81. MSN Encarta - Further Reading - Spain spain A history. Oxford University Press, 2000. An authoritative overview of spain and its pivotal role in history. Crow, John A. spain The Root and the http://encarta.msn.com/readings_761575057/Spain.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Go to article Further Reading from Encarta Further Reading offers additional information about your topics. Spain For younger readers Spain: History Spain: Politics, Society, and Culture Spanish literature Also on Encarta Compare online degrees Train for a better career College life Encarta word of the day For younger readers Kohen, Elizabeth. Spain. 2nd ed. Benchmark, 2003. For readers in grades 5 to 7. Mann, Kenny. Isabel, Ferdinand and Fifteenth-Century Spain. Benchmark, 2001. For readers in grades 6 to 9. Millar, Heather. Spain in the Age of Exploration. Marshall Cavendish, 1999. For readers in grades 5 to 8. Rogers, Lura. Spain. Children's Press, 2001. In the Enchantment of the World series, for readers in grades 4 to 8. Spain: History Balfour, Sebastian. The End of the Spanish Empire, 1898-1923. Oxford University Press, 1997. Examines Spain's war with the United States in 1898, and the economic and political effects of that war. Beevor, Anthony.

82. Islamic History In Arabia And Middle East Islam and Islamic history in Arabia and The Middle East By the time Abd alRahman reached spain, the Arabs from North Africa were already entrenched on http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec5.htm

Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East Islam in Spain The message The Hijrah The Rightly Guided Caliphs The Umayyads ... Revival in The Arab East Related Topics The Holy Quran The Faith of Islam Arabic Writing Science and Scholarship in Al-Andalus ... Arabic Numerals ISLAM IN SPAIN: By the time 'Abd al-Rahman reached Spain, the Arabs from North Africa were already entrenched on the Iberian Peninsula and had begun to write one of the most glorious chapters in Islamic history. After their forays into France were blunted by Charles Martel, the Muslims in Spain had begun to focus their whole attention on what they called al-Andalus, southern Spain (Andalusia), and to build there a civilization far superior to anything Spain had ever known. Reigning with wisdom and justice, they treated Christians and Jews with tolerance, with the result that many embraced Islam. They also improved trade and agriculture, patronized the arts, made valuable contributions to science, and established Cordoba as the most sophisticated city in Europe. By the tenth century, Cordoba could boast of a population of some 500,000, compared to about 38,000 in Paris. According to the chronicles of the day, the city had 700 mosques, some 60,000 palaces, and 70 libraries - one reportedly housing 500,000 manuscripts and employing a staff of researchers, illuminators, and book binders. Cordoba also had some 900 public baths, Europe's first street lights and, five miles outside the city, the caliphal residence, Madinat al-Zahra. A complex of marble, stucco, ivory, and onyx, Madinat al-Zahra took forty years to build, cost close to one-third of Cordoba's revenue, and was, until destroyed in the eleventh century, one of the wonders of the age. Its restoration, begun in the early years of this century, is still under way.

83. History Of Spain Online history of spain. This history consists of links to the Library of Congress and their overview of Spanish history. http://www.xmission.com/~dderhak/recipe/spainhistory.htm

Online History of Spain This history consists of links to the Library of Congress and their overview of Spanish History. Historical Setting IBERIA HISPANIA AL ANDALUS ... Spanish Foreign Policy in the Post-Franco Period Back to My Favorite Spanish Recipes :

84. :: Hi-Tec.com - Spain - History :: history. Big in Sports since 1974 An industry benchmark then and now, few shoes in athletic footwear history have recorded unit sales of over 18 million http://www.hi-tec.com/es/content.php?page=about

85. Andalusian Spain - History 211 - Dr. Sarah Adams as a Cathedral) has an interesting history which illustrates some toleration. AlAndalus, the art of Islamic spain (closed reserve under Dr. Adams http://www.ucwv.edu/library/his211.aspx

