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         Spain Government:     more books (100)
  1. The Reinvention of Spain: Nation and Identity since Democracy by Sebastian Balfour, Alejandro Quiroga, 2007-12-15
  2. Federal regulation of the municipal bond market.: An article from: Government Finance Review by Cathy Spain, Ruth Wallick, 1993-08-01
  3. Franco's Spain (Contemporary History Series) by Jean Grugel, Tim Rees, 1997-09-26
  4. An Historical Essay on Modern Spain (Campus; 118) by Richard Herr, 1974-11-20
  5. Twentieth-Century Spain: Politics and Society in Spain, 1898-1998 (European History in Perspective) by Francisco J. Romero Salvado, 1999-07-02
  6. A value-added tax and state and local governments: lessons from Canada.: An article from: Government Finance Review by Cathy Spain, 1993-10-01
  7. Controlling the Cost of Risk in State and Local Governments.(the Public Risk Database Project)(Industry Overview): An article from: Government Finance Review by Catherine L. Spain, 2000-10-01
  8. Tax simplification 101: an arbitrage rebate safe-harbor proposal. (Government Finance Officers Assn's safe-harbor proposal): An article from: Government Finance Review by Catherine L. Spain, 1997-06-01
  9. GAO report profiles state and local finances for Congress. (General Accounting Office) (Federal Focus): An article from: Government Finance Review by Cathy Spain, 1993-12-01
  10. GFOA joins effort to improve bondholder communications. (Government Finance Officers Association): An article from: Government Finance Review by Catherine J. Spain, 1998-02-01
  11. The Municipal Securities Information Library system. (information retrieval system of the Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board)(includes related article): An article from: Government Finance Review by Christopher A. Taylor, Thomas A. Hutton, et all 1993-04-01
  12. The delicate balance - federal preemption and regulation of state and local governments.: An article from: Government Finance Review by Cathy Spain, 1992-06-01
  13. Washington wrap-up - 1991 annual report. (Government Finance Officers Association): An article from: Government Finance Review by Joanne Field, Cathy Spain, et all 1992-02-01
  14. GFOA recommended practices help finance officers do the right thing. (Government Finance Officers Association's book ' Recommended Practices for State ... An article from: Government Finance Review by Catherine L. Spain, 1997-06-01

61. Archaeological Digs In Spain 2006
Archaeological fieldwork opportunities in spain and Italy for students interested in the Roman, preRoman and Celtic worlds. Participants join research teams from Spanish universities and Spanish government agencies.
http://www.archaeospain.com
Search our programs by Season Spring Summer Fall Winter See All Seasons Site Period Bronze Age Iron Age - Iberian / Celtiberian Roman Medieval See All Periods Location Northern Spain Central Spain Balearic Islands Rome, Italy Show All Locations Site Clunia Pintia Plaza de Moros Monte Testaccio Tedeja Tiermes Torralba Pollentia (HS) See all Programs
ArchaeoSpain
Join other university students excavating at important dig sites in Spain and Italy. Experience and learn about all aspects of the archaeological process, including excavation, mapping, finds processing and restoration. Academic credit available. No Spanish required.
ArchaeoSpain - PO Box 1331 Farmington, CT 06034 - United States - Tel: +1 (888) 689 7670 / Fax: +1 (860) 751 6895

62. The Tranquillity Digest
government secondary school located in Port of spain, Trinidad.
http://www.tranquillity.edu.tt
About Us Our History Diary of Events Extra Curricular Alumni CAPE Informaton Achievement Day Transcript Request Links - Other Schools - Educational Sites CXC Degree Guestbook
Faces of Tranquillity ~ The Will Does It ~ Tranquillity Government Secondary is situated in Port of Spain, the capital city of the
Founded since August 2nd 1852, we remain steadfast in our resolve to satisfy the social, spiritual and academic needs of our students.
WELCOME TO TRANQUILLITY
5-7 Victoria Avenue, Port of Spain
Tel/Fax: (868) 625-3264
E-mail: tranquil@tstt.net.tt
International Telecollaboration Affiliates What's Happening Students interested in doing CAPE subjects at Tranquillity, get all the information you need: Options, Prerequisites, etc. Click Here ! Tranquil participated in a British Council Project on film making. Students , in collaboration with students of QRC produced a film entitled 'D Block', directed by drama teacher Ms. Debra Boucaud-Mason. About Us Our History Diary of Events Alumni ... Profiles This site accessed
Since Aug. 7, 1999

