61. NomadNet:How The Culture Of Aid Gave Us The Tragedy Of Somalia NomadNet, Views on Relief, Development and Humanitarianism not sanctioned by the establishment. http://www.netnomad.com/vvsomalia.html

From The Village Voice, January 19, 1993 How the Culture of Aid Gave Us the Tragedy of Somalia by Michael Maren The problem started with the camel guts spilling from the abattoir north of Mogadishu. As the butchers shoveled loads of entrails off the concrete slaughter blocks into the Indian Ocean, sharks swarmed in for the feast. And when theyd eaten the food they turned south along the coast to an area of Mog known as the Lido where the UN beach club and the British-American club attracted aid workers and legions of enterprising young Somalis who hustled them on the beaches. This was Somalia 1981, and the West was moving in: economic advisors, consultants, diplomats, United Nations personnel, and military advisors. But the largest contingent by far were the relief workers, mostly young and inexperienced, assuming they could help, and looking for African adventure. Somalia provided opportunity for both. Thousands of refugees from the Ogaden, ethnic Somalis, were pouring over the border from Ethiopia to avoid fighting and famine. They arrived tired and hungry and in need of medical care. The young volunteers gave it to them. At the same time, Western diplomats were helping Somalia change its affiliation from a Soviet client state to a U.S. client state. They were prodding and advising the government of Somalias dictator, Mohammed Siad Barre, on how to privatize the economy hed just spent a decade socializing. And they were negotiating for the rights to station U.S. forces at an abandoned Soviet military base at Berbera on the Red Sea.

62. The ACG Somalia Page Art culture. Arlaadinet History of somalia and the Somalis Mordern History of somalia The Maandeeq Home for Somlia History, Literature and Poetry http://www.abyssiniagateway.net/somalia/

The ACG Somalia Page The Virtual Community Somalis on The Web... Bravanese Network CODKA Somali Galbeed PlanetSomalia ... soc.culture.somalia UseNet News SAPD-Somalia Somalia Email List #Somaalia IRC DALnet SomaliUK Somali Women's Issues News and Current Information Current Travel Advisory Dhambaal Newspaper The Latest Somali News! The Mukhtar International Digital Magazine ... Somali Rebirth Education Institutes and Associations Amoud University Arun Alumni World Wide Network Somali Students Union Arlaadinet ... The Maandeeq Home for Somlia History, Literature and Poetry Waaberi Somali Cultural Home Page Everythi ng About Qat Qalam for Arabic ... entry on Somalia contains extensive linguistic information Map of Nation Somali Language Page Somali Songs Website The Somali Resource and Heritage Center Somali Companies Ausoma Telecomunications Galkom -Galakacayo Telecom Corporation Mustafa Abdi's Free Virtual Consultancy Firm ... SomiTek Somali Organizations Somali Academics and Students Asscociation in Sweden The Organisation of Somali Academics in Umea Somalia Environmental Protection and Anti-Desertification Organisation (SEPADO) Somalian Student Association of Kuwait ... Somalia at the Red Cross Somalia at Model League of Arab States Western Somali Relief Agency (WSRA) Somalia @ Somalia at Horn Information Exchange Somalia Info at City Net Somalia at UPenn Somalia at GORP ... Somalia at Yahoo!

63. Somalia Section Issues Of Family Unity, Identity And Culture Sub In Somali culture, clan is the inherited patriarchal lineage of ancestors, passed down orally in detail, generation to generation, determining origin, http://www.db.idpproject.org/Sites/IdpProjectDb/idpSurvey.nsf/wViewCountries/00A

