61. History Of Spain - Academic Info An annotated directory of the best Internet resources on the history of spain. http://www.academicinfo.net/histspain.html

Academic Info Spanish History Home Search Index Contact ... Europe Spain Academic Info History Bookstore A growing collection of titles most at 40 to 80% off list prices. Advertisers University of Phoenix Online - Earn your degree 100% online. Online coupon codes Questia - Search over 70,000 books and journals online. Student Loan Consolidation Student Loans Search Engine Marketing Online Bingo ... Natural products for the laundry quit smoking smoke away liquid vitamins . Also weight loss diet diet products cortisol ... cortislim info; Libido orgasm info. Stop smoking help. - The Weight Loss Institute offers research on weight loss and diet pills Search engine optimization firm offering affordable search engine optimization and link popularity services. Gift Certificates - makes gift certificates easy. - 100% Pure Hoodia Gordonii Diet Pills hoodia and hoodia gordonii diet pills and carb blocker Teeth Whitening - Low prices on all brands of teeth whitening products. The exact same teeth whitening prescribed by your dentist, delivered to you for less. MyUSBusinessFinder - The Business Search Directory Business search engine and business directory focussing mainly on the US.

62. Cordoba Spain, History Of Cordoba Informaton about the city of Cordoba, Andalucia, southern spain. Everything you need to know from tourist informaton to history and finance. http://www.andalucia.com/cities/cordoba/cordoba.htm

Accommodation Destinations Education Entertainment ... Festivities Cordoba City - Home Cordoba was founded by the Romans and due to its strategic importance as the highest navigable point of the Guadalquivir River, it became a port city of great importance, used for shipping Spanish olive oil, wine and wheat back to Ancient Rome. The Romans built the mighty bridge crossing the river, now called "El Puente Romano". But Cordoba's hour of greatest glory was when it became the capital of the Moorish kingdom of El-Andalus, and this was when work began on the Great Mosque, or "Mezquita", which – after several centuries of additions and enlargements – became one of the largest in all of Islam. When the city was reconquered by the Christians in 1236, the new rulers of the city were so awed by its beauty that they left it standing, building their cathedral in the midst of its rows of arches and columns, and creating the extraordinary church-mosque we see today. As well as the unique mosque-cathedral, Cordoba's treasures include the Alcazar, or Fortress, built by the Christians in 1328; the Calahorra Fort, originally built by the Arabs, which guards the Roman Bridge, on the far side of the river from the Mezquita, and the ancient Jewish Synagogue, now a museum. Cordoba's medieval quarter, once the home of the Jewish community, is called "La Judería" (The Jewry), a labyrinth of winding, narrow streets, shady flower-filled courtyards and picturesque squares such as La Plaza del Potro. In early May, homeowners proudly festoon their patios with flowers to compete for the city's "most beautiful courtyard" contest.

63. Spain - History (Grades 6-8) 1 For most of its history, spain has been at the center of exploration 2 Cave paintings in spain suggest human history there as far back as 25000 BC. http://www.edhelper.com/ReadingComprehension_Geography_196_1.html

Sample Spain - History (Grades 6-8) Worksheet Reading Comprehension Worksheets edHelper.com Subscribers: Build a printable worksheet with the complete story and puzzles Build a proofreading activity With just one subscription, you will have access to the math, spelling, vocabulary, and critical thinking worksheets! Sign up now for the subscriber materials! Spain - History By Ekaterina Zhdanova-Redman For most of its history, Spain has been at the center of exploration and conquest. From the earliest years, Spanish territory was the source of all kinds of wars between Romans, Greeks, Goths, and Arabs. In its later years, Spain was a driving force in Europe's expansion into the "New World." Cave paintings in Spain suggest human history there as far back as 25,000 BC. Phoenicians and Greeks occupied Spanish lands until the 3rd century BC, when the Romans arrived on the Spanish peninsula. Taking over Spain wasn't an easy fight for the Romans. In fact, it took them about 200 years to fully take over the country. Only after these two centuries of struggles, were Roman laws and customs adopted by the Spanish natives. Roman rule didn't last too longwithin just a few hundred years, invaders from the west poured into Spain. In 409 AD, Visigoths from Germany invaded Roman Hispania (Spain's name under Roman rule.) In ten short years, the Visigoths took Spain from the Romans. The Visigoths ruled for just fewer than 300 years.