63. Government Country Information For Spain
International Real Estate, Expatriate resources, Resources for Americans fleeingAmerica, Search the largest expatriate database of embassies,
http://www.escapeartist.com/spain/country.html
Index for Spain Index for Europe Living in Spain
The Expat’s Guide to Living in Spain - A report on moving to Spain. The nation that produced the twentieth centuries best artists; including Picasso and Miro. The backdrop for the novel The Sun Also Rises by Ernest Hemingway, the novel about expats that changed our perspective of the world. Spain is among the quintessential expat destinations. With fine real estate, excellent food, profound culture, and some of Europe's best islands and beaches, Spain is an extremely worthy consideration as an expat destination. This report by Arin Vahanian, eighty pages in length, provides the details that we need when considering Spain as a destination. Real Estate, Contacts, Employment, Legal Considerations, Citizenship, all laid out in a comprehensive easy to read format. An Expat’s Guide to Living in Spain will save you money, answer your questions, and prepare you to live in Spain. Available online in eBook form: An Expat’s Guide to Living in Spain - Click Here to learn more CIA World Factbook - CIA World Factbook - The Official Central Intelligence Agency Web site for The World Factbook.

64. Unión Liberal Cubana                           
spainbased market liberal group explains their vision for non-violent transition to a democratic form of government, with links to media articles. English/Spanish
http://www.cubaliberal.org/

Entrar

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65. Governments On The WWW: Spain
Translate this page Gobierno de Canarias government of the Canary Islands Embajada de Españaen Andorra la Vella, Andorra Embassy of spain in Andorra la Vella, Andorra
http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/es.html
Governments on the WWW: Spain
Home Table of Contents List of Countries Signs and Symbols ... Feedback
Official languages: Spanish - in parts of the country: Catalan, Galician, Basque
General Resources:
  • National Institutions:
    • [The King of Spain]
    • Congreso de los Diputados [Congress of the Deputies]
    • [Senate of Spain]
    • Gobierno [Government]
    • [Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food]
      • [National Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Research and Technology]
      • [Spanish Institute of Oceanography]
      Ministerio de Defensa (MD) [Ministry of Defence]
    • Ministerio de Fomento [Ministry of Development]
      • [National Geographical Institute]
      [Ministry of Economy]
      • [State Secretariat of Commerce and Tourism]
        • [General Directorate of Commercial Politics]
        • [Spanish Institute of External Commerce]
        • [Institute of Tourism]
        • [Institute of Touristic Studies]
      • [National Institute of Statistics]
      • [National Energy Commission]
      • [Commission for the Telecommunications Market]
      • [National Commission for the Securities Market]
      • Tribunal de Defensa de la Competencia
    • [Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport]
  • 66. LESOTHO HIGH COMMISSION LONDON
    Located in London and accredited to the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland, spain and Portugal, as well as the Commonwealth. Includes a list of staff of the High Commission, a country profile, and links to government sites.
    http://www.lesotholondon.org.uk/
    LESOTHO HIGH COMMISSION LONDON
    LESOTHO WHERE THE MOUNTAINS MEET THE SKY
    Message from the High Commissioner
    Foreign Missions and International Orgs in Lesotho
    High Commission staff
    Government Ministries ... Contact us KHOTSO, PULA, NALA
    (PEACE, RAIN, PROSPERITY) Welcome to the Website of the Lesotho High Commission in London Lesotho High Commission
    7 Chesham Place
    Belgravia
    London
    Tel: 020 7235 5686
    Fax: 020 7235 5023
    Email: lhc@lesotholondon.org.uk Please send your comments . This website was updated 21/11/02

    67. Sprachkurs Spanisch In Spanien
    Officially proved and government subsidized Spanishschools in spain. Select several locations in spain.
    http://www.spanishinspain.org/
    September 26, 2005 Sprachkurs Spanien In your Language: Finde Deinen Sprachkurs in Spanien Startseite Informiere Dich auf den
    Seiten der Schulen:
  • Alicante Avila Barcelona Granada ... Valencia

  • Finden sie meitere informationen auf der seite der schule:
  • en Alicante en Avila ... Über uns

  • Community:
  • Seite weiterempfehlen Schreib uns Verbessere Dein Spanisch

  • Wähle eine Stadt, um mehr Infos zu erhalten!

