41. Somalia (British Empire & Commonwealth Land Forces) Brief Constitutional Military history of somalia regional. Colonial Period,18001960. Independence Period, 1960- http://www.regiments.org/nations/africa/somalia.htm

Authors and Contributors this page: T.F. Mills Page created 23 January 1996 Corrected and updated SOMALIA (British Somaliland) and British Occupied ERITREA Major Government Sites Military News General Reference Military History ... Other Web Catalogues Note: for a fuller imperial constitutional history see British Empire and Commonwealth French Revolutionary Wars Treaty of Amiens, ending French Revolutionary wars Napoleonic Wars Treaty of Paris, ending Napoleonic wars 19th cent. British influence administration transferred to Government of India (Aden) administration transferred to British Foreign Office administration transferred to British Colonial Office First World War Second World War Italian invasion and occupation (from Italian Somaliland) liberation by British forces Independence, and union with Italian Somaliland to form Somali Republic

42. Somalia Somaliland On The Internet a Chronology of Digil Mirifle history of somalia, by Mohamed Aden About aSomali National regional State in Ethiopia, includes map showing area of http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/somalia.html

Countries Topics Search the Africa Pages Suggest a Site ... Countries: Somalia / Somaliland on the Internet See also: Somalia News Adam, Hussein and Richard Ford, et. al. " Removing Barricades in Somalia: Options for Peace and Rehabilitation " U.S. Institute of Peace (Washington, D.C.) Peaceworks, No. 24, October 1998. http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks24/pwks24.html [Addo] Farah Sindiko. Farah Weheliye Addo Campaign Committee (FWAPCC). Presidential Campaign 2003 2003 campaign site. Has political program, statements. Addo served as vice-president of the African Football Confederation and is a long established official. Campaign office based in Nairobi, Kenya. http://www.farahsindiko.com/ African Internet Connectivity-Mike Jensen Current information on internet service providers, telecommunications in Somalia.. Maintained by Mike Jensen. http://www2.sn.apc.org/africa/countdet.CFM?countriesISO_Code=SO Ahmed in Burco Weblog by Ahmed Ismail, a Somali development worker in Somaliland who is the HIV/AIDS Youth Advisor for ICD (International Cooperation for Development). Includes photographs, related sites. See also A Taste of Africa . http://www.20six.co.uk/ahmedgoo Ainashe.net

43. The Situation In Somalia James Wyllie, somalia, State Disintegration and regional Stability , See IMLewis, The Modern history of somalia Nation and State in the Horn of http://www.dnd.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c11e.htm

THE SITUATION IN SOMALIA This chapter is about the political and socio-economic context in which the Canadian Airborne Regiment Battle Group (CARBG) carried out its mission to Somalia. It describes the region's geography, culture, political, and social structure, and surveys significant events leading to the civil war and the end of Siad Barre's regime. It also examines the situation in Somalia when the United Nations intervened and the social and political conditions in Belet Huen when the CARBG was deployed. An understanding of the Somalia context is necessary for evaluating the suitability and operational readiness of the Canadian Airborne Regiment (CAR) and CARBG for service in Africa, as well as for judging the appropriateness of their training for the mission and the adequacy of Canadian military intelligence. Information about Somali society helps in the evaluation of decisions and actions taken in theatre and clarifies how cultural differences between CARBG members and the Somalis may have affected the conduct of operations. A PROFILE OF SOMALIA Somalia occupies a strategic position in the Horn of Africa. In addition to ties with other African countries, it has close religious and historical links with the Arab and Islamic world and has a seat in both the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Arab League. At the time of the CARBG's arrival, Somalia had a population of approximately six million, including refugees.

44. Organisations Arab Net somalia history Brief overview of somalia s history over the course of regional Comparisons Out of the six countries in the Horn of Africa http://www.unsomalia.net/index.php?action=FACTSHEET

45. Boosaaso: A Somali City Thrives Without Aid Boosaaso, somalia For much of its history, this dot on northeastern somalia s Justice authorities need a regional court system. A body of politicians, http://www.netnomad.com/boosaaso.html

The Washington Post. Sunday, March 3, 1996. Boosaaso: A Somali City Thrives Without Aid Stephen Buckley. Boosaaso, Somalia For much of its history, this dot on northeastern Somalia's mostly barren desert landscape has been a dreary, underdeveloped outpost with a battered economy, few government services and virtually no infrastructure. Then, in 1991, Somalia's government fell. The country tumbled into an ongoing civil war. And Somalis were left to fend for themselves. In Boosaaso, that has meant harnessing community resources and talent to jump-start its import-export-based economy and provide crucial services. A businessman has established a citywide telephone system. Teachers work for no salary. A volunteer police force has been created. Boosaaso's council of Muslim elders effectively acts as the town's judiciary. Today Boosaaso, without a formal government, has become a boom town, with one of Somalia's busiest ports, a burgeoning population and the kind a daily stability envied by much of this deeply troubled East African country. Boosaaso's story is increasingly common throughout sub-Saharan Africa, where many communities, abandoned by governments that either dissolved or hopelessly dysfunctional, have had to forge their own paths to survival.