64. Oxfam's Cool Planet - On The Line - Virtual Journey Through Spain, History On the Line the history of spain. spain was called by many other names in its history such as Tartessos, Edetania, and Orphiusa. http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/spain/history.htm

Search Other Oxfam sites Cool Planet for Teacher Oxfam GB Make Trade Fair St Martin's Because of its central position on the Iberian peninsula between Europe and Africa, Spain was invaded frequently. Roman rule was established in the third century BC and was followed by Muslim and Arab invasions. Spain had no choice but to follow the dominant religion and principles of their conquerors. Definite influences in culture and language have remained from the days of these early settlers and are still evident in modern Spain. After a bloody war between the Nationalists and the Republicans, which ended in 1939, General Franco began his tyrannical fascist rule. This 36 year period crippled Spain economically and cut it off from the rest of the world. However, when Franco died in 1975, the monarchy was restored and King Juan Carlos took the throne. To this day, Spain continues to have a monarchy, but all decisions affecting the country are taken by Parliament. The royal family are very popular with the Spanish public and they support many humanitarian and moral issues. Central Parliament is called

65. Oxfam's Cool Planet - On The Line - Virtual Journey Through Spain, History, Prin On the Line Virtual journey through spain, history, printable version. spain was called by many other names in its history such as Tartessos, http://www.oxfam.org.uk/coolplanet/ontheline/explore/journey/spain/prthist.htm

St Martin Spain was called by many other names in its history such as Tartessos, Edetania , and Orphiusa . It was the Romans who gave it the name Hispania Because of its central position on the Iberian peninsula between Europe and Africa, Spain was invaded frequently. Roman rule was established in the third century BC and was followed by Muslim and Arab invasions. Spain had no choice but to follow the dominant religion and principles of their conquerors. Definite influences in culture and language have remained from the days of these early settlers and are still evident in modern Spain. After a bloody war between the Nationalists and the Republicans, which ended in 1939, General Franco began his tyrannical fascist rule. This 36 year period crippled Spain economically and cut it off from the rest of the world. However, when Franco died in 1975, the monarchy was restored and King Juan Carlos took the throne. To this day, Spain continues to have a monarchy, but all decisions affecting the country are taken by Parliament. The royal family are very popular with the Spanish public and they support many humanitarian and moral issues. Central Parliament is called Las Cortes and is elected to power every four years by all citizens able to vote (those aged over 18). There are 554 members of Parliament.

66. History And Culture In Port Of Spain - Port Of Spain Attractions - TripAdvisor history and culture Visit TripAdvisor, your source for the web s best unbiased reviews and articles about history and culture in Port of spain, Trinidad. http://www.tripadvisor.com/Attractions-g147389-Activities-c1-Port_of_Spain_Trini

Port of Spain - History and culture Sign in Sign up Reviews of hotels and vacations Home Caribbean Trinidad and Tobago ... Port of Spain attractions History and culture Port of Spain tourism: Overview Hotels Flights Attractions ... Maps, etc. Search Port of Spain - History and culture (e.g., Port of Spain hotels, Las Vegas, Paris art museum) Browse Port of Spain tourism Port of Spain hotels Flights to Port of Spain Deals ... Port of Spain vacation packages FREE News Letter Get deals, news and articles on Port of Spain Plus weekend trip ideas from your hometown e-mail this page to a friend User reviews Write a review . What was your experience with Port of Spain? Tell others what's hot and what's not. Deals on Port of Spain hotels Melbourne Inn Crowne Plaza Hotel Port Of Spain Trinidad Hilton and Conference Centre ... Courtyard Port of Spain More Port of Spain hotels Golden Tulip Kapok Hotel Hotel Normandie Forty Winks Inn ... Ville De French Guest House About TripAdvisor TripAdvisor provides unbiased reviews of attractions, activities and things to do in Port of Spain, Trinidad. - history and culture. Sponsored links * Matching travel deals: Port of Spain Port of Spain : Great Rates on Hotels Expedia.com