Skip Navigation Text Only Version Home Text Only ... Community Search Text Andalusian Spain - History 211 - Dr. Sarah Adams About UC Academics FAQs Prospective Students ... Schoenbaum Library Andalusian Spain-Dr. Sarah Adams (The result of a grant funded by the West Virginia Humanities Council) Humanities Content: Andalusian Spain was the period 711-l492 when Muslims controlled large portions of mostly Southern Spain. This was a period when Jews, Christians, and Muslims coexisted relatively peacefully for much of the time especially in those parts of Spain controlled by the Muslims. Muslims usually tolerated Jews and Christians because they considered these groups to be “Peoples of the Book”, worshippers of the same God. The Dhimmi system allowed Jews and Christians to retain their own religious and cultural traditions while living under Muslim rule. Commenting on pictures taken in the historic districts of Toledo, Cordoba, Medina Azahara (a one time “Versailles” outside of Cordoba, today in total ruins), Seville, Granada, and Segovia, Dr. Adams explained some of the architecture and culture of Andalusian Spain. Toledo was divided into three distinct sections: Jewish, Christian, and Muslim. During the day people could interact throughout the city then returned to their sections (which contained their homes and religious institutions) at night. Toledo was Muslim from 711 until 1085 when it was conquered by Christians. The fall of Toledo to Christians from the north loosened Muslim control over central Spain. However, the Christians of Toledo were tolerant. Even in the Christian period when the ability to read Arabic disappeared, Arabic calligraphy continued to be used in building decorations. As in other cities such as Cordoba, it was Muslim artisans who usually decorated these buildings. In fact, one main reason for toleration among the three religious groups was the value they had to each other in terms of occupational expertise.

86. SEND International Christian World Missions spain s history is religious, diverse and rocky. The Iberian population came from North Africa, and the Celtic So what does spain s history mean to me? http://www.send.org/spain/

Today's Climate The gospel in history What history means Today's climate: Terrible Times People love themselves People love money Many are boasters and Proud Abusive Disobedient to parents Without love Unforgiving Slanderous Lacking in self-control Not loving God . . . Amazingly, this list of biblical characteristics of the last days is also a good description of the godlessness reflected in Spain today. The birth rate is only 1.3 per family making it possibly the lowest in the world. 60% of the girls surveyed lost their virginity between the ages of 13 and 15. Drug addiction is rampant. Depression is an epidemic but Spanish "merrymaking" is famous the world over. This country ranks among the least evangelized in the world. Less than 1/10 of one percent is evangelical. While the inside rots, on the outside, the business magazines of Europe speak of the Spanish "miracle". Prosperity abounds while the heart and soul are torn out and left spiritually hungry. Spaniards are not satisfied with easy answers. Though evangelicals now have religious freedom, they continue to face open and subtle persecution at home and work. Believers must be well grounded and able to clearly articulate what they believe.

87. Madrid Museums - The Best Museums In Madrid, Spain - 10Best The painting depicts a scene of spain s history. METRO Atocha (Line 1), spain s history from Isabella and Ferdinand to the present is vividly depicted. http://www.10best.com/Madrid/Sights_&_Activities/Museums/

Home Travel Guides Event Tickets Travel Deals ... User Login Unbiased Recommendations in Madrid, Spain Print this Page Email this Page Home Spain Madrid Museums Book Madrid Hotels Madrid Events Airfare to Madrid Madrid Museums Select another Category... Hotels and Lodging Event and Tour Tickets Local Events Nightlife Restaurants Shopping Voted Best of the City Museo Arqueológico Nacional Description: This museum houses hundreds of small pieces of history. One of the most amazing exhibits is a fourth century BC Iberian statue of the Lady of Elche. There are Islamic and Roman collections, as well. The time period stretches all the way to the Baroque period and the Spanish Renaissance. The museum contains many pieces that came originally from monasteries and churches. METRO: Serrano or Retiro More Details Rate this Business Museo Cerralbo Description: CENTRO. Marquis Cerralbo's home was so beautiful inside and out that, after his death, it was named a museum. The 19th century Italian architecture will take your breath away as you wander through the beautifully landscaped garden. Cerralbo's home contains an extensive collection of art work ranging from Spanish, French, and Italian paintings, all the way to the chandeliers that are suspended from the ceiling and the porcelain and pottery that decorate the home. METRO: Plaza de Espana or Ventura Rodriguez More Details Rate this Business Museo de América User Rating: 9.6

