa for history, geography, http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?countryid=309

23. International Crisis Group (Crisis Group) - Conflict Prevention And Resolution Conflict history sudan. New Search, Map afloat through alliances of conveniencewith northern movements opposed to NIF, and strong regional support. http://www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?action=conflict_search&l=1&t=1&c_count

24. History Of Sudan Provides a history of sudan from the 19th Century until the present time. Accords granting southern sudan wide regional autonomy on internal matters. http://www.historyofnations.net/africa/sudan.html

History of Sudan Site Links Home Search this Site History Posters Africa ... Privacy Policy Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of the 19th century, it was unable to establish effective control over southern Sudan, which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the “expected one,” and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took on the name “Ansars” (the followers), which they continue to use today; they are associated with the single largest political grouping, the Umma Party, led by the descendant of the Mahdi, Sadiq al-Mahdi. Taking advantage of conditions resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi died shortly thereafter, but his state survived until overwhelmed by an Ango-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Sudan was proclaimed a condominium in 1899 under British-Egyptian administration. While maintaining the appearance of joint administration, the British Empire formulated policies and supplied most of the top administrators.

25. Sudan (History) - Crossroads Linking Black Southern Africa, Mediterranean Areas, sudan (history), was ruled as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 until Elections to the regional People´s Assembly for southern sudan took place http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/sudanhis.htm

Home page Arab Info Sudan Info Sudan Government ... Links to Sudan Sudan - History Historically, sparsely-populated Sudan has served as the crossroads linking Black southern Africa with the Mediterranean areas and the southern Sahara with the Red Sea. In about 2000 B.C., Egypt colonized Nubia (now northeastern Sudan), from which it took slaves and soldiers, gold, ivory, and precious stones. Nubia controlled Egypt briefly around 750 B.C., and continued to dominate the middle Nile until A.D. 350, when it was colonized by the Ethiopia-based empire of Aksum. Ethiopia and Nubia accepted Christianity in the 6th century and remained Christian until colonized by Moslems in the 15th century. The Sudan (as the country was known before 1975) was ruled as an Anglo-Egyptian condominium from 1899 until achieving independence as a parliamentary republic on 1 January 1956. After a military coup in November 1958, a Supreme Council of the Armed Forces was established and ruled until October 1964, when it was overthrown in a civilian revolution. Subsequent governments failed to improve the economic situation or to deal with the problem of the insurgent southern provinces, and in May 1969 power was seized by a group of officers, led by Col Gaafar Mohammed Numeri, who assumed the rank of major-general.

26. 2005 Sudan Studies Association, 7B displacement was and continue to be perpetuated by other regional and global The history of the media in South sudan as a tool for reconstruction is http://www.sudanstudies.org/ssa057b.html

Panel #7B The State of the Public Sector: Southern Sudan in the Post War Period Aggripa Wajo Independent Scholar Canada Since Sudan became independent in 1956, there had been no stable government in the Southern Sudan due to continued civil wars. Firs the 17-year civil war (1955-1972) which ended with the Addis Ababa agreement, and the (1983-2004) civil war which ended with the signing of the Naivasha Comprehensive Peace Agreement. Since 1972, the people of Southern Sudan did not invest enough in human resources; as a result, no competitive public sector was established. This situation, coupled with the eruption of the second civil war has let to increased mismanagement and misappropriation of public funds. Such a situation has further resulted in: absence of accountability in the public sector, lack of motivation at work place, and lack of proper communication strategies between employees and executives. The Role of Women in Peace Building Sitona Osman Independent Scholar Canada War, Displacement, and Peace: The Despicable Tragedy in Southern Sudan David Edward Lado Independent Scholar Canada In this paper, I will examine the horrific situation of war and displacement in Southern Sudan. The region has been and continues to be subjected to war and displacement since 1820 up to date. The paper will also discuss the numerous attempts over the years to restore peace and stability in this region. My main argument is that, this vicious cycle of war, displacement was and continue to be perpetuated by other regional and global factors, instead of the obvious reasons such as, cultural and religious difference, ethnicity, power struggle to name but a few. These unpalatable effects are what I call the symptoms of the war. My argument is that, unless the people understand and tackle these regional and global factors, the tireless attempts to settle and stabilize the situation in Southern Sudan may not be successful.