67. Spain - History THE NATIONAL history of spain dates back to the fifth century AD, when the Visigoths established a Germanic successor state in the former Roman diocese of http://countrystudies.us/spain/2.htm

History Spain Table of Contents THE NATIONAL HISTORY of Spain dates back to the fifth century A.D., when the Visigoths established a Germanic successor state in the former Roman diocese of Hispania. Despite a period of internal political disunity during the Middle Ages, Spain nevertheless is one of the oldest nation-states in Europe. In the late fifteenth century, Spain acquired its current borders and was united under a personal union of crowns by Ferdinand of Aragon (Spanish, Aragon) and Isabella of Castile (Spanish, Castilla). For a period in the sixteenth and the seventeenth centuries, Portugal was part of that Iberian federation. In the sixteenth century, Spain was the foremost European power, and it was deeply involved in European affairs from that period to the eighteenth century. Spain's kings ruled provinces scattered across Europe. The Spanish Empire was global, and the influence of Spanish culture was so pervasive, especially in the Americas, that Spanish is still the native tongue of more than 200 million people outside Spain. Recurrent political instability, military intervention in politics, frequent breakdowns of civil order, and periods of repressive government have characterized modern Spanish history. In the nineteenth century, Spain had a constitutional framework for parliamentary government, not unlike those of Britain and France, but it was unable to develop institutions capable of surviving the social, economic, and ideological stresses of Spanish society.

68. Projects On Spain: Its Regions, Culture And History Walter Johnson High School Media Center Pathfinder. http://www.mcps.k12.md.us/schools/wjhs/mediactr/forlangpathfinder/span400/

WJHS Pathfinder for Spanish 4 PROJECTS ON SPAIN Castillo de Javier, Pamplona, Spain Photo Source: All About Spain Assignment Topics Searching the Shelves ... Internet Sites Assignment Assignment Objectives: 1. To develop further knowledge and appreciation of Spain and its people by learning about its regions, its culture (including religious festivals, dances, music, art, customs, cuisine), and by discovering little known facts about Spain's famous people and places. 2. To do research in another languageSpanish. 3. To practice the four skills of a foreign language: reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Assignment Requirements: 1. Prepare a group presentation on your approved topic. 2. Presentation must be lively, entertaining, and informative. (NOT a lecture!) 3. Visuals (posters, videos, powerpoint) and/or Audio elements must be included in the presentation. 4. Each group must submit (as specified in Sra. Henry's handout): a topic page, detailed outline of information presented, and a typed, objective (5 multiple choice questions)

69. Spanish History Bibliography Selected subject headings spainBibliography SML Z7961 T68 2000 (LC); spain a history.New York Oxford University Press, 2000. SML DP66 S63X 2000 http://www.library.yale.edu/rsc/history/spanhist.htm

A Select Bibliography of Spanish History I. Guides to the Literature II. Atlases and Geographical Sources III. Bibliographies of Bibliographies IV. Bibliographies, Subject V. Biographical Sources VI. Book Review Sources VII. Dictionaries, Encyclopedias, Other general works VIII. Dissertations IX. Government Publications X. Libraries and Museums XI. National and Universal Bibliographies, Indexes and Abstracts XII. Periodicals Indexes and Guides XIII. Primary SourcesArchives and Manuscripts XIV. Primary SourcesElectronic texts XV. Primary SourcesMicroformat XVI. Primary SourcesNewspapers GUIDES TO THE LITERATURE Selected subject headings SpainBibliography The American Historical Association's Guide to Historical Literature . 3rd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. 2v. SML Reference Z6201 A55 1995 (LC) CCL Reference Z6201 A55 1995 (LC) Gonzalez Olle, Fernando.

70. 1Up Travel : Spain - History And Culture Of Spain. Spian Get to know everything about the history and Culture of spain. The countrys strategic location at the narrow Gibraltar made it the focus of http://www.1uptravel.com/international/europe/spain/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Europe Spain ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Spain Guide Spain Maps Spain Hotels Spain Flag ... Spain Travel Warning Spain History and Culture History Spain's location at the crossroads of European and African civilizations has given it a rich and complex history. Throughout its history Spain has been invaded and inhabited by members of many different European and non-European civilizations Archeological evidence shows that the first settlers came from North Africa and Western Europe. These groups were Iberians, Celts, and Basques. The country's strategic location at the narrow Gibraltar made it the focus of interaction with many pre-classical and classical civilizations.

