21. Jodrell Bank's Role In Early Space Tracking Activities - Part 2 An article by Sven Grahn spaceflight History, space Radio tracking and Soviet media published an extensive description of the probe s mission and its http://www.jb.man.ac.uk/public/story/tracking/jodrole2.htm

Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities - Part 2 An article by Sven Grahn - "Spaceflight History, Space Radio Tracking and Space Technology" web site Table of Contents Part 1 A strange new world The creation of the telescope and the observatory How Jodrell Bank was drawn into space tracking Space tracking exploits by Jodrell Bank The Able program The U.S. Army/JPL lunar probes Supporting the Able project again The early Soviet Luna probes Luna 1 - whizzing past the moon - did anyone hear it? Luna 2 - the first spacecraft to reach another celestial body Luna 3 - the first view of the moon's far side Part 2 Tracking Soviet Interplanetary probes Venera-1 Mars-1 Zond 1 and 2 ... References and Notes Tracking Soviet Interplanetary probes Venera-1 After the Soviet lunar probe launches in 1958,1959 and early 1960 see table of Soviet Venus probe launches their focus shifted to planetary flights. In October 1960 two unsuccessful Mars probe launches were made and the Venus probe launch window that opened in early February 1961 was also used by the Soviet Union. The first launch on 4 February failed when the last stage of the launch vehicle was stranded in earth orbit. The ullage rocket module (BOZ) of the fourth stage did not fire when a DC converter supplying power to the pyro timer failed . However, the second probe, Venera-1 (manufacturer's code; 1VA) smoothly left earth orbit on 12 February 1961. We now know

22. Space Infrared Technologies Center Of Excellence The first mission area, spacebased surveillance of space, includes the For example, multi-band FPAs are required for detecting and tracking the http://www.afrlhorizons.com/Briefs/0009/VS0007.html

23. Gyre.org : Space Warfare : Space Tracking space Control? mission is necessary, only how soon it will have to be performed. Amateur sky watchers are tracking US spy satellites on the Web, http://www.gyre.org/news/related/Space Warfare/Space Tracking

search Animal Machine Interface Artificial Life Asteroid Defense Biological Warfare ... Virtual Reality SUBSCRIBE for updates SPACE WARFARE : SPACE TRACKING News Resources Bibliography Next 10 Articles Random 10 Articles Viewing articles through of in the category: Space Warfare and the subtopic: Space Tracking The Next Galileo Flap? EU Space Surveillance Move Provides Opportunities, Challenges for U.S. Theresa Hitchens Space News May 16, 2005 Comments The author argues that it is in the best interests of the U.S. to cooperate with the European Union on the development of an expanded space surveillance network. Explore Related: Category Space Warfare Satellites Keywords European Union International Cooperation Space Tracking Satellite watchers worried about Air Force restrictions ... Spaceflightnow March 02, 2005 Comments William Harwood reports on a new U.S. Air Force project to share satellite tracking data over the web. The program has been controversial because it requires for security reasons that all users agree not to share or re-distribute the date, which is frustrating for amateur satellite tracking groups used to sharing data openly. Explore Related: Category Space Warfare Satellites Keywords Space Tracking Framework Openness A spy satellite?s rise ... and faked fall

24. Gyre.org : Keywords : Space Tracking Keywords in space Warfare, space tracking, Stealth Satellites space Control?mission is necessary, only how soon it will have to be performed. http://www.gyre.org/news/explore/Space Tracking

search Animal Machine Interface Artificial Life Asteroid Defense Biological Warfare ... Virtual Reality SUBSCRIBE for updates KEYWORDS : SPACE TRACKING News Resources Bibliography Next 10 Articles Random 10 Articles Viewing articles through of in the subtopic: Space Tracking The Next Galileo Flap? EU Space Surveillance Move Provides Opportunities, Challenges for U.S. Theresa Hitchens Space News May 16, 2005 Comments The author argues that it is in the best interests of the U.S. to cooperate with the European Union on the development of an expanded space surveillance network. Explore Related: Category Space Warfare Satellites Keywords in Space Warfare European Union International Cooperation Space Tracking Satellite watchers worried about Air Force restrictions ... Spaceflightnow March 02, 2005 Comments William Harwood reports on a new U.S. Air Force project to share satellite tracking data over the web. The program has been controversial because it requires for security reasons that all users agree not to share or re-distribute the date, which is frustrating for amateur satellite tracking groups used to sharing data openly. Explore Related: Category Space Warfare Satellites Keywords in Space Warfare Space Tracking Framework Openness The Spy Satellite So Stealthy that the Senate Couldn't Kill It Jeffrey Richelson National Security Archive December 14, 2004