    Deine Vorteile:
  • Alle Schulen besitzen das Qualitäts-Zertifikat CEELE von der Universität Alcalá. Vom Informieren bis zum Buchen kannst Du alles online machen. Nützliche Werkzeuge, wie etwa das Online-Wörterbuch oder der Verb-Konjugator helfen Dir auch zuhause Dein Spanisch anzuwenden.

  • Zielorte
    Spezielle Kurse Barcelona
    Wochenendkurs
    Granada
    Arabische Kultur
    ... Sprachreise Spanien: Warum sie nützlich ist

    68. Bienvenidos A Paradores
    spain's distinguished chain of government owned hotels, normally in notable historical buildings; some Paradores use purpose built buildings these are located in selected natural settings.
    http://www.parador.es/
    Acceso directo a Paradores Aiguablava Alarcón Albacete Alcalá de Henares Alcañiz Almagro Antequera Arcos de la Frontera Argómaniz Artíes Avila Ayamonte Baiona Benavente Benicarló Bielsa Cáceres Cádiz Calahorra Cambados Cangas de Onís Cañadas del Teide Cardona Carmona Cazorla Cervera de Pisuerga Ceuta Chinchón Ciudad Rodrigo Córdoba Cuenca Ferrol Fuente Dé Gijón Gomera, La Granada Gredos Guadalupe Hierro, El Hondarribia Jaén Jarandilla de la Vera Jávea León Lerma Limpias Málaga Gibralfaro Málaga Golf Manzanares Mazagón Melilla Mérida Mojácar Monforte de Lemos Nerja Olite Oropesa Palma, La Plasencia Pontevedra Puebla de Sanabria Puerto Lumbreras Ribadeo Ronda Salamanca Saler, El Santiago de Compostela Santillana Santillana Gil Blas Santo Domingo Bernardo de Fresneda Santo Domingo de la Calzada Santo Estevo Segovia Seu d'Urgell, La Sigüenza Soria Sos del Rey Católico Teruel Toledo Tordesillas Tortosa Trujillo Tui Ubeda Verín Vic-Sau Vielha Vilalba Villafranca del Bierzo Zafra Zamora Elige provincia ................. A Coruña Alava Albacete Alicante Almería Asturias Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Cantabria Castellón Ceuta Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Guipúzcoa Huelva Huesca Jaén La Rioja León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Melilla Murcia Navarra Ourense Palencia Pontevedra Salamanca Segovia Sevilla Soria Tarragona Tenerife Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Zamora Zaragoza Elige entorno ...................

    69. Norway
    Located in Port of spain and accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, Barbados, Commonwealth of Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and Trinidad and Tobago. Offers links to government and tourist board sites, archieves of the Norway Daily a news bulletin from major Norwegian newspapers compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Visa information is also provided for Caribbean citizens desiring to visit or work in Norway.
    http://ud33.mogul.no/

    70. Spain - Government
    thousands windows on the world constantly updated.
    http://www.exxun.com/Spain/d_gv.html

    exxun.com

    america

    europe

    africa
    ...
    world
    Evolving xxlarge UNion - thousands of windows on the world - constantly updated Home Countries Flags Maps ... Notes and Definitions
    EU Member Spain
    Espana
    Flag Introduction Map Geography ... Music Translation Government Spain Country name:
    conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
    conventional short form: Spain
    local short form: Espana Dependency status: void Government type: parliamentary monarchy Capital: Madrid Administrative divisions: 17 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma)and 2 autonomous cities* (ciudades autonomas, singular - ciudad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta*, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Comunidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla*, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country) note: the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla plus three small islands of Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, administered directly by the Spanish central government, are all located off the coast of Morocco and are collectively referred to as Places of Sovereignty (Plazas de Soberania) Dependent areas: void Independence: the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in the early 8th century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day