71. H-Net Review: Samuel Pierce On Modern Spain: A Documentary History spain history 20th century Sources; spain history 19th century Sources. Purchasing through these links helps support HNet http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=250501101754308

72. H-Net Review: Samuel Pierce On Creating Spaniards: Culture And National Identity All scholars interested in contemporary spain and in cultural history should give it the attention it so clearly deserves. Note. 1. Published in spain as http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=246181101754171

73. SOCCER-SPAIN European Championship History SOCCERspain - Spanish national team, history, European championship, euro2000. http://www.soccer-spain.com/ssdocs/euro2004/historyeuro.html

European Championship History 1960 Withdrew With a team packed with stars such as Alfredo Di Stefano, Luis Suarez and Ladislao Kubala, Spain defeated Poland 4-2 away (Di Stefano 2, Suarez 2) and 3-0 at home (Di Stefano, Gensana, Gento). In the next round they were drawn against the Soviet Union, but Franco decided to withdraw for political reasons. 1964 Champions 1968 Quarter-finalist Spain won their qualifying group (with Rep.Ireland, Turkey and Czechoslovakia) and the quarter finals were against England. The first leg at Wembley was 1-0 for England with the winner scored by Bobby Charlton. In Madrid, Amancio scored to level but England rallied with goals from Martin Peters and Norman Hunter for a final score of 2-1 to England and elimination for Spain. 1972 Failed to qualify In the qualifying group Spain finished second and were thus out of the competition. They beat Cyprus 2-0 away (Pirri, Violeta) and 7-0 at home (Pirri 2, Quino 2, Aguilar, Lora, Txetxu Rojo) but Spain lost and drew with the Soviet Union 2-1 (Rexach) and 0-0, and after beating Northern Ireland 3-0 in Sevilla (Rexach, Pirri, Luis), could only draw 1-1 (Txetxu Rojo) in Northern Ireland. The coach Kubala blamed their failure on the high number of foreign and Spanish nationalised players who were playing in the Spanish league at the time, preventing youngsters from coming through. 1976 Quarter finals 1980 Qualified

74. AllRefer.com - Spain : History : Muslim Spain And The Christian Reconquest, Spai AllRefer.com reference and encyclopedia resource provides complete information on spain history Muslim spain and the Christian Reconquest, http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/S/Spain-history-muslim-spain-and-the-

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 26, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Spanish And Portuguese Political Geography ... Spain By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z S Spain, Spanish And Portuguese Political Geography Related Category: Spanish And Portuguese Political Geography Spain, Span. Espana A Pronunciation Key History- Muslim Spain and the Christian Reconquest The Moors , as the Berber conquerors were called, soon conquered the entire peninsula except for Asturias and the Basque country. COrdoba became the capital of the emir, who governed in the name of the Baghdad caliph. In 756, however, Abd ar-Rahman I , scion of the Umayyad dynasty, established an independent emirate. This Muslim state, which reached its greatest splendor under Abd ar-Rahman III , who set up the Western caliphate, or caliphate of COrdoba, included all but northernmost Spain. In the northeast, Charlemagne created (778) the Spanish March, out of which grew the county of Barcelona (i.e., Catalonia). In the W Pyrenees, the Basques held out against both Frankish and Moorish attacks and eventually united in the kingdom of Navarre. Asturias, the only remnant of Visigothic Spain, became the focus of the Christian reconquest. The rulers of Asturias, who were descended from the semilegendary

75. Spain - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia See history of the Jews in spain. Over the past thirty years, spain has become a more secularised society. The number of believers has decreased http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain

Spain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Spain portal Reino de Espa±a Flag Coat of Arms Motto Plus Ultra ... Latin : "Further Beyond") Anthem Marcha Real Capital Madrid ... July 2005 est. census Density 85/km² ( GDP PPP estimate $1,026,340 million ( Currency Euro EUR Time zone ... Calling code In some autonomous communities, Catalan Basque , and Galician are co-official; in the Val d'Aran , the Aranese dialect of Occitan is co-official Prior to Spanish Peseta Except in the Canary Islands, which are in the GMT time zone ( UTC UTC = +1 in summer). The Kingdom of Spain or Spain Spanish and Galician Reino de Espa±a or Espa±a Catalan Regne d'Espanya Basque Espainiako Erresuma Asturian Reinu d'Espa±a or Espa±a ) is a country located in the southwest of Europe . It shares the Iberian Peninsula with Portugal Gibraltar and Andorra . To the northeast, along the Pyrenees mountain range, it borders France and the tiny principality of Andorra . It includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean Sea , the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean , the cities of Ceuta and Melilla in north Africa , and a number of uninhabited islands on the Mediterranean side of the strait of Gibraltar , known as Plazas de soberan­a , such as the Chafarine islands, the "rocks" (es:

76. EUROPA - IDABC - EGovernment Factsheet - Spain - History European CommissionIDABC uses information and communication technologies to support the delivery of cross-border public sector services to citizens and http://europa.eu.int/idabc/en/document/1369/413

document.write(""); document.write("English"); document.write(""); en eGovernment Factsheets by country eGovernment Factsheet - Spain > eGovernment Factsheet - Spain - History Contact Who 's Who Search on EUROPA eGovernment Observatory ... eGovernment Forum Search MyIDABC Call for Tenders Site Map eGovernment Factsheet - Spain - History Main developments and key milestones (in reverse chronological order) Last updated: June 2005 For the latest developments, see: eGovernment News - Spain 20 May 2005 A decree is adopted to restructure the management framework for e-government. Among other things, the Higher Council for Informatics and for the Impulsion of Electronic Administration (CIAE) changes name and becomes the Higher Council for Electronic Administration . The Council is an inter-ministerial organism chaired by the Ministry of Public Administrations and tasked with the preparation and development of the e-government strategy and policy for the Spain ’s central administration.

77. CNS STORY: Three Minutes Changed Spain's History, Church-state Relations BARCELONA, spain (CNS) The course of Spanish history changed in just three minutes in the early morning of March 11, 2004, the day known by Spaniards as http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0501418.htm

Home About Us Contacts Products News Items: Headlines News Briefs Stories Movies ... Word To Life Special Items: Vatican Election 2004 Africa Charter update ... John Jay study Other Items: Client Area Links Archives: Origins Did You Know... The whole CNS public Web site headlines, briefs stories, etc, represents less than one percent of the daily news report. Get all the news! If you would like more information about the Catholic News Service daily news report, please contact CNS at one of the following: cns@ catholicnews.com or This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or otherwise distributed. (c) 2005 Catholic News Service/U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops. CNS Story: SPAIN-CHURCH Mar-11-2005 (840 words) Backgrounder and analysis. With photo. xxxi Three minutes changed Spain's history, church-state relations By Julius Purcell Catholic News Service BARCELONA, Spain (CNS) The course of Spanish history changed in just three minutes in the early morning of March 11, 2004, the day known by Spaniards as "11-M." This was the time it took for all 10 al-Qaida bombs to explode on rush-hour trains in Madrid, killing 191 people and triggering the series of political events that led, three days later, to the surprise election defeat of the Conservative government by the Socialists.

78. Spain's History Over the six centuries of Rome s ruling they left a big impact on spain. Franco died in 1975, bringing to an end a period of Spanish history and opening http://staff.esuhsd.org/~balochie/studentprojects/spain/history.html