25. STS-98 Shuttle Press Kit Over the course of three scheduled space walks, mission Specialists Tom Jones The Communication and tracking system activates highdata rate S-band to http://www.shuttlepresskit.com/STS-98/

26. Space Today Online - NASA Deep Space Network Communications With Interplanetary However, tracking is important and the antennas must be able to follow objects Every American deep space mission sees continuous radio communication http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/DeepSpaceNetwork/DeepSpaceNetwork.html

SPACE TODAY ONLINE Covering Space From Earth to the Edge of the Universe Cover Rockets Satellites Shuttles ... Global Links NASA's Deep Space Network... Communicating With Interplanetary Spacecraft sites other uses map history ... more Sheep flock grazes near NASA's Deep Space Network antenna at Madrid [click to enlarge NASA photo] Three antennas at Canberra [click to enlarge NASA photo] Goldstone antenna at twilight [click to enlarge NASA photo] Madrid Deep Space Network antenna [click to enlarge NASA photo] Canberra Deep Space Network antenna [click to enlarge NASA photo] Goldstone Deep Space Network antenna [click to enlarge NASA photo] NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN) is a collection of antennas at three sites around the globe used to communicate with interplanetary spacecraft missions. DSN also is used by radio and radar astronomers to observe the Solar System and the Universe. The international network also supports selected Earth-orbiting missions. There are three deep-space such communications facilities placed approximately 120 degrees apart around the world: at Goldstone, in California's Mojave Desert

27. About Universal Space Network, Inc. Clients And Partners USN provides all orbital telemetry, tracking, and control services and data This science mission will be able to look back in time by studying what is http://www.uspacenetwork.com/clients_partners.htm

Home About Services Site Locations ... Galaxy Evolution Explorer U SN provides all orbital telemetry, tracking, and control services and data recovery for the California Institute of Technology's upcoming Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) mission to study how galaxies formed 10 billion light years ago. This science mission will be able to look back in time by studying what is known as the "redshift range of 0<z<2," that period in time when most of the stars, elements, and galaxies of our universe were formed. The GALEX mission is a Small Explorer mission, which launched April 28, 2003 and will last approximately three years. Small Explorers are managed by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Christopher Martin of the Space Astrophysics Laboratory at CalTech is the principal investigator for the GALEX mission. THhe GALEX spacecraft was built by Orbital Sciences Corporation Wideband Gapfiller - BOEING The Wideband Gapfiller satellites (WGS) provide near-term continuation and augmentation of the services currently provided by the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) and the Global Broadcast Service (GBS) Ka services currently provided by GBS payloads on UFO satellites. The new Wideband Gapfiller satellites complement the DSCS III Service Life Enhancement Program (SLEP) and GBS payloads, and offset the eventual decline in DSCS III capability. Together these assets provide wideband services during the transition period between today's systems and the advent of the Objective X/Ka wideband system or Advanced Wideband System (AWS) in 2008.