27. Sudan Studies Association - 2003 Program Reading in sudan history of the Present Colorism, regionalism and Violence IGAD s Trojan Horse Containing sudan regional Ambitions http://www.sudanstudies.org/ssa03prog.html

What's New Constitution Board Members Membership ... Contact Ali B. Ali Dinar Web Page Editor  SSA Contact Information: Dr. Richard Lobban    SSA Executive Director    Dept. of Anthropology    Rhode Island College    Providence, RI 02908, USA    TEL : (401) 456-8784    FAX: (401) 461-0907   E-mail:   rlobban@ric.edu Conference Program "Crossing Borders: Sudan in Regional Contexts" 22nd Annual Meeting of Sudan Studies Association 3rd International Conference of SSA, and SSUK 31st July - August 2nd, 2003 Conference Program Conference Site Art Exhibit Hotel Accomodation ... Call for Papers Sterling with SSUK. Please arrange this by contacting: sudanssuk@aol.com

28. The Official New Sudan Site - Home Realization of peace is the most important event in sudan history al-Beshir adding that sudan has assumed prominent leading role at the regional level http://splmtoday.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=2252

29. Sudan Home appointed by Nimeiri to serve in international and regional organizations . Useful surveys include PM Holt s and MW Daly s, A history of the sudan; http://sudanhome.com/info/sadiq.htm

HOME E-CARDS CHAT COMICS ... PHOTOS USERNAME: PASSWORD: Forgot Password ? SIGN UP CURRENCY CONVERTER ... INVESTMENT ACT make $$$ from your website EARLY HISTORY ISLAM ENTRY THE TURKIYAH THE MAHDIYAH ... SADIQ AL MAHDI In June 1986, Sadiq al Mahdi formed a coalition government with the Umma, the DUP, the NIF, and four southern parties. Unfortunately, however, Sadiq proved to be a weak leader and incapable of governing Sudan. Party factionalism, corruption, personal rivalries, scandals, and political instability characterized the Sadiq regime. After less than a year in office, Sadiq al Mahdi dismissed the government because it had failed to draft a new penal code to replace the sharia, reach an agreement with the IMF, end the civil war in the south, or devise a scheme to attract remittances from Sudanese expatriates. To retain the support of the DUP and the southern political parties, Sadiq formed another ineffective coalition government. Instead of removing the ministers who had been associated with the failures of the first coalition government, Sadiq al Mahdi retained thirteen of them, of whom eleven kept their previous portfolios. As a result, many Sudanese rejected the second coalition government as being a replica of the first. To make matters worse, Sadiq and DUP leader Mirghani signed an inadequate memorandum of understanding that fixed the new government's priorities as affirming the application of the sharia to Muslims, consolidating the Islamic banking system, and changing the national flag and national emblem. Furthermore, the memorandum directed the government to remove Nimeiri's name from all institutions and dismiss all officials appointed by Nimeiri to serve in international and regional organizations. As expected, antigovernment elements criticized the memorandum for not mentioning the civil war, famine, or the country's disintegrating social and economic conditions.

30. SudanHome Directory : Ethnic_and_Regional/Ethnic ethnic,regional and history. (Hits 82 Votes 0 Rating 0 ) provides informationon sudan history and culture, as well as shedding some light on Nubia http://sudanhome.com/Ethnic_and_Regional/Ethnic/

Add a Site Modify a Site What's New What's Cool ... PHOTOS USERNAME: PASSWORD: Forgot Password ? SIGN UP ARTS ENTERTAINMENT ... Ethnic and Regional : Ethnic Find on SudanHome's Directory : Links: beja foundation Rate It ethnic,regional and history (Hits: Votes: Rating: Int'L Nubian Forum Rate It Save Nubia: Respect Human Rights. Save Nubia:Respect Sudan's gate of history Save Nubia; save agony through nostalgia. Save Nubia; save the Sudan. (Hits: Votes: Rating: kalakla Rate It Sudanese site about a history of kalakla (Hits: Votes: Rating: Kingdoms of the Medieval Sudan Rate It The history of the African states of Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland (Hits: Votes: Rating: Kush: Africa's Earliest Civilization Rate It This exhibit represents the 4,000 year feud between the Sudan and Egypt. The exhibit was run at the Institue du Monde Arabe in Paris until 08/97, and it highlights some of the rivalries and grievances which have been smouldering since the twilight of time. (Hits: Votes: Rating: Nubia: "Its glory and its people" Rate It An exhibition for ancient artifacts from Nubian Dynasties of Africa, 3500 B>C. to 1200 A.D; presented by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, and the Oak Woods Cemetry Association, 02/1-28/1987

