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61. IRIN News - Somalia
News on relief, development, social, economic and political affairs, by the Integrated regional Information Network (IRIN) of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
http://www.irinnews.org/frontpage.asp?SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCoun

62. Ethiopia History
Ethiopia history overview of historic events. World66 the travel guide In July 1977 sensing the disarray in Ethiopia somalia attacked across the
http://www.world66.com/africa/ethiopia/history
Ethiopia History - overview of historic events the travel guide you write Recent Changes
  • Home Destinations Mapsonomy ... Ethiopia Sections Map View Enlargement
    History
    [edit this] [Upload image] Under the Emperors Theodore II (1855-68) Johannes IV (1872-89) and Menelik II (1889-1913) the kingdom began to emerge from its medieval isolation. When Menelik II died his grandson Lij Iyassu succeeded to the throne but soon lost support because of his Muslim ties. He was deposed in 1916 by the Christian nobility and Menelik's daughter Zewditu was made empress. Her cousin Ras Tafari Makonnen (1892-1975) was made regent and successor to the throne. In 1930 after the empress died the regent adopting the throne name Haile Selassie was crowned emperor. His reign was interrupted in 1936 when Italian Fascist forces invaded and occupied Ethiopia. The emperor was forced into exile in England despite his plea to the League of Nations for intervention. Five years later the Italians were defeated by British and Ethiopian forces and the emperor returned to the throne. After a period of civil unrest which began in February 1974 the aging Haile Selassie I was deposed on September 12 1974 and a provisional administrative council of soldiers known as the Derg ("committee") seized power from the emperor and installed a government which was socialist in name and military in style. The Derg summarily executed 59 members of the royal family and ministers and generals of the emperor's government; Emperor Haile Selassie was strangled in the basement of his palace on August 22 1975.

63. Somalia
Provides country brief and profile, Millennium Development Goals and regional Integration Assistance Strategy along with news, projects and total IDA credits.
http://www.worldbank.org/so
var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Site Map Index FAQs ... Topics Search Somalia All Home Countries Africa Somalia Overview Related Links Contacts Resources For
Somalia
Somalia is one of the poorest countries in the world, a situation aggravated by the civil war and the absence of a functioning national government for over a decade. The World Bank has supported Somalia for many years by providing funding on 40 projects  to help fight poverty and improve the living standards for the people here.  Lending amounts have totaled approximately US$526.2 million In the absence of a national government to promote the country's development, the World Bank and the United Nations Development Program issued a  Country Re-engagement Note  for Somalia. The note is intended to provide basic public goods, accelerate socio-economic recovery, and create an enabling environment for long-term institutional and policy change. For more information on the role of the World Bank in Somalia , please refer to the  Country Brief
News
Mar 18, 2005

64. Somalia - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
history. Main article history of somalia Diagram of somalian factions alongregional borders. somalia is divided into 18 regions (singular gobolka,
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somalia
Somalia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Soomaaliya Flag Coat of Arms Motto None Anthem Somalian National Anthem Capital Mogadishu ...
Independence

From the United Kingdom and Italy
July 1
Area
Population

est.
census
Density

13/km² ( GDP PPP
estimate
n/a
n/a Currency Shilling ... UTC not observed UTC Internet TLD .so Calling code Somalia Somali Soomaaliya Arabic As-Sumal ), formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic , is a coastal nation in East Africa . Continentally, it is entirely surrounded by Ethiopia and Djibouti on the north and mid-west, and Kenya on its south-west; with the Gulf of Aden on its east. It currently exists solely in a de jure capacity, while its de facto capacity can be described as anarchy . Somalia has no recognized central government authority, no national currency, nor any other feature associated with an established nation state De facto authority resides in the hands of the governments for the unrecognized entities of Somaliland Puntland , and other rival warlords
Contents
edit
History
Main article: History of Somalia Independence of Somaliland from Britain was on June 26 and on July 1 unification of the British and ex- Italian Somali protectorates took place. The government formed with