46. Atlas - Somalia Map somalia Map, history, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, Local government authority unconditional in regional and district councils whose http://www.map.freegk.com/somalia/somalia.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Somalia Plants and Animal Back to Top Vegetation in Somalia consists chiefly of coarse grass and stunted thorn and acacia trees. Aromatic flora, producing frankincense and myrrh, are indigenous to the mountain slopes. In southern Somalia, eucalyptus, euphorbia, and mahogany trees are found. Wildlife is extensive and includes crocodiles, elephants, giraffes, leopards, lions, zebras, and many poisonous snakes. Somalia Communications Back to Top the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions; all relief organizations depend on their own private systems domestic: newly, local cellular telephone systems have been accomplished in Mogadishu and in several other population centers international: international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite Somalia Culture Back to Top The Somalis are a culturally, linguistically, and religiously homogeneous people, who are separated along clan lines and sparsely scattered over a harsh, dry land. There are remarkable distinctions among sectors of the population, related in part to variations in means of livelihood. In the early 1990s, roughly 60 % of an around population of more than 8.4 million were still nomadic pastoralists or seminomadic herders, subject to the vicissitudes of an arid climate. Twenty to 25 % of the people were cultivators, most living in the southern half of the nation, on or between Somalia's two major rivers, the Jubba and the Shabeelle. The remainder were town dwellers, the large majority of whom resided in Somalia's capital, Mogadishu.

47. AllRefer.com - Somalia - Local Government | Somalian Information Resource affairs by central authorities also was part of somalia s recent history, Local government authority was vested in regional and district councils, http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/somalia/somalia93.html

You are here allRefer Reference Somalia History ... Somalia Somalia Local Government One of the consequences of the civil strife that began in 1988 was the alienation of many local governments from the effective authority of Mogadishu. Whereas the domestic situation as of May 1992 remained unstable, the trend appeared to be toward a decentralized system of local government similar to that existing prior to the 1969 coup. The constitution of 1961 had provided for the decentralization of administrative functions wherever feasible, and throughout the country elected councils had been responsible for municipal and district government. However, direct supervision of local government affairs by central authorities also was part of Somalia's recent history, and a return to a centralized system could not be ruled out. Indeed, the local government structures that existed in 1992 were the same ones that had been established during Siad Barre's dictatorship. One of Siad Barre's first decrees following the 1969 military coup dissolved all the elected municipal and district councils. This edict was followed by acts that eventually reorganized local government into sixteen regions, each containing three to six districts, with the exception of the capital region (Banaadir), which was segmented into fifteen districts. Of the total eightyfour districts, some were totally urban, while others included both urban and rural communities. Local government authority was vested in regional and district councils, the members of which were appointed by the central government. A 1979 law authorized district council elections, but reserved to the government the right to approve candidates before their names were submitted to voters. Permanent settlements in rural areas had elected village councils, although all candidates had to be approved by government officials at the district level.

48. FMO Research Guide: Predominantly Isaq, the region has a distinctive history and ethnic coherence, Known as the State of Southwestern somalia, this regional authority is http://www.forcedmigration.org/guides/fmo016/fmo016-3.htm

Current political overview The localisation of Somali politics Website: Menkhaus, K., and Prenderhast, J. 'Political Economy of Post-Intervention Somalia' [TOP] Somaliland Somaliland's estimated population of 3.5 million is formally independent from the conflict that continues to plague the central and southern regions of the country. The lack of international recognition prevents Somaliland from receiving multilateral financial assistance and entering into bilateral trade agreements with foreign governments. As a result Somaliland is currently unable to repatriate refugees successfully. The Saudi ban on livestock exports from Somaliland in September 2000 (allegedly due to the spread of 'Rift Valley fever') has also had a serious impact upon the economy. Websites: Government of Somaliland http://www.somalilandgov.com http://www.somalilandonline.com/ [TOP] Puntland Another example of state-building 'from below' can be found in the case of Puntland in the north-east. Following the name given to the Somali coast by sailors from ancient Egypt, the land of 'punt' consists of the former provinces of Mudug, Nugaal, and Bari. It is ethnically homogenous and is nearly totally populated by the Majerteen, the dominant Darod sub-clan. Since 1991 it has largely been at peace under the control of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF). Livestock is the main economic asset in the region. Garowe is the capital, and it has thrived economically since the fall of Barre.