28. Interview With Beagle-2 Mars Mission's Linux Software Principal Developer The mission Control Software is a customization of ESA s European space Agency s Radar tracking Systems, Vessel Traffic Management, and Radar tracking http://linuxdevices.com/articles/AT7460495111.html

Click here to learn about this Sponsor: home news articles polls ... printable Keywords: Match: All keywords Any keyword Exact phrase Sort by: Newest first Best match Got a hot tip? tell us Free weekly newsletter Enter your email... more Check out the latest... Linux smartphones! Linux PDAs ...and other cool stuff Don't miss the... "Great Gadget Smack-Down" Hot topics: Linux Device Showcase Linux mobile phones Executive interviews Carrier Grade Linux ... Is embedding Windows 4X cheaper than Linux? 2005 Embedded Linux market snapshot: Quick Reference Guides Getting started Embedded Linux distro's Real-time Linux Embedded graphics ... Embedded processors Embedded Linux books Read ELJonline here: Popular discussions Article talkbacks Linux on PDAs Technical questions Real-time Linux ... General discussion Submissions... news events products resource links ... other news feed Interview with Beagle-2 Mars mission's Linux software principal developer (Jan. 15, 2004) Below is a brief interview with Stewart Hall, principal developer of the Linux-based Mission Control Software and Mission Planning Software for the European Beagle-2 Mars lander project ( and , respectively).

29. Chronology Of Manned Space Missions The first live television pictures from space occurs on this mission. Bagian,This mission deployed the third tracking and data relay satellite into http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/space_missions/manned_table.html

A History of Manned Space Missions Mission (Country) Craft Launch Date Crew Mission Highlights Vostok-1 (USSR) Kedr (Cedar) April 12, 1961 Gagarin Cosmonaut Yuri Garagin became the first human in space. Mercury-3 (USA) Freedom 7 May 5, 1961 Shepard Alan Shepard became the first American in space during a fifteen minute sub-orbital flight Mercury-4 (USA) Liberty Bell-7 July 21, 1961 Grissom The second US sub-orbital flight, reaching an altitude of 126 miles Vostok-2 (USSR) Orel (Eagle) August 6, 1961 Titov Titov was the first to spend an entire day in space. Mercury-6 (USA) Friendship 7 February 20,1962 Glenn The first US manned orbital flight at an orbit 100-162 miles from the Earth. Mercury-7 (USA) Aurora 7 May 24, 1962 Carpenter The second US manned orbital flight which orbited the Earth three times. Vostok-3 (USSR) Sokol (Falcon) August 11, 1962 Nikolayev First four-day flight and first "group" flight with Vostok-4. Vostok-4 (USSR) Berkut (Golden Eagle) August 12, 1962 Popovich The other half of the first "group" flight. Vostok-4 came within five miles of Vostok-3. Mercury-8 (USA) Sigma 7 October 3, 1962

30. Space And Missile Tracking System The space and Missile tracking System, also known as Brilliant Eyes, is currently in The SBIRS mission is to develop, deploy, and sustain spacebased http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/smts.htm

var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="79/36/4/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; Education Jobs Home Loans Telecom ... Public Eye var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="99/67/38/4/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="120"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="8"; Choose: HTML TEXT AOL Space Space Based Infrared System - Low Space and Missile Tracking System Brilliant Eyes The Space and Missile Tracking System, also known as Brilliant Eyes, is currently in the demonstration and validation phase. The system will consist of a constellation of small, low-cost lightweight, low-altitude satellites. The key role of Brilliant Eyes is to support Theater Missile Defense by providing the capability for world-wide tracking of ballistic missiles in flight from launch to re-entry. Brilliant Eyes will provide precise and timely launch point estimates to enable prompt counterstrikes against missile launchers. It will cue ground-based radars to acquire incoming missiles or warheads. Brilliant Eyes will then assess the status of these targets. During peacetime, Brilliant Eyes monitors ballistic missile tests worldwide by collecting threat development, deployment, signature and trajectory data. This allows defenses to maintain and optimize their effectiveness as new threats appear. In addition, Brilliant Eyes provides more data for accurate impact point and time predictions than existing systems, greatly reducing the number of units that it takes for operating inhibiting countermeasures. Brilliant Eyes satellites will also be used for surveillance of objects in space, helping to prevent collisions between satellites, spacecraft and space debris. Brilliant Eyes is currently in the demonstration and validation phase.