65. Somalia: History
history. Early and Colonial Periods. Between the 7th and 10th cent., In accordance with UN decisions, Italian Somaliland, renamed somalia,
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html
  • Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Reference Desk Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Encyclopedia Somalia
    History
    Early and Colonial Periods
    Between the 7th and 10th cent., immigrant Muslim Arabs and Persians established trading posts along Somalia's Gulf of Aden and Indian Ocean coasts; Mogadishu began its existence as a trading station. During the 15th and 16th cent., Somali warriors regularly joined the armies of the Muslim sultanates in their battles with Christian Ethiopia. Italy first asserted its authority in the area in 1889 by creating a small protectorate in the central zone, to which other concessions were later added in the south (territory ceded by the sultan of Zanzibar) and north. In 1925, Jubaland, or the Trans-Juba (east of the Juba [now Jubba] River), was detached from Kenya to become the westernmost part of the Italian colony. In 1936, Italian Somaliland was combined with Somali-speaking districts of Ethiopia to form a province of the newly formed Italian East Africa . During World War II, Italian forces invaded British Somaliland; but the British, operating from Kenya, retook the region in 1941 and went on to conquer Italian Somaliland. Britain ruled the combined regions until 1950, when Italian Somaliland became a UN trust territory under Italian control.

66. Somalia
Atlas somalia Facts on somalia flags, maps, geography, history, somaliahistory - history Early and Colonial Periods Between the 7th and 10th cent.
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0107979.html

67. Ethiopia (08/05)
Facts about the land, people, history, government, political conditions, In July 1977, sensing the disarray in Ethiopia, somalia attacked across the
http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2859.htm
Bureau of Public Affairs Electronic Information and Publications Office Background Notes
Bureau of African Affairs
August 2005
Background Note: Ethiopia

PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Geography
Area: 1.1 million sq. km (472,000 sq. mi.); about the size of Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico combined.
Cities: Capital Addis Ababa (pop. 2.6 million). Other cities Dire Dawa (237,000), Nazret (189,000), Gondar (163,000), Dessie (142,000), Mekelle (141,000), Bahir Dar (140,000), Jimma (132,000), Awassa (104,000).
Terrain: High plateau, mountains, dry lowland plains.
Climate: Temperate in the highlands; hot in the lowlands. People
Nationality: Noun and adjective Ethiopian(s). Population (2003 est.): 70.5 million. Annual growth rate: 2.7%. Ethnic groups (est.): Oromo 35%, Amhara 30%, Tigre 6.3%, Somali 6%, Sidama 6%, Gurage 4%, Wolaita 4%, Afar 2%, other nationalities 6.7%. Religions (est.): Ethiopian Orthodox Christian 45%, Sunni Muslim 40-45%, Protestant 5%, remainder indigenous beliefs. Languages: Amharic (official), Tigrinya, Arabic, Guaragigna, Oromigna, English, Somali.

68. History : SomaliNet > Somali > Somalia And Somalinad
AbuDhabi history of the Land The Egyptians knew somalia in ancient times as the Quick Search Jump to main somalia sections Contents Overview history.
http://somalinet.com/dir/sites/History
SomaliNet Virtual Library Somalia English Somali Dictionary Somali English Dictionary ... somalikids.com SPONSORED LINKS
SomaliNet - USA Change Country HOME NEWS BUSINESS ... About Us Web somalinet.com SomaliNet Internet Directory History Business ... Health History Humor Islam Kids Literature ... WWW-pages
Search Internet Directory Search all SomaliNet using the above form
Search this category only The whole directory Suggest a site for this category

69. - POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS : SomaliNet > Somali > Somalia And Somalina
somalia history and Country Study (When the civil war broke out in 1991, theregional administrative system was nullified and replaced by one based on
http://somalinet.com/library/somalia/?so=0047

70. SOMALIS
Among ancient Egyptians, somalia was known as the Land of Punt, renowned for From the 13th to 16th centuries, Somalis fought in regional wars between
http://www.culturalorientation.net/somali/shist.html
culturalorientation.net -home
SOMALIS THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE REFUGEE FACT SHEET NO.9 CHAPTER C ONTENTS P REFACE ... CIVIL WAR Among ancient Egyptians, Somalia was known as the Land of Punt, renowned for its frankincense and myrrh, which it still exports. History Somalis claim descent from Arabian families who settled on the Somali coast 1,000 years ago. Although there undoubtedly is an infusion of Arab blood among Somalis, historians and linguists trace the origins of the Somali people to a much earlier time in the region. While scholars still debate the origins of the Somalis and the time of their entry into present-day Somalia, there is no doubt that they were in the region several hundred years before the first recorded use of their names in the early 15th century. Among ancient Egyptians, Somalia was known as the Land of Punt and was renowned for its frankincense and myrrh, which it still exports. Descriptions of the northern inhabitants of the region are found in The Periplus of the Erythrean Sea , an CE 60 Greek guide to sailors, and in Ptolemy's Geography