88. BBC - Religion & Ethics - Islamic Spain Islam history Islamic spain The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern spain or Andulusia. Periods Muslim spain was not a single period, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/spain/index.shtml

@import url('/includes/tbenh.css') ; Home TV Radio Talk ... A-Z Index MONDAY 26th September 2005 Text only BBC Homepage Religions Islam ... Help Like this page? Send it to a friend! Islam History Page 1 of 5 Printable version of this page Islamic Spain (711-1492) The court of the Lions, Al Hambra Islamic Spain was a multi-cultural mix of the people of three great monotheistic religions: Muslims, Christians, and Jews. For much of the time, the three groups managed to get along together, and to benefit from the presence of each other. It brought a degree of civilisation to Europe that matched the heights of the Roman Empire and the Italian Renaissance. Outline In 711 Muslim forces invaded and in seven years conquered the Iberian peninsula. It became one of the great Muslim civilisations; reaching its summit with the Umayyad caliphate of Cordovain the tenth century. Muslim rule declined after that and ended in 1492 when Granada was conquered. The heartland of Muslim rule was Southern Spain or Andulusia. Periods Muslim Spain was not a single period, but a succession of different rules.

89. Biblioteca Nacional Entrusts Spain's History To Siemon - Siemon Case Study/Brief Biblioteca Nacional Entrusts spain s history to Siemon Biblioteca Nacional Located in Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional is spain s National Library . http://www.siemon.com/us/company/case_studies/?showbrief=260

90. Moore: Spain's History And Culture spain s history and Culture. An Integrated Unit for Spanish II. Created by Brianne L. Moore The Lessons Supplemental Materials Related Links http://www.rmc.edu/directory/academics/educ/bmoore/home.htm

Spain's History and Culture An Integrated Unit for Spanish II Created by Brianne L. Moore The Lessons Supplemental Materials Related Links ... For Parents

91. Festival Abril In Spain - History - History.gadling.com _ When we think of spain (especially those of us who have lived there) the history is part of the Weblogs, Inc. Network — a network of more than 80 blogs. http://history.gadling.com/entry/1234000653038074/

It's Pizza Day today on Slashfood Festival Abril in Spain Posted Mar 29, 2005, 3:49 PM ET by Erik Olsen Related entries: Cultures Events Food History ... Comments Recent Entries Armenia Dispatch: 12 - Chess Kids OHNY Armenia Dispatch: 10 - Varnissage Market Atlas Maior ... Add your comments Reader Comments Be the first person to comment on this entry. Add your comments Your name (required): Your email address (required, will not be shown to the public): Do you want us to remember your personal information for next time? Yes No Add your comments: Advertisement Advertisement CONTINENTS North America (1578 posts) Europe Asia Antarctica South America ... Gadling Home ACTIVITIES Activism Biking Climbing Cultures ... Surfing TOPICS Business Events Food Gear ... Stories COUNTRIES China (67 posts) Australia India France Canada ... Paraguay RESOURCES About this Weblog Send us tips Contact Us Advertise ... Problems? GADLING EMAIL Privacy: Your email address will be used for Gadling news only. We hate spam too. RSS NEWSFEED LINK TO GADLING ARCHIVES Sep 2005 Aug 2005 Jul 2005 Jun 2005 ... Oct 2004 MARKETPLACE Got Text?