31. John Glenn - Project Mercury Friendship 7 Space History - John Glenn Orbital Spa The mission Objectives were fairly simple by today standards Place a man into tracking station, Glenn and Gordon Cooper began a long spaceto-Earth http://www.thespaceplace.com/history/mercury/mercury06.html

Main Home Page Astronomy Hale-Bopp over KSC SETI NASA Spinoffs Space History ... Books Space Shuttle Past missions Present/next mission Future missions Space Links ... Email Astronaut John Glenn Friendship 7 1st American in orbit (Heatshield and Fireflies) Rocket: Atlas, 109-D Spacecraft: No. 13 Launch: 02/20/62, 9:47:00 a.m. EST Landing: 02/20/62, 2:42:23 p.m. EST Duration: 4 hrs, 55 min, 23 sec Altitude: 162.2 x 100 statute miles Orbits: Period: 88 min 29 secs Distance: 75,679 statute miles Velocity: 17,544 mph Max G: Recovery ship: USS Noa The Mission Objectives were fairly simple by today standards: Place a man into earth orbit, observe his reactions to the space environment and safely return him to earth to a point where he could be readily found. However, back in 1962 they were anything but simple. The U.S.A. had been taking a backseat to the U.S.S.R. and it was time for America to send a man into orbit. So on February 20, 1962 at 9:47:39 am EST, John Glenn rode Friendship 7 from Cape Canaveral's Launch Complex 14 to become an American hero. Over the Indian Ocean on his first orbit, Glenn became the first American to witness the sunset from above 100 miles. Awed but not poetically inclined, he described "this moment of twilight is simply beautiful. The sky in space is very black, with a thin band of blue along the horizon." On the nightside of Earth, nearing the Australian coastline, Glenn made his planned star, weather, and landmark observations.

32. UTIAS/SFL - NESS Index Asteroid_black The Near Earth space Surveillance (NESS) mission concept has been mission 2 Satellite tracking. Canada and the United States are http://www.utias-sfl.net/microsatellites/NESS/NESSIndex.html

Home Documents Contact N EAR E ARTH S PACE S URVEILLANCE Latest News News Multimedia Microsatellites MOST NESS >>Introduction Mission #1 Mission #2 Publications CRAFTI Nanosatellite CanX Program CanX-1 CanX-2 CanX-3 - BRITE Special Projects Electric Propulsion Deep Space Communication Low-Cost Launch Program ... Radiation Program About SFL Mission History Staff Facilities ... Sponsors The NESS Project The Near Earth Space Surveillance (NESS) mission concept has been developed by Dynacon Incorporated, UTIAS/SFL and a team of asteroid scientists, supported by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) and Defence Research and Development Canada (DRDC Ottawa). NESS uses a single satellite to perform a dual mission: searching for and tracking Earth-approaching asteroids, and tracking satellites in Earth orbit. There are aspects of both of these activities that are best accomplished using an orbiting observatory. The concept is to implement NESS using a small imaging telescope mounted on a low-cost microsatellite-class platform, based on the design developed for the MOST stellar photometry microsatellite mission. Introduction The capabilities of microsatellites continue to grow more sophisticated with each passing year, allowing them to be used to carry out types of missions that once required much larger satellite platforms. In the early 1990s, miniaturization of digital electronics enabled microsats to demonstrate orbiting store-and-forward packet radio communications. Miniaturization of optical sensors then allowed optical remote sensing to be carried out from this class of platform.

33. Space Mission Support Infrastructure Providers space mission Support Infrastructure Providers Design, operate, and maintain theworldwide tracking, data acquisition, mission control, data processing, http://public.ccsds.org/about/smsip.html

Space Mission Support Infrastructure Providers Design, operate, and maintain the worldwide tracking, data acquisition, mission control, data processing, and data archiving networks that are exposed to Space Mission organizations for the purposes of cross support.