31. Medieval Christian Kingdoms (from Sudan, History Of The) --  Encyclopædia Brit Medieval Christian kingdoms (from sudan, history of the) The 200 years from Ancient history of this African country. Includes regional histories of Mali http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-24307

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Ancient Nubia ... The kingdom of Kush Christian and Islamic influence Medieval Christian kingdoms Islamic encroachments The Funj The spread of Islam Egyptian-Ottoman rule ... The British conquest The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium The early years of British rule The growth of national consciousness The Republic of The Sudan The Abbud government ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Sudan, history of the Page 5 of 27 The 200 years from the fall of Kush to the middle of the 6th century is an unknown age in the Sudan. Nubia was inhabited by a people called the Nobatae Sudan, history of the...

32. The Kingdom Of Kush (from Sudan, History Of The) --  Encyclopædia Britannica The kingdom of Kush (from sudan, history of the) Despite the Egyptian Ancient history of this African country. Includes regional histories of Mali, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-24305

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Ancient Nubia ... Egyptian influence The kingdom of Kush Christian and Islamic influence Medieval Christian kingdoms Islamic encroachments The Funj The spread of Islam ... The British conquest The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium The early years of British rule The growth of national consciousness The Republic of The Sudan The Abbud government ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%! More Britannica products Sudan, history of the Page 4 of 27 Sudan, history of the... (75 of 11154 words) var mm = [["Jan.","January"],["Feb.","February"],["Mar.","March"],["Apr.","April"],["May","May"],["June","June"],["July","July"],["Aug.","August"],["Sept.","September"],["Oct.","October"],["Nov.","November"],["Dec.","December"]];

33. The Country & People Of Sudan Arab Countries Arab World Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information . About sudan * Business * Culture * Education * history * Media http://www.hejleh.com/countries/sudan.html

Special Arab Files This page contains links to sites in Sudan and Sudan related sites. For Middle East, North Africa, Arab and regional information visit Arab Countries Web hejleh.com Sudan, History Northeast Sudan, called Nubia in ancient times, was colonized by Egypt about 2000 BC and was ruled by the Cush kingdom from the 8th cent. BC to the 4th cent AD Most of Nubia was converted to Coptic Christianity in the 6th cent., but by the 15th cent. Islam prevailed. In 1821 the north was conquered by Egypt, but a revolt by the nationalist Mahdi in 1881 forced an Egyptian withdrawal. In the 1890s an Anglo-Egyptian force under Herbert Kitchener destroyed the theocratic Mahdist state, and in 1899 most of Sudan came under the joint rule of Egypt and Britain (with Britain exercising actual control). Independence was achieved in 1956. In 1955 the animist southerners, fearing that the new nation would be dominated by the Muslim north, began a civil war that lasted 17 years. In 1972 Pres. Muhammad Gaafar al-Nimeiry ended the war by granting the south a measure of autonomy. However, his imposition of Islamic law on the entire country in 1983 reopened the conflict, and close to 2 million have died since, many from starvation. Nimeiry was deposed by a military coup in 1986. A short-lived civilian government was overthrown in 1989 by Lt. Gen. Omar Hassan al-Bashir; he officially became president in 1993 and was elected to the post in 1996. Bashir's government reinstituted Islamic law, banned opposition parties, and jailed dissidents. Throughout the 1990s the army mounted offensives against the rebels in S Sudan; several cease-fires were announced to allow the distribution of food to famine victims, but they did not hold. In recent years Sudan has supported Muslim fundamentalists internationally.

34. Sudan | Catholic Relief Services history The ongoing conflict in sudan has impaired social and economic development, regional Countries. Select a Country, Angola, Benin, Burkina Faso http://www.catholicrelief.org/our_work/where_we_work/overseas/africa/sudan/index