    71. Kenya Embassy Paris: International Relations
    Located in Paris and accredited to France, spain, Portugal, Serbia and Montenegro, the Holy See and UNESCO. With information about Kenya, its government, business and tourism.
    http://www.kenyaembassyparis.org/
    WELCOME
    This Website provides information on business, nature and physical geography.
    Kenya is a land of contrast and a country endowed with rich natural heritage. It is, therefore, not surprising that Kenya is sometimes described as all of Africa in one country - beautiful landscape and wonderful people.
    The Website has links to relevant sector sites with selected and neatly arranged information to meet your needs.
    MISSION OBJECTIVE:
    Our mandate includes the following:
  • To promote and protect Kenya's national interests;
  • 72. Spain's Govt 'twisted' Bombings For Gains - Report
    spain s previous centerright government manipulated and twisted the Madridtrain bombings of March 2004 in a bid to salvage general elections three days
    http://www.prisonplanet.com/articles/june2005/230605twistedbombings.htm
    Spain's govt 'twisted' bombings for gains - report Spain's previous center-right government "manipulated and twisted" the Madrid train bombings of March 2004 in a bid to salvage general elections three days later, a parliamentary commission found on Wednesday. In a 200-page report after a year of bitter wrangling, the commission accused Jose Maria Aznar's Popular Party (PP) government of ignoring police warnings that its support for the Iraq war increased the threat from Islamic terrorism in Spain. The PP, which lost power to the Socialist party amid a backlash at its handling of the Islamic militant bombings, was the only party not to support the commission's findings. Despite mounting evidence to the contrary, including a tape by an Islamic group saying the attack was a reprisal for Spain's role in Iraq, the PP insisted Basque separatist guerrillas ETA were the prime suspects in the attacks which killed 191 people. "The objective was to influence public opinion about the authors of the attack and avoid political consequences which might harm the electoral interests of the Popular Party," read the final report. The report alleged the PP was afraid of public outcry if the bombings were linked to its unpopular support for the Iraq war.

    73. BBC NEWS | World | Europe | Spain's Government Ousted In Poll
    Socialists win a shock victory as voters appear to spurn the government over itshandling of the Madrid bombings.
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3511886.stm
    Home
    TV

    Radio

    Talk
    ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Last Updated: Monday, 15 March, 2004, 08:13 GMT E-mail this to a friend Printable version Spain's government ousted in poll
    The Madrid blasts are thought to have swayed the vote Spain's Socialist Party has won a shock election victory after voters appeared to turn on the government over its handling of the Madrid bombings.
    Jose Maria Aznar's Popular Party insisted Basque militants had carried out the attacks that killed 200, despite possible links to al-Qaeda. Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, Spain's new prime minister-elect, has said his first priority is to fight terrorism. Socialists won 42% of the vote, while the centre-right Popular Party won 38%. The BBC's Chris Morris, in Madrid, says the train bombings did more than shock Spain to the core; they proved to be the decisive factor in the general election that ousted the government. Congratulations Mr Zapatero was - until Thursday's bombings - considered an outsider for Spain's top job. PROVISIONAL SPANISH ELECTION RESULTS Socialists (PSOE): 42% Popular Party (PP): 38% Catalan Regional Party (CiU): 3% Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC): 2.5%

    74. Barcelona News.Net
    Features Barcelona news, weather, sports, government sites, links to local city newspapers, and a map of spain.
    http://barcelonanews.net/
    images= new Array(8); images[0] = new Image; images[0].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left.jpg"; images[1] = new Image; images[1].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_left_bg.jpg"; images[2] = new Image; images[2].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_middle.jpg"; images[3] = new Image; images[3].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right_bg.jpg"; images[4] = new Image; images[4].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_right.jpg"; images[5] = new Image; images[5].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_top_lower.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_left_bg.jpg"; images[6] = new Image; images[6].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_right_bg.jpg"; images[7] = new Image; images[7].src = "images/modules/module_cyan_bottom.jpg";
    World News British troops to be withdrawn from Iraq Big News Network.com Texas, Louisiana breathe sigh of relief Big News Network.com Tens of thousands protest war in capitol Big News Network.com Louisiana, Texas residents urged to delay return home