Spain's History Introduction Over the six centuries of Rome's ruling they left a big impact on Spain. They left the: Roman law, the Christian religion, and the Latin language. After the Romans had left Spain many other tribes of people tried to conquer Spain but most of them lost against the Visigoths. The Visigoths had complete control over Spain at the time. Then during the 8th century Arabs started entering from the South. They had started to conquer most of the country except for one portion in the North (but eventually was conquered eight centuries later). The period of Muslim sway is divided into three periods: The Emirate (711 to 756 A.D.), the Caliphate (756 to 1031 A.D.) and the Reinos de Taifas (1031 to 1492 A.D.) In 1469, the marriage of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon, prepared the way for the union of the two kingdoms and marked the opening of a period of growing success for Spain, since during their reign, Granada, the last stronghold of the Arabs in Spain, was conquered and, at the same time, in the same historic year of 1492, the caravels sent by the Crown of Castile under the command of Christopher Columbus discovered America. The Canary Islands became part of Spanish territory (1495), the hegemony of Spain in the Mediterranean, to the detriment of France, was affirmed with the conquest of the Kingdom of Naples, and Navarre was incorporated into the Kingdom. The next two centuries, the 16th and the 17th, witnessed the construction and apogee of the Spanish Empire as a result of which the country, under the aegis of the Austrians, became the world's foremost power, and European politics hinged upon it.

79. Untitled Document Timeline of spain s history. 25000 to 10000 BC The cave paintings of Pinal, Pena de Candamo, El Pendal, Pasiega, Ribadesella and Altamira express the http://staff.esuhsd.org/~balochie/studentprojects/spain/Timeline.html

Timeline of Spain's History 25,000 to 10,000 B.C.: The cave paintings of Pinal, Pena de Candamo, El Pendal, Pasiega, Ribadesella and Altamira express the existence of a fine culture in the Magdalenian period. 1,100 B.C.: The Phoenicians found Gadir or Gades (Cadiz), Baria Adra, Almunecar and Malaga. 1,000 B.C.: Civilization of the Tartessians. The Celts begin to arrive from across the Pyrenees. 7th century B.C.: The Greeks found Hemeroscopiaon and Manake. 6th century B.C.: Emporio (Ampurias) and Rhodaes (Rosas) founded. 237 B.C.: Hamilcar takes the S. and SE. and founds Akra Leuke (Alicante). Hasdrubal founds Cartago Nova (Cartagena) 218 to 201 B.C.: Hannibal takes Saguntum (Punic War). The Carthaginians invade Italy. Scipio lands in Spain and defeats Hasdrubal in Tarraco (Tarragona), Illipa (Alcala del Rio) and Gadir. Rome annexes the country and divides it into two provinces: Hispanis Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. 209 B.C.: Decline of Hannibal's army in Italy and beginning of the great Roman conquest of Spain. Rome annexes the country and divides it into two provinces: Hispania Citerior and Hispania Ulterior. 143 to 139 B.C.: Viriatus and the Lusitanians fight the Roman legions.

80. Spain - Definition Of Spain By The Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus And Encyclo spain in the free online English dictionary and encyclopedia. spain map, flag of spain, spain flag, maps of spain, history of spain, geography of spain. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Spain

Domain='thefreedictionary.com' word='Spain' Your help is needed: American Red Cross The Salvation Army join mailing list webmaster tools Word (phrase): Word Starts with Ends with Definition subscription: Dictionary/ thesaurus Computing dictionary Medical dictionary Legal dictionary Financial dictionary Acronyms Columbia encyclopedia Wikipedia encyclopedia ... encyclopedia Spain Also found in: Columbia Wikipedia Hutchinson 0.01 sec. Page tools Printer friendly Cite / link Email Feedback Spain (sp n) A country of southwest Europe comprising most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic and Canary Islands. Inhabited since the Stone Age, the region was colonized by Phoenicians and Greeks and later ruled by Carthage and Rome (after 201 b.c. ). Barbarians first invaded Spain in a.d. 409 but were supplanted by Moors from North Africa (711-719), who organized a kingdom known for its learning and splendor. The Moors were gradually displaced by small Christian states and were ousted from their last stronghold, Granada, in 1492. Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile then became rulers of a united Spain, which became a world power through exploration and conquest. After the empire was lost in the 18th and 19th centuries, Spain experienced social and economic unrest that culminated in the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and the rise of Francisco Franco. After Franco's death in 1975 the monarchy was restored under King Juan Carlos, who oversaw the creation of a parliamentary democracy. Madrid is the capital and the largest city. Population: 40,200,000.

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