www.idpproject.org Somalia Section : Issues of Family Unity, Identity and Culture Sub-section : General Somalia menu List of sources Maps Lineage identity is central organizing force in Somalia (2003) Clanism in Somalia provides physical security, social welfare safety net and conflict management through customary law (xeer) The dictator Barre manipulated clan for political purposes and it became a line of fragmentation The six major Somali clans are Darod, Dir, Hawiye and Issak forming the Samale group, and the Rahaweyn (Digile and Mrifle) known as the Sab group Minority groups who fall outside major clan lineage divisions are often discriminated and marginalized in Somali society Bantu minority groups tend to be small scale farmers and lived in the riverine areas Bantu were victims of cultural genocide and they now all speak Somali except the Mushunguli group xeer ) designed to minimize and manage conflict. Blood payment ( diya Those who fall outside the major clan lineage divisions are considered as minorities. They are disadvantageous of being minorities except when they have patrons or patron clan that support them. This lack of clan protection puts them at the mercy of arbitrary action by major clans. According to their lineage, the minority groups are divided into two groups: A group, which has similar ethnic origin with the Samale group, but traditionally considered as cast people who have no equal rights with others. This group includes Midgan, Tumal and Yibir (collectively known as Baidari group), Gaheyle and Galagale and Boni. They are traditionally hunters, leather and metal workers, and craft makers living in some parts of north, central and southern Somalia.

64. Somalia Despite the fact that the practice is so entrenched in Somali culture and custom, women began working to eradicate the practice as early as 1977. http://www.state.gov/g/wi/rls/rep/crfgm/10109.htm

Under Secretary for Global Affairs Office of International Women's Issues Other Releases Other Reports ... Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC): Individual Country Reports Somalia: Report on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) or Female Genital Cutting (FGC) Released by the Office of the Senior Coordinator for International Women's Issues Practice: The most common form of female genital mutilation (FGM) or female genital cutting (FGC) practiced in Somalia is Type III (commonly referred to as infibulation and in Somalia, the "Pharaonic circumcision"). Eighty percent of all genital procedures for women and girls consist of this form which is the most harmful form. The less radical or Type I (commonly referred to as clitoridectomy and in Somalia sometimes called "sunna") is practiced mainly in the coastal towns of Mogadishu, Brava, Merca and Kismayu. The procedures leave a lifetime of physical suffering for the women. Incidence: Virtually all Somali women are subjected to one of these procedures. A recent estimate by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) places the percentage of the women in Somalia who have undergone this procedure at 90 percent. Earlier estimates had placed the percentage at 96-98 percent. A 1983 national survey by the Ministry of Health found a prevalence of 96 percent. In October 1999, CARE International carried out a safe motherhood survey in Somaliland (northwest Somalia) to determine, among other things, the prevalence of FGM/FGC. It found the practice to be universal in this area of Somalia among the women sampled, with 91 percent undergoing Type III and nine percent Type I. These suggest that it is well established in all areas of the country and in most, if not all, the ethnic groups. It is commonly performed on girls as young as six or seven years of age.

65. VirtualTourist.com - Somalia Tips - Pictures, Tips And Reviews somalia Tips Travel Guide Find the best insider tips, reviews, In this culture it is considered inpolite to snap pictures of people with out their http://www.virtualtourist.com/travel/Africa/Somalia/Local_Customs-Somalia-BR-1.h

CM8ShowAd("Superbanner"); member log in join for free! help Home ... Forums SOMALIA : Local Customs Reviews Overview Hotels Forum Things To Do ... Somalia Destinations Members Keywords Sponsored Links for Somalia Travel Hotel ORBITZ: The Faster, Easier Way to Find the Hotel You Want! Travelocity Vacations Great Travel Deals! Get Ready to Relax - Book Your Trip Now Hotels.com Hotels.com Best Rate Guarantee Guaranteed Lowest Price Anywhere! Priceline: Hotel Travel The All New Priceline Now Lets You Shop and Compare Before You Buy! CheapTickets® CM8ShowAd("MediumRectangle"); by Omar64 Somalia: Local Customs Local time: 6:31 am Monday, September 26, 2005. TravelPro Sale - LuggageGuru.com Hotels in Somalia Flights to Somalia Members living here: 23 ... Member pictures: 102 Somalia Hotel Rates City: Check-In Date: Check-Out Date: Guests: Hotels by OneTime.com Popular Local Customs Miscellaneous Local Customs Tips All Tips Sort by: Most Recent page 1 of 1 Tip Rating: Ask before taking pictures. Written by on April 26, 2003. by Adam911 In this culture it is considered inpolite to snap pictures of people with out their permission. Always ask with a smile, and say 'sawir'(picture)? They will understand and either say/motion, yes or no. Also be careful or taking pictures/video of governmen/military areas. See all Somalia Tips Write your own Somalia Local Customs Review Ask the VT Community about Somalia Leave a Comment ... Rate Not Helpful 5 Very Helpful Tip Rating: Somali culture Written by on August 26, 2002.