71. SOMALI BANTU - Their History And Culture
SOMALI BANTU — THEIR history AND CULTURE CULTURE PROFILE Refugee EducationSpecialist with Portland regional Educational Telecommunications Corporation;
http://www.culturalorientation.net/bantu/sbpref.html
culturalorientation.net -home
SOMALI BANTU CULTURE PROFILE CHAPTER C ONTENTS P REFACE ... ORDER A PRINT COPY Preface This booklet is a basic introduction to the people, history and cultures of the Somali Bantu. It is designed primarily for service providers and others assisting Somali Bantu refugees in their new communities in the United States. Mr. Eno is a Ph.D. candidate in history at York University in Toronto, Canada. His dissertation is on "Slavery, Stigma, and Legacy: The Case of the Wazigwa Diaspora and the Indigenous Bantu/Jareer People in Southern Somalia (1850-2000)." He is deeply committed to bringing the attention of the international community to Bantu issues, and he regularly travels and works in East Africa. He is also one of the first Bantu to advocate in an international forum for civil and human rights on behalf of the Bantu people in Somalia. He is a member of several international academic organizations, such as The African Studies Association, The Inter-riverine Studies Association, and The Somali Studies International Association. He is the cofounder of The Bantu Rehabilitation Trust in Nairobi, Kenya. Several people read and commented on drafts of the manuscript. In particular, we would like to thank: Ann Kasper, Refugee Education Specialist with Portland Regional Educational Telecommunications Corporation; Pindie Stephen, Sasha Chanoff, and Abdi Kadir Sheikh Abdullahi, all from IOM/Kenya; the Bantu elders of Dadaab refugee camps; Catherine Besteman, Associate Professor of Anthropology at Colby College; Francesca Declich, with the Istituto Universitario Orientale in Italy; and Kelly Gauger, Program Officer in the Admissions office at the State Department's Bureau for Population, Refugees, and Migration.

72. IGAD Profile
IGAD signed the Protocol on Relations between the AEC and regional Economic With regard to somalia, both IGAD and the OAU mandated Prime Minister Melese
http://www.iss.co.za/AF/RegOrg/unity_to_union/igadprof.htm
PROFILE: INTERGOVERNMENTAL AUTHORITY ON DEVELOPMENT (IGAD)
(updated: april 2005)
Return to IGAD Index Page
Map - PDF 202kb
Organogram - PDF 15kb
Contact Details
... Peace and Security Related Activities
1. CONTACT DETAILS:
BP 2653 Djibouti Republic of Djibouti Tel: : +253-354 050 Fax: +253-356 994 / 353 520 E-mail: igad@intnet.dj
Website: www.igad.org Top
2. MEMBER STATES:
  • Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Somalia Sudan Uganda
Top
3. HISTORY AND BACKGROUND:
The Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD) was formed in 1986 with a very narrow mandate around the issues of drought and desertification. Since then, and especially in the 1990s, IGADD became a vehicle for regional security and political dialogue. The founding members of IGADD decided in the mid-1990s to revitalise the organisation into a fully-fledged regional political, economic, development, trade and security entity similar to SADC and ECOWAS. It was envisaged that the new IGADD would form the northern sector of COMESA with SADC representing the southern sector. One of the principal motivations for the revitalisation of IGADD was the existence of many organisational and structural problems that made the implementation of its goals and principles ineffective. The IGADD Heads of State and Government met on 18 April 1995 at an Extraordinary Summit in Addis Ababa and resolved to revitalise the Authority and expand its areas of regional co-operation. On 21 March 1996, the Heads of State and Government at the Second Extraordinary Summit in Nairobi approved and adopted an