34. Jodrell Bank's Role In Early Space Tracking Activities - Part 2 Soviet media published an extensive description of the probe s mission and its Other tracking stations, such as the Bochum space Observatory in Germany, http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/trackind/jodrell/jodrole2.htm

Jodrell Bank's role in early space tracking activities - Part 2 Sven Grahn Table of Contents Part 1 A strange new world The creation of the telescope and the observatory How Jodrell Bank was drawn into space tracking Space tracking exploits by Jodrell Bank The Able program The U.S. Army/JPL lunar probes Supporting the Able project again The early Soviet Luna probes Luna 1 - whizzing past the moon - did anyone hear it? Luna 2 - the first spacecraft to reach another celestial body Luna 3 - the first view of the moon's far side Part 2 Tracking Soviet Interplanetary probes Venera-1 Mars-1 Zond 1 and 2 ... References and Notes Tracking Soviet Interplanetary probes Venera-1 After the Soviet lunar probe launches in 1958,1959 and early 1960 see table of Soviet Venus probe launches their focus shifted to planetary flights. In October 1960 two unsuccessful Mars probe launches were made and the Venus probe launch window that opened in early February 1961 was also used by the Soviet Union. The first launch on 4 February failed when the last stage of the launch vehicle was stranded in earth orbit. The ullage rocket module (BOZ) of the fourth stage did not fire when a DC converter supplying power to the pyro timer failed . However, the second probe, Venera-1 (manufacturer's code; 1VA) smoothly left earth orbit on 12 February 1961. We now know

35. AFSPC Heritage - The Formation Of Space Command In the early 1980s, the USAF added a number of space tracking radars to the SPADATS Air Force space Command declassified the mission in October 1992 and http://www.peterson.af.mil/hqafspc/history/Heritage-Formation.htm

The Cobra Dane radar on Shemya Island in Alaska's Aleutian Islands also transferred to Space Command. The AF had established the radar site on the remote island in 1958 to track Soviet missile tests impacting on the nearby Kamchatka Peninsula. The advanced AN/FPS-108 phased array radar which provided missile warning and spacetrack data to NORAD in addition to its intelligence gathering mission, replaced two earlier radar systems similar to those at Pirinclik. The 16th Surveillance Squadron (16 SURS) operated the radar site. In the early 1980s, the USAF added a number of space tracking radars to the SPADATS network with the intention of enhancing the tracking capabilities of the system. New radars, comprising the Pacific Barrier (PACBAR) System, were installed at Kwajalein Atoll, the Philippine Islands, and Saipan. In May 1982, the first three of four Ground-based Electro-Optical Deep Space Surveillance System (GEODSS) sites opened at Socorro, New Mexico; Maui, Hawaii; and Choe Jong-San, Republic of Korea. The site on the island of Diego Garcia, British Indian Ocean Territory opened in the late 1980s. These advanced electro-optical telescopic cameras replaced the Baker Nunn cameras in the space tracking mission and provided for deep space tracking and space object identification. As the accuracy of the Soviet nuclear arsenal improved, Space Command planners envisioned a need for survivable missile warning systems. The first of these was the Mobile Ground Station (MGS) for the Defense Support Program's early warning satellites. This unit's highly classified mission was to provide survivable missile warning and attack assessment data to NORAD in the event of war. The 1025th Satellite Communications Squadron activated 1 October 1983 to operate the system which consisted of the Mobile Ground Terminal (MGT) which processed the DSP data and the Mobile Communication System (MCS), a mobile Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS) terminal, which provided satellite communications from the remote deployment sites.

36. Ocean Surface Topography From Space-Missions Navigation Uses of tracking Data. First, despite the lag time, the trackingdata are the only actual data that mission operations people have on the http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/who-data.html

@import url( "../main.css" ); + View the NASA Portal OVERVIEW SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ... Who's Who Navigation: Uses of Tracking Data Tracking data always lags behind the spacecraft. For example, it takes from one to three days for the Project Operations Control Center at JPL to get tracking data from the LRA system. By then, the spacecraft has moved on considerably! So what is the use of all this tracking data? < Previous Next >> Who's Who Overview ... Gallery Web Curator: Margaret Srinivasan Web Developer: Kristy Kawasaki Last Updated:

37. Ocean Surface Topography From Space-Missions The GPS consists of three components the space segment, the control segment, Although TOPEX/Poseidon was the first mission to use GPS for tracking, http://sealevel.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/who-spacecraft.html