66. :: NOVIB SOMALIA :: Mapping Somali Civil Society A study of the nature of civil society organisations (CSOs) in somalia and Somaliland and their links with Somali culture, http://www.somali-civilsociety.org/

67. African Studies Center | Somalia Page covers history, geography, politics, culture, etc. somalia Linknet. Comprehensive list of links covering Somali news, culture, cities, businesses, http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Country_Specific/Somalia.html

Somalia Page Country Map of Somalia U.S. State Department Consular Information Sheet for Somalia Somalia Embassy in the U.S. World Factbook entry for Somalia Other On-Line Resources Related to Somalia Somalia The index has been created by The Norwegian Council for Africa, as part of its comprehensive effort to strengthen the knowledge of Africa and African affairs. The projects has been developed in cooperation with the information company Gazette, and wit h financial support from the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Somalia (Karen Fung) Resources represents part of Karen Fung's "Africa South of the Sahara Electronic Guide". It covers: news, history, geography, etc.. UN Somalia This website provides news about latest developments on Somalia and the wider Horn of Africa region, UN comment, detailed geographical and population maps, online information databases - including the Somalia Telephone directory, and links to other Somalia resources.

68. Somalia: UNITAF To summarize it was due to both its historical and culture heritage. somalia without being intrigued by the centrality of the clan to Somali culture, http://www.empereur.com/somaliaus.html

Why the Bush Administration Decided to Intervene in Somalia? Acknowledgement The objective of my project is to explain: why and how the U.S. of 1992, the winner of the Cold War is willing for the first time to be involved in an external crisis in which she does not have a direct national interest. By doing so, I will focus first of all on how American political apparatus as whole, that includes Congress, Senate (the Senate-Committee on Africa), State Department (Africa Bureau), Secretary and Assistant Secretaries of State, USAID, Pentagon, public media, divers interest and lobby groups, organized itself during the very beginning of post Cold War era in order to respond to the Somali Crisis, the worst humanitarian catastrophe during that time. Hence my overall objective is a demonstration of why and how the U.S. is for the first time in her diplomatic history willing to help another nation that she has absolutely no direst strategic interest. And to elucidate on why I believe President Bush’s final decision is rather about his vision of a New World Order and new direction for international diplomacy, that is the prevention of collapse of states and its’ restoration. Introduction The Horn of Africa has been the scene of devastating humanitarian crisis for decades; and Somalia, the Africa’s only nation state

69. Somalia - In Somalia, A Healthy Commitment Diop describes livestock as central to Somali culture and incomes. Livestock remains the main source of somalia livelihoods, making up 80% of exports in http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/SOMALIAEXTN/0,,cont

var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Site Map Index FAQs ... Topics Search Somalia All Home Countries Africa Somalia In Somalia, a Healthy Commitment Overview Related Links Contacts Resources For Procurement/Tender E-Subscription Client Connection In Somalia, a Healthy Commitment Also available in: Arabic French Arabic Spanish Residents of Qarhis have made the health clinic a community priority. Priya Gajraj has no doubt about the dedication of the local community in Qarhis, in the Puntland,  Somalia, to keep their health clinic in operation. There was no fully functional national government in Somalia for more than a decade. A peace process now underway has resulted in the establishment of a new parliament and the election of a new president and prime minister.  It was against that background, the World Bank became involved since 2000 in efforts to improve community health services in Somalia with funding from the Bank's Post-Conflict Fund. With no national government in place, the World Bank joined forces with the Somalia Red Crescent Society and the International Federation of Red Cross/Red Crescent Societies to fund health centers in Puntland and Somaliland. "The Somalia Red Crescent Society was one of the only remaining institutions operating throughout the country after the collapse of the government, "  says Gajraj.