49. Somalia : Outside Involvement Risks Perpetuating The Somali Conflict The recorded history of life in the Horn of Africa goes back almost 4000 The regional state of Puntland may, however, be laying the foundations for the http://www.coding-zone.co.uk/bravanese/articles/outsideinvolvment.shtml

Books Recommend Jobs Add Favorites ... Net Search Vist our Sponsors Privacy Terms Guidance Find In Bravanese Network Somalinet.com IslamSeek.com Navigation Home Articles Somalia: Outside involvement risks perpetuating the Somali conflict The UN intervention and successive reconciliation attempts have done little to fill the civil vacuum in Somalia. Ali A. Jama argues that the international community should now let Somalia resolve its own problems BIO Ali A. Jama is a Somali-Canadian chemical engineer who works for a fertilizer company. He is also founder and manager of the website www.somaliawatch.org, which addresses Somali issues. Somalia has experienced the longest period of statelessness in the contemporary world. It is also one of the world's least developed countries, as measured by the United Nations Development Program's Human Development Index.

50. African Studies: Somalia IRINIntegrated regional Information Networks on somalia (See below, under UNOffice The electronic version of the handbook, with chapters on history, http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/africa/cuvl/Somalia.html

CU Home Libraries Home Search Site Index ... Help Search Library Catalog: Title (start of title) Journal (start of title) Author (last, first) Keyword (and, or, not, "") Subject Go To CLIO >> Find Databases: Title Keywords Title (start of title) Keywords Go To Databases >> Find E-Journals: Title (start of title) Title Keywords Subject Keywords Go To E-Journals >> Search the Libraries Website: Go To Advanced Website Search >> About the Libraries Libraries Collections Digital Collections Hours Directions to Columbia Map of Campus Libraries More... Catalogs CLIO (Columbia's Online Catalog) Other Catalogs at CU and Nearby A-Z List of Library Catalogs Course Reserves More... E-Resources Citation Finder Databases E-Journals E-Books E-Data E-News E-Images Subject Guides More...

51. Djibouti - History - Known As French Somaliland, Was Proclaimed An Overseas Terr Djibouti history - in 1967 was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and somalia, Kenya and Sudan, with the aim of resolving regional conflicts. http://www.arab.de/arabinfo/djibuhis.htm

Home page Arab Info Djibouti Info Djibouti Government ... Links to Djibouti Djibouti - History In 1945 the area now comprising the Republic of Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) was proclaimed an overseas territory of France, and in 1967 was renamed the French Territory of the Afars and the Issas. The Afar and the Issa have strong connections with Ethiopia and Somalia respectively. Demands for independence were led by the Issa community, and under pressure from the Organization of African Unity to grant full independence to the territory, France acted to improve relations between the two communities. Under the auspices of IGADD, the Heads of State of Ethiopia and Somalia met in January 1986 for the first time in 10 years, and in March 1988 they held a further meeting. In the following month the two countries agreed to re-establish diplomatic relations, to withdraw troops from their common border and to exchange prisoners of war. Home page Arab Info Djibouti Info Djibouti Government ... Links to Djibouti Comments or suggestions? E-mail webmaster@arab.de

52. Economic Policy And Debt - HIPC History somalia, and Sudan is expected to $54.5 billion in 2003 NPV terms, the HIPCTrust Fund to support eligible regional and subregional creditors and http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTDEBTDEPT/0,,contentMDK:202632

var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Site Map Index FAQs ... Topics Search All Home Topics Economic Policy and ... Topics ... HIPC HIPC History Overview Topics HIPC Debt Sustainability in Low Income Countries ... Contact Us Site Tools Some Commonly Used Terms WB InfoShop: Debt Related Publications Site Help HIPC History BACKGROUND In 1996, the World Bank and the  International Monetary Fund (IMF)  launched the Debt Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, which created a framework for all creditors, including multilateral creditors, to provide debt relief to the world's poorest and most heavily indebted countries, and thereby reduce the constraint on economic growth and poverty reduction imposed by the debt build-up in these countries. The HIPC Initiative was designed as one important building block in a broader development architecture of policies, programs and institutional development in support of sustainable growth and poverty reduction. The Initiative was modified in 1999 to provide three key enhancements: Deeper and Broader Relief.