    75. BBC NEWS | Europe | Spain Probes Firefighter Deaths
    spain s government has pleaded with Spaniards not to smoke or light fires inareas judged likely to set ablaze. Fires are also burning in Portugal,
    http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/click/rss/1.0/-/2/hi/europe/4139084.stm
    News
    Sport

    Weather

    World Service
    ... Newswatch LANGUAGES Last Updated: Wednesday, 10 August 2005, 16:43 GMT 17:43 UK E-mail this to a friend Printable version Spain probes firefighter deaths The blaze in Guadalajara was controlled but at a high cost Spanish politicians investigating a forest fire that killed 11 firefighters have questioned members of the regional government about their emergency plans.
    The chief environmental officer in the affected region told an MPs' committee emergency plans were followed but said the blaze was unstoppable. The firefighters' deaths have caused a scandal in Spain, which has been hit by another major blaze in Jaen province. Fires in southern Europe in 2005 have been blamed on droughts and negligence. As well as Spain, serious forest fires have hit Portugal, Italy, Greece and the south of France. European Union officials say the situation in the affected countries is comparable to that in 2003, when record high temperatures sparked barely-controlled blazes across the continent. Extensive questioning The Spanish probe into the deaths of 11 firefighters in the forests of Guadalajara in June is expected to interrogate dozens of public figures to establish what happened.

    76. CNN.com - Spain Rejects Extremist Iraq Government - Apr. 22, 2003
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/04/22/sprj.nitop.spain/index.html
    The Web CNN.com Home Page World U.S. Weather ... Special Reports SERVICES Video E-mail Newsletters CNNtoGO SEARCH Web CNN.com
    Spain rejects extremist Iraq government
    Story Tools SPECIAL REPORT Timeline: A new government Flash: Government structure Chart: Iraq's National Assembly Interactive: Iraq's population Coalition Casualties Special Report QUICKVOTE Is Spain's foreign minister right in being worried about an extremist Islamic government coming to power in Iraq?
    Yes No VIEW RESULTS MADRID, Spain (CNN) Spain's Foreign Minister Ana Palacio said Tuesday she does not want an "extremist Islamic government" in power in Iraq. Palacio, during a news conference with Tunisia's foreign minister, said she would not "wish" an extremist Islamic government on the people of Iraq and that such a government would not "benefit" Iraqis. Palacio originally said she did not want an "Islamic government" to run Iraq. But apparently she misspoke, because moments after the news conference ended, an aide whispered something to Palacio, and the foreign minister returned to the podium to clarify her statements. "There are Islamic governments and there are Islamic governments," Palacio said. "I meant Spain does not want an extremist Islamic government in Iraq."

    77. Spain - Government
    The capital of spain is Madrid, and its government is a parliamentary monarchy.
    http://www.classbrain.com/art_cr/publish/spain_government.shtml
    Home 1st - 3rd Grade Ask ClassBrain Biographies Corporate Information Country Reports Defining Documents Freedom Files Games Mission Reports Monthy Grab Bag Monuments and Memorials Movies in the Classroom State Reports Teens ClassBrain Store Country Reports World Info World Maps A - An ...
    Sp - Sy
    : Spain Last Updated: Feb 7th, 2005 - 21:06:07
    Spain - Government
    By CIA Factbook
    Jan 17, 2005, 15:48
    Email this article

    Printer friendly page

    Government Spain Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
    conventional short form: Spain
    local short form: Espana Government type: parliamentary monarchy Capital: Madrid Administrative divisions: 19 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
    note: three small Spanish possessions are located off the coast of Morocco: Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera; Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of North Africa gained limited autonomous status in 1994