@import url( "../main.css" ); + View the NASA Portal OVERVIEW SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY ... Who's Who Navigation: Tracking the Spacecraft A spacecraft can be tracked in a variety of ways, and in fact TOPEX/Poseidon uses three different systems simultaneously for tracking. DORIS Onboard the spacecraft is a system called DORIS, for Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (shown here.) Built by the French, the complete DORIS system includes the receiver on the spacecraft and a worldwide network of Doppler tracking stations. This system uses microwave energy to locate and pinpoint the position of spacecraft such as TOPEX/Poseidon by measuring the Doppler frequency shift in the microwave signals as the Earth and the spacecraft move relative to one another. (If this sounds like the way radar systems work...it is.) The DORIS system is accurate to within ±0.3 mm/s radial velocity. LRA Another system on the spacecraft is the NASA Laser Retro reflector Array, or LRA (shown here.) Ground-based laser tracking stations reflect laser beams off the retro reflector array and measure the time it takes the signals to return to their places of origin. This allows the ground stations to plot precisely where the satellite has been, within ±2 cm. GPSDR There is also an experimental system onboard. The Global Positioning System Demonstration Receiver (GPSDR) was included to test the accuracy of tracking using the U.S. Defense Department's Global Positioning System constellation of satellites. The GPS consists of three components: the space segment, the control segment, and the user segment.

38. Tracking Organic Chemistry Into Space | Csmonitor.com tracking organic chemistry into space. By Peter N. Spotts Staff writer of During its fouryear mission to the Saturn system, Cassini will use radar http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/1108/p17s1-stss.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... Text Edition Search: Special Offer: Subscribe to the Monitor and get 32 issues FREE! Environment Also see: In Sci/Tech: Big stir over big plan for Maine forest Hurricanes are packing more punch Oil industry braces for another blow Will the levees hold? ... more projects... Most-viewed stories: (for 09/24/05) Just hop in the car? Not so fast, says one French town. Why we buy salad shooters and breadmakers Oil industry braces for another blow After Gaza, some other settlers ready to move ... Sci/Tech from the November 08, 2001 edition Tracking organic chemistry into space By Peter N. Spotts PHOENIX, ARIZ. To help answer the question of whether life has emerged elsewhere in the solar system than on Earth, astrobiologists look to Mars and Jupiter's ice-sheathed moon, Europa, as potential incubators. But for a look at how key chemical ingredients - carbon, seasoned with hydrogen, nitrogen, and other elements - may have mixed to form the pre-biotic building blocks necessary for organic life to emerge, researchers are looking to Saturn's moon, Titan. E-mail this story Write a letter to the Editor Printer-friendly version E-mail Newsletter Get all of today's headlines, or alerts on specific topics.

39. EuroNews ESA s LISA mission, aiming to hit the low notes in space and detect Einstein s Scientists tracking birdlife using the latest satellite technology; http://www.euronews.net/create_html.php?page=space&lng=1

40. Worldwide Network To Track Solar Sail Spacecraft provide supplementary tracking data to the mission s own tracking network, The Russian space organizations are also investing in mission support to http://www.spacearchive.info/news-2005-06-02-tps.htm

Worldwide Network to Track Solar Sail Spacecraft Planetary Society News Release Released 2005 June 2 From Moscow to the Marshall Islands, from California to the Czech Republic, tracking stations around the world will receive data from Cosmos 1, the world's first solar sail spacecraft, after it launches on June 21, 2005. The innovative solar sail, a project of The Planetary Society and Cosmos Studios, was built in Russia and will launch atop a converted ICBM from a submerged Russian submarine in the Barents Sea. The data obtained during the flight of Cosmos 1 will help the world community analyze and develop future solar sail technologies. The Russian Space Agency, the Russian Academy of Sciences, the United States Air Force, and the Space Sciences Laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley are among the organizations that will track the sail. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic will also be part of the global consortium that will comprise the tracking network. The US Strategic Command's Space Surveillance Network will track Cosmos 1 and provide supplementary tracking data to the mission's own tracking network, should it be needed during the mission. A list of tracking stations is available at http://www.planetary.org/solarsail/tracking_stations.html

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