53. Mario S Cyberspace Station Somalia ABC Country Book of somalia Soamlia history Economy Government; ArabNet, IRIN - Today s humanitarian news by the UN regional Information Network http://mprofaca.cro.net/news107.html

SOMALIA Constitutional Background Somalia is traditionally run by about 100 clans. Until now, there is no inclination to build anything like a formal state. Somaliland and its "capital" Hargeisa are doing quite well economically, with trade coming in from Saudi Arabia over the harbor town Berbera. - 1 Aug 1996: Muhammad Farrah Aideed, who wrecked UN peacekeeping efforts , dies of gunshot wounds; his sun Hussein is proclaimed successor. - July 1995, Mogadischu: Clan chief Aideed announces creation of an army. Atto gets arrested in Nairobi. President Daniel arap Moi of neighbouring Kenia warns Somali warlords not to conduct clan fights beyond the border. - 19 June 1995, Mogadishu: The SNA (Somali National Alliance) replaces governing Farah Aidid by Osman Atto. Aidid nominates himself "President" which is, with Ali Mahdi (North-Mogadishu) and Ibrahim Egal (Somaliland), the third "presidency." - 1992-1995: Unsuccessful intervention by the United States and the United Nations. - 1991: Somaliland, the northern part of Somalia, proclaimed its independence. Source: http://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/law/soindx.html

54. Topic Areas: Regional Bodies Topic Area B – somalia Restoring a National Government in somalia history mustnot repeat itself. Adequate measures must be laid down to build a strong http://www.hnmun.org/2006/websys.exe?file=committee/topics-rb.html

55. History News Network But the retreat from somalia left East Africa at the mercy of The terrorist A report by the Crisis Group Africa, a regional crisismonitoring group, http://hnn.us/blogs/entries/13498.html

@import url("/css/style.css"); HNN History News Network Because the Past is the Present, and the Future too. Donations Archives ... FAQs Search HNN: Breaking News Departments HNN Articles Hot Topics Books Features ... Deja vu Judith Apter Klinghoffer Judith Apter Klinghoffer FROM "BLACK HOWK DOWN" TO LONDON "Since suicide terrorism is mainly a response to foreign occupation and not Islamic fundamentalism,” Richard Pape told the July 18 edition of The American Conservative, “the use of heavy military force to transform societies over there ... is only likely to increase the number of suicide terrorists coming at us.” In other words, Mr. Pape argues that, taking the war to the enemy merely serves only to recruit more suicide bombers into the ranks of al-Qaeda and its allies." Instead, the US should leave Muslim territories and use only off shore forces to protect its regional interests. However, the Somali identity of at least two (if not three) of the failed London bombers refocuses attention on the fact that Clinton (I assume at the urging such experts as Clarke and Sheuer) tried that strategy in Somalia. Bin Laden issued a Fatua, attacked US forces and they packed up their bags leaving behind them a "capable" UN force. Instead of defusing the situation it led Bin Laden to conclude that "you go kill a few Americans and they go away," as

56. Background Notes: Somalia, Country Background , Somalia Country Background, .Som somalia s modern history began in the late l9th century, when various Europeanpowers somalia is divided into 15 regions, each governed by a regional http://www.realadventures.com/listings/1024176.htm

var zflag_nid="355"; var zflag_cid="132"; var zflag_sid="12"; var zflag_width="728"; var zflag_height="90"; var zflag_sz="14"; document.write(HeaderLogo); Plan An Incredible Vacation Today! Top Searches Travel Newsletter Info Past Issues document.write(HeaderMenu); Home Somalia Country-Wide Country Background Background Notes: Somalia U.S. Department of State information for the Somali Democratic Republic. More Info Report Listing Please let us know if this listing is missing information, misleading, in the wrong category/destination or offensive. Similar Listings Somalis have a remarkably homogeneous culture and identity. As early as the seventh century A.D., indigenous Cushitic peoples began to mingle with Arab and Persian traders who had settled along the coast. Interaction over the centuries led to the emergence of a Somali culture bound by common traditions, a single language, and the Islamic faith. Today, about 60% of all Somalis are nomadic or semi-nomadic pastoralists who raise cattle, camels, sheep, and goats. About 25% of the population are settled farmers who live mainly in the fertile agricultural zone between the Juba and Shebelle Rivers in southern Somalia. Sizable ethnic groups in the country include some 35,000 Arabs, about 2,000 Italians, and 1,000 Indians and Pakistanis. Nearly all inhabitants speak the Somali language, which remained unwritten until October 1973, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) proclaimed it the nation's official language and decreed an orthography using Latin letters. Somali is now the language of instruction in all schools. Arabic, English, and Italian also are used extensively.