92. Spain (08/05) history spain’s Iberian Peninsula has been settled for millennia. spain and the United States have a long history of official relations and are closely http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2878.htm

Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs August 2005 Background Note: Spain PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain Geography Area: 504,750 sq. km. (194,884 sq. mi.), including the Balearic and Canary Islands; about the size of Arizona and Utah combined. Cities: Capital Madrid (5.5 million). Other cities Barcelona (4.9 million), Bilbao (353,950), Malaga (1.3 million), Seville (1.8 million), Valencia (2.3 million), Zaragoza (871,000). Terrain: High plateaus, lowland areas such as narrow coastal plains, and mountainous regions. Climate: Temperate. Summers are hot in the interior and more moderate and cloudy along the coast; winters are cold in interior and partly cloudy and cool along the coast. Time zone: Spanish mainland and Balearic Isleslocal time is 1 hour ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) in winter and 2 hours ahead in summer. Canary Islands are on GMT. People Nationality: Noun Spaniard(s). Adjective Spanish.

93. A Short History Of Spain - Conquistador Magazine Horse Magazine featuring the Andalusian, Lusitano, Peruvian Paso, Paso Fino, Spanish Mustang and Other Breeds of Spanish Ancestry. Equine history and Art, http://www.conquistador.com/spanhistory.html

A SHORT HISTORY OF SPAIN From this short introduction to the history of Spain, the reader may get a glimpse at the importance of the Spanish horse during the dynamic phase of expansion to the New World. The horses from Castilla of the late 15th and early 16th century formed the foundation of today's South and North American horse population. These same war horses were the ancestors of the Andalusian and Lusitano horse. For more detailed information about the breeds of Iberian ancestry, please visit our bookstore at www.equibooks.com INTRODUCTION TO THE HISTORY OF SPAIN What makes a Spaniard unique within Western civilization? Why is Spain so different from other European countries? Some people look for a simple geographic answer. But the fact is that its geography has not changed that much since the days when Spain, as so many other European lands, was but a piece in the grand imperial mosaic put together by Rome. This common background persisted for several centuries as northern European tribes - Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks - overran southern Europe and established themselves there. What really made the difference was the arrival in Spain of the Arabs early in the 8th century. From that moment on, Spains development took on a distinctive character. While it is true that the Arabs also reached up into France, they were soon thrown back. In Spain it was a different story. The Moslems conquered much of the Iberian peninsula and stayed on for nearly eight centuries.

94. Spain -- Primary Documents history of spain manuscripts and original documents. http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/spain.html

History of Spain: Primary Documents The Visigothic Code 1908 translation by S.P. Scott of Forum judicum Visigothic laws towards Spanish Jews ( Book XII ) anticipated the much later inquisition. (7th century; English translations) Catalonian Manuscripts From Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley (1031-1555; facsimiles) The Chronicle of Alfonso the Emperor Translation of the Chronica Adefonsi imperatoris , with study and notes Edited by Glenn E. Lipskey. Note: the Chronicle itself begins at Book One (Reign of Alfonso VII of Spain, 1126 - 1157; tranlations, commentary, and apparatus) Latinate Wills in Mediterranean Spain, 1250–1350 Unpublished documents, a portion of the monograph, Jews in the Notarial Culture Edited by Robert I. Burns. (1250 - 1350; transcriptions) Medieval Sourcebook: Iberia (Translations) American Academy of Research Historians of Medieval Spain (AARHMS) Archive (Translations) Note: AARHMS is also the sponsor/compiler of LIBRO: The Library of Iberian Resources Online comprising mostly digitized monographic secondary literature. The Consulate of the Sea and Related Documents Translations of Catalonian maritime documents, with related notes

95. Biggest 419 Bust In History | The Register The FBI and Spanish police have arrested 310 people in Malaga, spain in connection with It is the biggest 419 bust in history, and may result in drastic http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/07/21/scammers_nabbed/