73. The History Guy: New And Recent Conflicts Of The World
q Congo Second Congolese War (This IS a regional war)—(1998Present) Peace Rival Somali groups fight for advantage but the net result is anarchy.
http://www.historyguy.com/new_and_recent_conflicts.html
New and Recent Conflicts of the World Home Military History Historical Personalitie What's New ... Site Map The world is a violent place, and for various political, economic, religious and other reasons, wars and conflicts often erupt. The purpose of this web page is to chronicle these conflicts and attempt to explain why they occur and what may result from them. This page contains four current sections and one section not yet completed. The current sections are:
  • Recently concluded or suspended wars and conflicts Major Acts of Terrorism
  • More detail to be added as time allows
    Alphabetical listing. q Afghan War q Al-Aqsa Intifada (Israeli-Palestinian Conflict) (high-risk to become a regional war) q Algerian Civil War q Basque Separatist Conflict q Burma (Myanmar) Civil War Military operations near border areas have brought both rebels and the Burmese government into occasional conflict with neighboring Thailand. q Burundi Civil War The rebels use neighboring Congo as a base to launch attacks, thereby giving the Burundi government reason to involve itself in the Second Congolese War q Colombian Civil War The United States is providing military and logistical support to the government.

    74. Foreign Governments/Africa
    somalia South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Togo Uganda Zaire Zambia Zimbabwe Related regional Web Sites
    http://www.lib.umich.edu/govdocs/forafr.html
    FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS
    Sub-Saharan Africa
    Frames Index No-Frames Version Angola Benin ...
    Related Regional Web Sites

    Last updated on March 17, 2005

    Angola
    • Angola Website
      • Maintained by the Embassy of the Republic of Angola, Washington, DC
      • Angolan culture, business, news; relief efforts to aid the country
      • Under Government: structure of the government, profile of the President, and election statistics
      • Under Reference: directory of key officials, constitution, news releases and speeches
    • Constitution
      • Text of 1992 constitution in English
    • Parliament
      • Searchable text in Portuguese
    • Selected Recent Legislation
      • Military and economic laws in English
      Benin
      • Benin Government Portal
        • Official government website in English and French
        • Brief history and politics of country
        • Basic population and economic statistics
        • Constitution in French
        • Describes structure of government
        • Government documents
      • AFRIKINFO.COM
        • In French
        • Constitution of Benin
        • Directories of government institutions and officials
        • Links to sites with general and political information about Africa
        Botswana
        • Republic of Botswana
          • Extensive description of government offices and their e-mail addresses linked through an organization chart
          • Economic development and travel information
        • President
          • Executive branch of government
        • Parliament
          • Legislative branch of government
          Burkina Faso
          • President
            • Executive branch of government
            • Searchable text in French
          • Constitution
            • Text of 1991 constitution in French
          • Embassy to Canada
            • Brief history and description of country
            • Economic laws and policy
            • Directory of government officials and membership in international organizations

    75. Download Interdisciplinary, Cross-regional And Standard-specific Units, Outreach
    Outreach World Download interdisciplinary, crossregional and standard-specific Introduction to the history, geography and cultures of East Africa.
    http://www.outreachworld.org/searchresources.asp?countryid=374

    76. Somalia
    somalia history. Located in the Horn of Africa, adjacent to the Arabian Peninsula,somalia is steeped in thousands of years of history.
    http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/somalia/hist-setting.htm
    var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="8/7/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="97/63/19/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="120"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="8"; Choose: HTML TEXT AOL
    Military
    Sources
    var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="91/20/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="300"; var zflag_height="250"; var zflag_sz="9";
    var zflag_nid="224"; var zflag_cid="107/18/3/1"; var zflag_sid="1"; var zflag_width="160"; var zflag_height="600"; var zflag_sz="7";
    Somalia - History
    Located in the Horn of Africa, adjacent to the Arabian Peninsula, Somalia is steeped in thousands of years of history. The ancient Egyptians spoke of it as "God's Land" (the Land of Punt). Chinese merchants frequented the Somali coast in the tenth and fourteenth centuries and, according to tradition, returned home with giraffes, leopards, and tortoises to add color and variety to the imperial menagerie. Greek merchant ships and medieval Arab dhows plied the Somali coast; for them it formed the eastern fringe of Bilad as Sudan, "the Land of the Blacks." More specifically, medieval Arabs referred to the Somalis, along with related peoples, as the Berberi.
    Imperialism
    The last quarter of the nineteenth century saw political developments that transformed the Somali Peninsula. During this period, the Somalis became the subjects of state systems under the flags of Britain, France, Italy, Egypt, and Ethiopia. The new rulers had various motives for colonization. Britain sought to gain control of the northern Somali coast as a source of mutton and other livestock products for its naval port of Aden in present-day Yemen. As a result of the growing importance of the Red Sea to British operations in the East, Aden was regarded as indispensable to the defense of British India. British occupation of the northern Somali coast began in earnest in February 1884, when Major A. Hunter arrived at Berbera to negotiate treaties of friendship and protection with numerous Somali clans. Hunter arranged to have British vice consuls installed in Berbera, Bullaxaar, and Saylac.