70. AllAfrica.com Somalia [analysis] A Nation Of Poets wrote that it is difficult for Westerners to appreciate the role of poetry in Somali culture. Arts, culture and Entertainment somalia http://allafrica.com/stories/200101080500.html

71. Bits Of Culture - Somalia BITS OF culture somalia. Languages. Map. Cultural Values. Main Religion Death Concepts/Rituals Somali. Other languages Arabic English Italian http://www.massgeneral.org/interpreters/b_som.asp

BITS OF CULTURE - Somalia Languages Map Cultural Values Health Care Values ... Interesting Facts Languages Official language: Somali Other languages: Arabic English Italian Cultural Values Health Care Values Diet Interesting Facts

72. NIC - Alt.culture.somalia Search FAQ Format Help Feedback NIC Info Home. alt.culture.somalia. Use soc.culture.somalia instead. Goto Group Copyright Notice Credits http://www.ibiblio.org/usenet-i/groups-html/alt.culture.somalia.html

NIC Search FAQ Format ... somalia Use soc.culture.somalia instead. Goto Group Credits

73. Afrika.no - The Index On Africa - Culture You are here Countries somalia culture ANCIS is the association of the ItalianSomali comunity in Italy. In Italian. http://www.afrika.no/index/Countries/Somalia/Culture/

find: in Entire afrika.no Index on Africa News Update Norske sider English Pages Culture advanced search Fellesrådet The Index on Africa Africa News Update ... English You are here: Countries Somalia : Culture Culture Art, literature, music, religion, sport, languages and way of life. Afromix Music Guide Comprehensive Afro-Caribbean discography organised by artists, countries, instruments, labels, styles and year. Lists artists, bands and traditional music. In English, French and Spanish. Ancis Somalia ANCIS is the association of the Italian-Somali comunity in Italy. In Italian. Ethnologue Language Database Extensive web catalogue of languages of Somalia. Site includes bookstore for printed publications, language maps and a country specific language bibliography. Updated every 4 years. By SIL International. The Merka Art Gallery "The art work that I am displaying here is a reflection of my past experiences, adventures, deep thoughts about life. Also the culture, history, beliefs, and mysteries of the African people." By Mohamed Buwe Osman. Search for Links: More search options Keyword: Search in: this category and subcategories the entire Index on Africa The Norwegian Council for Africa Osterhausgt. 27

74. African Music Links Cosaan Senegalese culture A really good site with a lot of information on Senegalese somalia. Somali Theater - big list of Somali songs in RealAudio http://ietpd1.sowi.uni-mainz.de/~ama/archive/ama_links.html

75. Political Culture In Somalia Political culture in somalia Tracing Paths to Peace Conflict By MaryJane Fox August 2000 Uppsala University Press ISBN 91-506-1446-0 http://www.coronetbooks.com/books/poli4460.htm

Political Culture in Somalia By Mary-Jane Fox August 2000 Uppsala University Press ISBN: 91-506-1446-0 178 pages, 6 1/2" x 9 1/2" $36.50 Paper Original Politics Return to Coronet Books main page

76. Culture The origin of Somali culture is from Islamic tradition and from their ancestors. I believe understanding the Somali culture related to the behavior of http://ww2.saturn.stpaul.k12.mn.us/somali/culture.html

THE SOMALI CULTURE AND BELIEFS BY HASSAN MOHAMED I. ORIGIN OF SOMALI CULTURE II. DRESS IN SOMALI TRADITION In Islamic tradition, the form of dress is important for Somali women and men. For example, Women should wear HIJAB which is a dress that covers the body except for the hands and face. Men should also wear clothes that cover the body between waist and knees according to the tradition. They should both start dressing this way when they are between seven and nine years old. Somali parents teach their kids how to dress before they reach the age of maturity or puberty. With these traditions in mind, Somali families have the following expectations from the American schools: a) That the schools should separate the girls from the boys when they have mixed or body-touching activities such as swimming class. b) That the schools should allow the Somali girls to dress in uniforms that reflect their culture if the school has uniforms. c) That the schools should give options to the students, especially girls, about any activity related to dress, for example, playing baseball or going to the school gym with sports dress. This should not be obligatory for the girls who do not want to participate. d) That the schools should consult with students’ parents should any conflict related to dress come up.