new COOLjsMenu("menu1", MENU_ITEMS_POSITIONING1) PRINT PAGE E-MAIL PAGE Home Our Work Where We Work Overseas ... Sudan Since achieving independence from Anglo-Egyptian rule in 1956, Sudan has known only eleven years of peace. The January 9, 2005, signing of the comprehensive peace agreement (CPA) by the government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Army/Movement (SPLA/M) officially ended the civil war that ravaged the country for more than 45 years. The two parties have agreed to a federal system of power and wealth sharing in exchange for peace. Southern Sudan will have the option to secede from Sudan in 2010. Effects of War in the South The people of Sudan continue to suffer the brutal effects of this war, with more than 2 million dead and 4 million displaced. What little infrastructure did exist in southern Sudan has largely been destroyed in the decades of conflict. International support is crucial for the comprehensive peace agreement to succeed and for bringing economic and social development to the region. Adequate funding is crucial to initiating needed programs and rebuilding civil institutions. The Ongoing Crisis in Darfur The humanitarian crisis in the Darfur region of western Sudan continues to deteriorate in the face of waning international attention to the crisis. People are enduring targeted attacks, vast insecurity, as well as widespread hunger and disease. Relief efforts are hampered by lack of security and a shortage of relief supplies and personnel. To date, some 2.61 million people are affected by this crisis, with 1.85 million internally displaced and 193,000 living as refugees in Chad. Estimates are that as many as 300,000 people have already died in the conflict in Darfur, and ten thousand more die each month.

35. Regional: Africa: Sudan: Society And Culture: History - Open Site regional Africa sudan Society and Culture history Open Site. http://open-site.org/Regional/Africa/Sudan/Society_and_Culture/History/

Open Site The Open Encyclopedia Project home submit content become an editor the entire directory only in Society_and_Culture/History Top Regional Africa Sudan ... Society and Culture : History Description Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of the 19th century, it was unable to establish effective control over southern Sudan, which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the “expected one,” and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took on the name “Ansars” (the followers), which they continue to use today; they are associated with the single largest political grouping, the Umma Party, led by the descendant of the Mahdi, Sadiq al-Mahdi. Taking advantage of conditions resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi died shortly thereafter, but his state survived until overwhelmed by an Ango-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Sudan was proclaimed a condominium in 1899 under British-Egyptian administration. While maintaining the appearance of joint administration, the British Empire formulated policies and supplied most of the top administrators.

36. USAfricaonline.com | Regional Conflicts | Sudan Even the United Nations has called the horror in sudan the worst of BiafraNigeria war and history get fresh, critical look from a survivor. http://www.usafricaonline.com/sudan.rgwsanders2005.html

USAfricaonline.com is listed among the world's hot sites by the international newspaper, USAToday. Prof. Chinua Achebe: Why I rejected Nigeria's 2004 national honors from Obasanjo's government Exclusive commentary for USAfrica The Newspaper, Houston, CLASS magazine USAfricaonline.com and The Black Business Journal What about Sudan? By RUFUS G.W SANDERS, Ph.D Over fifty-thousand have died, tens of thousands more will perish, more than 1.4 million are displaced, homeless and refugees in their own home land. This tragedy continues as the world watches in an almost total catatonic like silence. It is a tragedy that has gone on for years. The violence continues to be more horrific than anything the world has seen at least since the Jewish holocaust. Even the United Nations has called the horror in Sudan the worst of humanitarian disaster in the world today. Only the former Secretary of State, Colin Powell and the former American ambassador John Danforth had enough courage to state the facts as they are in Sudan and called what's going on in the largest African nation nothing less of genocide. And you see what has happen to both of these whistle blowers. But as the violence, poverty, and natural disasters continues, the world, America included, acts confused, dazed, and generally aloof in a near state of paralytic denial hoping that this human crisis will go away on its own when this is nothing short of ethnic cleansing at its best and genocide on the grandest of scales.

37. ESPAC - Working For Peace In Sudan Bleuchot, H., C. Delmet and D. Hopwood (Editors), sudan history, Identity andIdeology, The People’s regional Assembly may, by a twothirds majority, http://www.espac.org/peace_process/search_for_peace29.html

1 Northumberland Avenue, London WC2N 5BW England Telephone: 44 020 7872 5434 Telefax: 44 020 7753 2848 THE PEACE PROCESS A Bibliography Abd el-Rahim, M., Imperialism and Nationalism in the Sudan: A Study in Constitutional and Political Developments, 1899-1956 , Oxford University Press, London, 1969. Abd el-Rahim, M., Changing Patterns of Civilian-Military Relations in the Sudan , Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, Uppsala, 1978. Abdin, Hasan, Early Sudanese Nationalism, 1919-1925 , Khartoum University Press, Khartoum, 1985. Ahmed, Abel Ghaffar Mohamed, and Gunnar M. Sorbo, (Editors) Management of the Crisis in the Sudan: Proceedings of the Bergen Forum, 23-24 February, 1989 , University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway, 1989. Al-Affendi, Abdelwahab (October 2001), "The Impasse in the IGAD Peace Process for Sudan: The Limits of Regional Peacemaking?"