    78. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Right Of Exclusion
    The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were person¦ minus grat¦, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election.
    http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05677b.htm
    Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... E > Right of Exclusion A B C D ... CICDC - Home of the Catholic Lifetime Reading Plan
    Right of Exclusion
    (Latin The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to indicate to their respective cardinal protector , or cardinal procurator, those members of the Sacred College who were so that, if there was a possibility of one of these becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the name of his government, against such election. At one time this veto was given orally; later it was given in writing. The cardinal protector , or cardinal procurator, who cast the veto, was, as a rule, that member of the Sacred College who had been created a cardinal at the desire of his government. This declaration could only be made at the last moment, for the reason that, by traditional usage, a government might invoke this alleged right only once at the same conclave , and consequently would not wish to employ it unnecessarily. A veto made after the election was not recognized. Opinions differ widely as to the antiquity of this right. It cannot be proved that it is in any way related to the rights in the papal election, exercised by German kings and emperors in the early

    79. Spain - Government
    spain spain government By CIA Factbook Jan 17, 2005, 1548 conventional shortform spain local short form Espana. government type
    http://www.classbrain.com/art_cr/publish/printer_spain_government.shtml
    From Classbrain.com
    Spain
    Spain - Government
    By CIA Factbook
    Jan 17, 2005, 15:48
    Government Spain Country name: conventional long form: Kingdom of Spain
    conventional short form: Spain
    local short form: Espana Government type: parliamentary monarchy Capital: Madrid Administrative divisions: 19 autonomous communities (comunidades autonomas, singular - comunidad autonoma); Andalucia, Aragon, Asturias, Baleares (Balearic Islands), Ceuta, Canarias (Canary Islands), Cantabria, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leon, Cataluna, Communidad Valenciana, Extremadura, Galicia, La Rioja, Madrid, Melilla, Murcia, Navarra, Pais Vasco (Basque Country)
    note: three small Spanish possessions are located off the coast of Morocco: Islas Chafarinas, Penon de Alhucemas, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera; Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of North Africa gained limited autonomous status in 1994 Independence: the Iberian peninsula was characterized by a variety of independent kingdoms prior to the Moslem occupation that began in the early 8th Century A. D. and lasted nearly seven centuries; the small Christian redoubts of the north began the reconquest almost immediately, culminating in the seizure of Granada in 1492; this event completed the unification of several kingdoms and is traditionally considered the forging of present-day Spain National holiday: National Day, 12 October

    80. AllRefer.com - Spain - Government Health And Welfare Programs | Spanish Informat
    allRefer Reference provides detailed information on this topic. Browse throughthis article and follow related links for complete research.
    http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/spain/spain70.html
    You are here allRefer Reference Spain
    History
    ...
    Spain
    Spain
    Government Health and Welfare Programs
    Following the reform of the government's social services in 1978, all social security benefits were under the supervision of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. In addition, the Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs was responsible for public health and health education programs. In the government's 1988 budget, these programs were allocated about US$22.5 billion, a 9 percent increase over 1987 and about 23.3 percent of the total budget. Unemployment insurance has been available in Spain since 1919, but the state has provided benefits to those out of work only since 1961. Insured workers contributed between 1.1 and 6.3 percent of covered earnings according to 12 occupational classes, while employers contributed between 5.2 and 6.3 percent of payroll, and the state added a variable subsidy. Benefits covered the insured for up to twenty-four months under normal circumstances, and they could range between 60 and 80 percent of covered earnings. Only about 60 percent of the registered unemployed received benefits, however, because the law excluded short-term and casual employees as well as those seeking their first jobs and because agricultural workers were covered under a special program. During the 1980s, the state's share of funding for social security programs expanded rapidly, while the proportion contributed by employers and employees declined correspondingly. In the 1970s, the state was contributing only 5 percent; however, by the 1980s the figure had risen to more than 20 percent, still quite low by West European standards. Many employers complained because of the relatively high proportion (85 percent) that they had to contribute to the non-state portion of social security funding; some even falsified records or refused to make the payments, leaving their employees without benefits. Slightly less than two-thirds of social security expenditures were paid out in cash benefits, principally in the form of pensions to the aged, widows, orphans, and the disabled. The remaining third was spent on health, on social services, and, in small part, on administration.

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