77. Somali Immigrants Document Their History And Share Their Experiences This is one of the many facts you can learn about Somali culture in A Sense of Belonging Somali Settlement Experience in Canada. http://collections.ic.gc.ca/E/SuccessStories/volume3/somali.html

Success Stories A Sense of Belonging: Somali Settlement Experience in Canada Somali Immigrants document their history and share their experiences Did you know that it is polite to leave a little bit of food on your plate when eating at a Somali’s? This custom indicates to your Somali host that he/she has given you a plentiful serving of food. Finishing your plate would indicate that you are still hungry. This is one of the many facts you can learn about Somali culture in A Sense of Belonging: Somali Settlement Experience in Canada. Produced by the Somali Immigrant Aid Organization (SIAO), the Web site documents the historical background of Somalis in order to educate Canadians and reach out to new Somali immigrants. Under contract to Canada’s Digital Collections, the Web site was created by seven students living in Toronto. As of March 2000, the Canada’s Digital Collections (CDC) program, funded by the Youth Employment Strategy, has enabled over 2,300 young Canadians (ages 15-30) to gain valuable work experience in the multimedia sector. By converting significant Canadian content for display on the Information Highway, Canadian youth have not only gained skills for knowledge-based employment but have provided greater access to Canadian holdings located in archives, libraries, museums and other sources.

78. SOMALIS A trilogy of novels providing excellent background on Somali culture and politics. The classic anthropological study of Somali culture focusing on the http://www.culturalorientation.net/somali/sbib.html

culturalorientation.net -home SOMALIS THEIR HISTORY AND CULTURE REFUGEE FACT SHEET NO.9 CHAPTER C ONTENTS P REFACE ... RDER A PRINT COPY Bibliography Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of Somali Studies . Atlanta: Scholars Press. 75 scholarly papers that include legal studies, history, linguistics, literature, development studies, and the natural sciences. Andrzejewski, B. W., with Andrzejewski, S., 1993 Somali Poetry. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Extensive collection of traditional and modern Somali poetry. Somali Poetry: An Introduction. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Evaluation of Somali poetic forms, with many examples, by a preeminent linguist and anthropologist. Cassanelli, L. V., 1982 The Shaping of Somali Society: Reconstructing the History of a Pastoral People, 1600-1900. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. A thorough overview of Southern Somali history by a leading scholar. Farah, N., [1979] 1992 Sweet and Sour Milk.

79. Welcome To The United States: A Guidebook For Refugees Their History and culture. Diana Briton Putman Mohamood Cabdi Noor. Refugee Fact Sheet No. 9 1993. Published by Center for Applied Linguistics http://www.culturalorientation.net/somali/

culturalorientation.net CHAPTER C ONTENTS P REFACE ... Order a print copy The Somalis Their History and Culture Refugee Fact Sheet No. 9 Published by Center for Applied Linguistics The Refugee Service Center This Fact Sheet has been developed and printed under a cooperative agreement with the Bureau of Population, Refugees, and Migration of the U.S. Department of State. The material appearing herein does not necessarily represent the policy of that agency, nor the endorsement of the federal government. The contents of this publication are in the public domain and may be reproduced.For off-line viewing and printing we have included text-only version. www.culturalorientation.net For more information contact sanja@cal.org Designed by SAGARTdesign Last Updated:02/18/04

80. Outreach A twodisk DVD set from CAS s June 2005 Somali History and culture Workshop C. Dr. Ali N. Mohamed Somali History and culture as a Reflection of the http://oia.osu.edu/cas/outreach_1.htm

OUTREACH About CAS Academics Outreach A significant part of CAS's mission is to encourage learning and exchange of knowledge about Africa between OSU and the off-campus community representing K-12 schools, business, government, social service, and community members at large. Somali History and Culture DVDs HIV/AIDS in Africa powerpoint Teach Global Ed Africa Modules 2005 K-12 Teachers' Workshop "SOMALI HISTORY AND CULTURE" DVDs AVAILABLE Disc One: A. Dr. Hassan Ali Mirreh: Perspectives on Somalia Dr. Hassan Ali Mirreh has held numerous posts in the Somali civil service, including the ministry of education, prior to the civil war. He received a Ph.D from Princeton University in International Relations in 1962. His thesis is titled “Soviet Foreign Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa.” B. Mr. Ali Mirreh Awale: Presentation of the Somali National Anthem Ali Mirreh Awale has worked as a teacher, headmaster, and inspector of schools in the Somali ministry of education prior to the war. He is the composer of the Somali national anthem. C.

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