57. Plenary Session 2 History And Prospects For Regional Integration Bathily said that the history of regional integration in Africa is a rich one shocks including the collapse of somalia and the genocide in Rwanda. http://www.uneca.org/adfiii/coverage/daily_summaries/daily summary Eng Tue.htm

58. Somali The Introduction relates somalia’s long history, describes how its varied Examining regional politicoeconomic disparities reveal differing regional http://www.lib.mnsu.edu/staff/schomberg/somali.html

MSU Library - Staff Pages The following is an annotated list of English-language books published since 2000 about Somalia and the Somali people. This list is in-progress and is not exhaustive. Our aim is not to recommend certain titles, but to make researchers and librarians aware of their existence and the topics covered. Entries are arranged alphabetically by author. Materials owned by the Minnesota State University, Mankato, Library include a link to the library record for that title. Materials not owned by MSU may be available via Interlibrary Loan. Abdullahi, M.D. (2001). Culture and customs of Somalia. Westport, CN: Greenwood Pr. Library link Ahmed, A.J. (2002). Fear is a cow . Lawrenceville, NJ: Read Sea Pr. Running for their lives: girls, cultural identity, and stories of survival Library link Brons, M.H. (2001). Society, security, sovereignty, and the state in Somali: From statelessness to statelessness? Utrecht : International Books. Fox, M. (2000). Political culture in Somalia: Tracing paths to peace and conflict. Uppsala, Sweden: Universitetstryckeriet.

59. Addis Ababa Agreement: Somalia: Peace Agreements: Library And Links: U.S. Instit The regional Councils shall also be responsible for law and order at the regional Recognizing the tragic and painful recent history of problems in our http://www.usip.org/library/pa/somalia/somalia_03271993.html

Library Homepage Peace Agreements Somalia Addis Ababa Agreement Peace Agreements Digital Collection: Somalia Addis Ababa Agreement concluded at the first session of the Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia, 27 March 1993 After long and costly years of civil war that ravaged our country, plunged it into famine, and caused acute suffering and loss of life among our people, there is the light hope at last: progress has been made towards the restoration of peace, security and reconciliation in Somalia. We, the Somali political leaders recognize how vital it is that this process continue. It has our full commitment. By our attendance at this historic Conference, we have resolved to put an end to armed conflict and to reconcile our differences through peaceful means. We pledge to consolidate and carry forward advances in peace, security and dialogue made since the beginning of this year. National reconciliation is now the most fervent wish of the Somali people. We commit ourselves to continuing the peace process under the auspices of the United Nations and in cooperation with the regional organizations and the Standing Committee of the Horn as well as with our neighbors in the Horn of Africa.

60. Noboriah.somalia getting sucked into the regional conflicts between somalia and her neighbours . In a special report a few hours after the historymaking nomination, http://www.usafricaonline.com/nobiorah.somalia.html

USAfricaonline.com has been listed among the world's leading web sites by the international newspaper, USAToday. Black Hawk Down and the Return to Mogadishu By Ndubisi Obiorah Special to USAfricaonline.com USAfrica The Newspaper, Houston and NigeriaCentral.com An attack on Somalia by the U.S appears to be imminent , according to Pentagon sources, to fish out pro-Al-Qaeda Islamic extremists in that country, according to latest reports from the BBC Several th ousands of Somali women, children and men were killed in the battle in central Mogadishu in 1993, that ensued when U.S Special Forces tried to capture the Somali warlord, Mohammed Aideed. The battle was the kernel of the 2001-2002 hit movie, 'Black Hawk Down' but as is usual with Hollywood agitprop, it does not depict the deaths of the thousands of Somali civilians who were killed in the cross-fire between Aideed's militiamen and the US commandos. Worse still, the movie does not attempt to convey or explain to the American people, the political background to the battle, especially how the US forces, which were originally sent to Somalia in late 1992 to support humanitarian relief efforts, got sucked into the Somali civil war and came to be perceived by some of the Somali people as siding with Aideed's opponents. Indeed, when the US forces initially arrived, Aideed made a point of being seen in the streets of Mogadishu with senior US military officers and quietly let it be known to the Somali people that the Americans had come to install him in power because his son, Hussein Aideed was a US marine!

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