    77. A Short History Of Ethiopia
    In July 1977, sensing the disarray in Ethiopia, somalia attacked across the OgadenDesert in Ethiopia gets a mention on these Abacci history pages
    http://www.abacci.com/atlas/history.asp?countryID=192

    78. NCS Webliography Of Less Commonly Taught Languages
    Location somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti Arab.net somalia Excellentresource site with links to history, geography, business, culture, etc.
    http://www.govtilr.org/Web_LCTL/somali.htm
    Last updated: 22 March 2004 Somali (Barshin/Barkin) Language Family: Eastern Cushitic branch of Cushitic subfamily of Afro-Asiatic
    Location:
    Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and Djibouti
    Related Languages:
    Rendille, Bayso, Dasenach and Arbore RAPID REFERENCE

    79. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Regional Perspectives-> Southern Africa
    In this activity, students should get a sense of the rich history of this regionand its What regional connections exist within East Africa?
    http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm19/intro.html
    Unit Four Regional Perspectives
    Module Nineteen: East Africa
    Teacher's Edition
    PURPOSE
    The purpose of Module Nineteen is to introduce students to the region called East Africa. East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, and Comoros. As with other regions of Africa (see Introduction to Module Twenty: Regional Perspectives ), the countries that are included in East Africa can vary somewhat depending on whom you talk to. Some of the countries listed here can also fit into the regions of Central, Southern, or Northern Africa. But for the sake of this module, we will refer to East Africa as the twelve countries listed above. Activity One: The Region Called East Africa gives a brief overview of the history of the region, highlighting human origins, early kingdoms, trade routes, European colonialism, and postcolonial states. In this activity, students should get a sense of the rich history of this region and its connectedness to other regions in Africa and the rest of the world. The activity ends by discussing intra-regional political and economic organizations in East Africa, giving COMESA as one example. Activity Two: The Geography of East Africa deals with some of the geographical differences between East African subregions. The region of East Africa can be further broken down into three subregions—The Horn of Africa (Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Djibouti), the Great Lakes Region (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi), and islands in the Indian Ocean (Seychelles and Comoros). The different vegetations, water availabilities, topographies, and population densities in these regions are discussed. Also, the impact of tourism on the East African enviroment is discussed.

    80. Exploring Africa -> Teachers -> Regional Perspectives-> Southern Africa
    See Module 7A Activity Two history of Africa during the time of the great There is, however, one important regional organization in East Africa that
    http://exploringafrica.matrix.msu.edu/curriculum/lm19/actone.html
    Unit Four Regional Perspectives
    Module Nineteen: East Africa
    Activity One: The Region Called East Africa
    (click on map for larger view)
    INTRODUCTION East Africa is a vast area encompassing the countries of Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Seychelles, and Comoros. EAST AFRICA
    (click on map for larger view
    This first activity will introduce you to some of the history and contemporary regional relationships of East African countries. How have East African countries been connected to one another throughout history? How have they been connected to other regions of Africa and the world?
    EAST AFRICAN HISTORY I. Pre-history: The Origins of Modern Humans East Africa is a region with some of the most significant and oldest paleoanthropological finds in the world. Paleoanthropology is the study of early hominids (primates belonging to the Hominidae family, including modern humans and their ancestors). Paleoanthropologists such as Mary and Louis Leakey, and Donald Johanson have made important discoveries of hominid skeletons and artifacts in East Africa that have helped scientists to piece together how human beings may have evolved.
    Olduvai Gorge in Ngorongoro Crater
    Used with permission of Africa Focus Website - University of Wisconsin
    (click on image for larger view) Homo Homo sapiens ) in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. One of these hominids was named

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