Skip to content Biting the hand that feeds IT Channel Register Cash 'n' Carrion Events Downloads SetPromptText('q', 'Search'); Enterprise Software Personal Internet ... Science Internet: eCommerce Digital Rights/Digital Wrongs Wild Wild Web Reg Shops Reg Mobile Gadgets Reg Books Hosting Reg Offers News Services Reg Newsletters Week's Headlines Reg Mobile Reg Archive ... US Edition Top Stories iPod Nano owners in screen scratch trauma 2GB iPod Nano costs $100 to make - researcher Microsoft: beating itself back to health? Google Earth threatens democracy - again ... Digital Rights/Digital Wrongs Biggest 419 bust in history By Jan Libbenga Published Thursday 21st July 2005 13:15 GMT Get breaking Internet news straight to your desktop - click here to find out how The operation, codenamed Nile, centered on a mob which operated from Southern Spain. No less than four hundred officers from the Spanish police, the FBI and the US Postal Service were involved with the investigation, which began in 2003. Officers raided Besides lottery emails, they also sent over 6 million 'classic' 419 scam mails, offering rewards for people who were willing to stash away money that had been taken out of Iraq by the family of the ex-dictator Saddam Hussein or money founds in the remains of the Twin Towers after the 9/11 attacks. The scam claimed over 20,000 victims in 45 countries including Britain, France, Germany, the US, Canada, Australia, Japan and a number of Arabic countries, officials said.

96. Academic Programs International (API): Study Abroad The history of spain. Spring A (.5) The following topics will be covered a to spain s history (its historic periods and geohistoric characteristics); http://www.academicintl.com/spain/madrid/spanlangcult.html

Programs at a Glance Dates and Fees Deadlines FAQs/Helpful Links ... Contact Us PROGRAM SEARCH PROGRAMS AT A GLANCE PROGRAMS BY SUBJECT: -Studio Arts -Business -Communications -Engineering -Natural Sciences -Social Sciences PROGRAMS BY TERM PROGRAMS IN ENGLISH INTERNSHIP PROGRAMS GRADUATE PROGRAMS DIRECT ENROLLMENT NATIVE SPN SPEAK PROGS SVC LEARN/VOL PROGS FRANCE HUNGARY IRELAND ITALY ... Seville "I really value the diversity I was exposed to while abroad, and the chance to interact with people representing such a wide variety of cultural backgrounds." Alyssa B. - University of Pittsburgh (Madrid) Program Information: Madrid Semester/Year Spanish Language and Culture Program Complutense University Transcripts issued by Complutense University Quarter, Semester and Academic Year Programs Levels 100, 200, 300 and 400 Structure: For students at all levels. 100 level = no foreign language requirement. 200 level = must have completed 2 semesters of college level Spanish. 300 level = must have completed 4 semesters of college level Spanish. 400 level = must have completed 5 semesters of college level Spanish.

97. Adelante Spain - SUMMER INTERN / STUDY PROGRAM IN SEVILLE Â In general, a wide, diverse and hands on vision of spain s history, its people and its culture. Conducted in Spanish. Â; PAN 351 Advanced Spanish IIÂ Â http://www.adelanteabroad.com/summer.cfm

September 26, 2005 Spain Chile France Costa Rica ... Home Intern in Madrid Intern in Barcelona Intern in Marbella Intern In Seville Semester In Seville Intern in Vina del Mar / Valparaiso Intern in Loire Valley Semester in Costa Rica Summer language in Costa Rica ... Click Here! Contact Us: Adelante, LLC 601 Taper Drive Seal Beach, CA 90740 fax:(562) 684-4682 E-mail: info@adelanteabroad.com Web site created by GoAbroad.com Adelante and the Center for Foreign Students at Pablo de Olavide University will offer two month-long programs in the summer of 2005.  Both the June and July programs will offer Spanish language at three levels and will include various activities outside of the classroom. ** NOTE: BEGINNERS, INTERMEDIATE AND ADVANCED SPEAKERS WELCOME!  Our program is IDENTICAL to other competitor programs, at the same University, for $1,100 less!!** Date: June 1 to June 30, 2005 v ENROLLMENT DEADLINE: APRIL 15, 2005 v Date: July 1 to July 29, 2005 v ENROLLMENT DEADLINE: MAY 15, 2005 v Solid and affordable one month University study program, with a focus on Language and Culture coursework and excursions each week. Classes are Elementary Spanish, Intermediate Spanish or Advanced Spanish, International Marketing, Spanish Civilization and a contemporary literature course, Monday through Friday.  Each course is 3 US credit hours (45 hours per class). Housing with a Spanish family, most meals included, plus excursions each week to such sites as the Cathedral, Alcazar, etc. English speaking Adelante staff in Seville for on-going support, including weekly meetings. Airport pick-up and University Transcripts upon successful completion of Program.