38. ESPAC - Working For Peace In Sudan sudan regional map, National Geographic map, administrative map, A regionalstudy of the archaeology and longterm history of the Mahas region of http://www.espac.org/links/3.html

ESPAC WEB LINKS ESPAC Profile Latest Publications Presidential and Parliamentary Elections in Sudan The Peace Process ... The largest collection of Sudan-related links available on the internet. 3: SOURCES OF GEOGRAPHIC, CARTOGRAPHIC, METEOROLOGICAL, ARCHEOLOGICAL, STATISTICAL, ETHNIC AND HISTORICAL INFORMATION ON SUDAN ABC Country Book of Sudan http://www.theodora.com/wfb/sudan_people.html Hasan Abdin, "Early Sudanese Nationalism: 1919-1925", History File No. 1, The Sudan Foundation, 1996 http://www.sufo.demon.co.uk/hist001.htm ABZU: A Guide to Information Related to the Study of the Ancient Near East on the Web "[A]n experimental guide to the rapidly increasing, and widely distributed data relevant to the study and public presentation of the Ancient Near East... including the territory under the control of the modern states of Egypt and Sudan, and part of Libya". http://www.etana.org/abzu

39. FRONTLINE/WORLD . Sudan - The Quick And The Terrible . Links And Resources | PBS This synopsis of sudan s recent history, produced by the International Crisis The Integrated regional Information Networks, a news portal of the United http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/sudan/links.html

makenav(2,1); THE STORY Synopsis of "The Quick and the Terrible" WHO'S WHO IN DARFUR The Geopolitics of Tragedy INTERVIEW WITH AMY COSTELLO Witness to a Crisis Land and People, History and Government, Effects of War, Economy and Oil Background, News, Humanitarian Response, Defining Genocide MAP REACT TO THIS STORY General Background Journalists Cover Sudan ... Media Resources General Background Country Profile: Sudan Sudan, the largest country in Africa, boasts large stretches of fertile land and large reserves of gold and oil. But nearly 50 years of civil war between Muslims in the north and Animists and Christians in the south have hampered prosperity. This comprehensive overview of Sudan, produced by the BBC, includes the country's demographics, information on power struggles within its government and the status of press freedom in the country. CIA World Factbook: Sudan Sudan is bordered by nine countries, 40 percent of its population is illiterate, political parties must be approved by its ruling government and more than 40 percent of its exports mostly oil and petroleum products go to China. This information and much more can be found in the CIA World Factbook, which compiles and regularly updates data on Sudan's geography, government, economy, communications, transportation systems and military.

40. The History Of Sudan View information on the history of sudan and other world countries. Ababa Accordsgranting southern sudan wide regional autonomy on internal matters. http://www.factrover.com/history/Sudan_history.html

Home All Countries World Newspapers US Newspapers The History of Sudan Below is a brief history of Sudan. To find information other than history for Sudan then visit the Sudan Country Page Sudan Government Sudan People Sudan Geography ... Sudan Economy Sudan History Sudan was a collection of small, independent kingdoms and principalities from the beginning of the Christian era until 1820-21, when Egypt conquered and unified the northern portion of the country. Historically, the pestilential swamps of the Suud discouraged expansion into the deeper south of the country. Although Egypt claimed all of the present Sudan during most of the 19th century, it was unable to establish effective control over southern Sudan, which remained an area of fragmented tribes subject to frequent attacks by slave raiders. In 1881, a religious leader named Muhammad ibn Abdalla proclaimed himself the Mahdi, or the “expected one,” and began a religious crusade to unify the tribes in western and central Sudan. His followers took on the name “Ansars” (the followers) which they continue to use today and are associated with the single largest political grouping, the Umma Party, led by the descendant of the Mahdi, Sadiq al Mahdi. Taking advantage of conditions resulting from Ottoman-Egyptian exploitation and maladministration, the Mahdi led a nationalist revolt culminating in the fall of Khartoum in 1885. The Mahdi died shortly thereafter, but his state survived until overwhelmed by an Ango-Egyptian force under Lord Kitchener in 1898. Sudan was proclaimed a condominium in 1899 under British-Egyptian administration. While maintaining the appearance of joint administration, the British Empire formulated policies, and supplied most of the top administrators.

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