98. Spanish Language History & Dialects In Spain -- Castilian Andalusian spanish language history dialects in Iberian spain vulgar latin castilian andalusian in Hispania Isabella of Castile Ferdinand of Aragón http://www.alsintl.com/languages/spanish.htm

FOR MORE INFORMATION CALL: Our professional linguists include native Spanish speakers who are knowledgeable in both English and Spanish and the requirements of effective translation. Want a quote right now? Click here spanish language Spanish is the native language of 332 million people in the world. In addition to Spain, Spanish is the official language of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In addition, it is widely spoken in several other nations, including Canada, Morocco, the Philippines, and the United States. Spanish is one of the Romance languages in the Italic subfamily of the Indo-European language family, and within Spain, and has two major dialects: Andalusian and Castilian. Many other dialects exist in other geographical areas, namely North and South America. The Spanish language originated in the Southwest region of Europe known as the Iberian Peninsula. Sometime before the end of the 6th century BC, the region's first inhabitants, the Iberians, began to mingle with the Celts, a nomadic people from central Europe. The two groups formed a people called the Celtiberians, speaking a form of Celtic. Under Roman rule, in 19 BC, the region became known as Hispania, and its inhabitants learned Latin from Roman traders, settlers, administrators, and soldiers. When the classical Latin of the educated Roman classes mixed with the pre-Roman languages of the Iberians, Celts, and Carthaginians, a language called Vulgar Latin appeared. It followed the basic models of Latin but borrowed and added words from the other languages.

99. All You Need To Know About Spain - History spain Primary Documents history of spain manuscripts and original documents. Spanish Legion Its history and photos. WWW Virtual Library Spanish history http://www.data-spain.com/Spain/Society_and_Culture/History/History.html

Spain: History Home Directory Society and Culture > History The Directory..... All you need to know about Spain - History Sub-categories: Historical Personages Columbus and the Age of Discovery Text retrieval system of over 1000 articles, speeches. conference papers, and opinions on encounter and discovery themes from Millersville University. Gateway to Spanish history by Lopez Martin Gateway to Spanish history. Historia a Debate A sustained network which brings together historians from all over the world, through both activities where they are present and the web, in and outside the academic institutions. History of Bilbao, Biscay. Basque Country Bilbao been has populated from very old, long before its foundation like villa, and thus they testify the found archaeological findings in its subsoil. Library of Iberian Resources Searchable collection of full-text papers and articles available electronically. Lopez Martin Collection of Maps and Manuscripts Collection of late sixteenth and early seventeenth century documents coming from Spanish and Dutch archives. Resources for Spain Provided by the University of Kansas. Includes hundreds of organized links to historical associations, bibliographic resources, libraries, archives, museums and publishers.

100. Bibliographic Resources Links to academic, history, literature, language and culture readings. Resources specific to Latin America are excluded. http://members.tripod.com/spainresources/photo.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Movie Clips Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Spain: Internet Resources Associations Cultural Organizations Academic Gateways Bibliographic Resources Subject Links Government Sources Spanish Universities Museums ... Spanish primary historical documents on EuroDocs : Documents are either transcriptions, translations, or facsimile copies of originals. ISBN: Libros Españoles en Venta : Spanish books in print. LIBRO: Library of Iberian Resources Online : A full-text library of monographs dealing with medieval Iberian history. LatinIndex : Index to journals published in Latin America, the Caribbean, Spain and Portugal. A Select Bibliography of Spanish History : From Yale University. Note that the call numbers apply to Yale holdings. Catálogo Colectivo del Patrimonio Bibliográfico Español The Spanish Bibliographic Heritage Union Catalog. A search engine on Spanish bibliography containing 291.125 registers and information on 564.722 books from the XVth to the XXth century. WESS-WEB: The Association of College and Research Libraries, Western European Studies Section. This link is specific to Iberian Studies.

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