21. University Of Manitoba: Department Of Soil Science - Course Information 40.451 soil and water management. general Information. Topics include capabilityof land for agriculture; storage, movement and use of water; http://www.umanitoba.ca/faculties/afs/soil_science/course_pages/40_451.htm

DEPARTMENT HOME OVERVIEW RESEARCH GRADUATE STUDENTS ... LINKS 40.451 - Soil and Water Management General Information: Topics include: capability of land for agriculture; storage, movement and use of water; saline and alkaline soils; soil conservation including erosion; sustainability of soil organic matter; effect and fate of soil amendments. May not hold credit for040.451 and the former 040.312. Prerequisite: 040.350 or 040.351. Detailed Course Outline: 1. Introduction to Soil and Water Management 2. Agricultural Land Resource 2.1 Agriculture is Essential 2.2 Factors Affecting Plant Growth 2.3 Prairie Soil Resource 2.4 The Climate Resource 2.5 Land Capability for Agriculture 3. Land Productivity

22. CASE STUDY: MOROCCO Population And Irrigation Water Management: General Data And Population and Irrigation water management general Data and Case Studies soil erosion and degradation of ground vegetation reduce the soilís http://www.aaas.org/international/ehn/waterpop/morroc.htm

Table of Contents EHN Homepage AAAS Homepage CASE STUDY: MOROCCO Population and Irrigation Water Management: General Data and Case Studies Abdelhadi Bennis , Association Marocaine pour la Protection de líEnvironnement Houria Tazi Sadeq , Alliance Maghreb-Machrek pour l'Eau In order to develop successfully, a country must take account of global and regional conditions and pursue a development policy that combines economic growth, sustainable use of natural resources, and improvement of the quality of life of its people. In Morocco, an agricultural-pastoral country, where water is scarce and half the population lives in rural areas, the interaction between humans and nature is particularly intense, for three reasons: For farming families, which make up 80 percent of the rural population, the place of residence is also the workplace, and the separation between life in the home and in the production site is not clearly marked, as it is in the city. Rural areas are directly exposed to constraints imposed by climatic variables and water supply, especially with respect to seasonal activities, income contingencies, and spatial mobility. The wide geographic dispersal of homes, encouraged by the customs of the country, with its inevitable negative consequences for basic infrastructure and various community installations, contributes to the socioeconomic and cultural isolation of families, and is an obstacle to the overall development of the country. Families are forced to lead a more traditional life that is less open to modernity.

23. Soil And Water Management - Ohio Agronomic Crops Network soil and water management Of Interest Agricultural water management general Resources. Agricultural water Table management Systems Waste management http://agcrops.osu.edu/soilwater/

Home Newsletter Calendar Education ... Advertise Us Soil and Water Management Of Interest: Agricultural Water Management Agricultural Drainage Soil Compaction and Drainage Ohio Agronomy Guide Current Research Projects Current Research General Resources Agricultural Water Table Management Systems Waste Management Resources Surface Water Quality Best Management Practices Economics of Vegetative Filter Strips ... Ohio Agronomy Guide See also Environment Section Contact: OSU Experts Academics: Soil Science Engineering Crop Science Home ... College of Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Sciences

24. General Information soil and water management/conservation; soil genesis, morphology and land use; The department offers a MS degree in soil and water technology for http://www.soils.wisc.edu/soils/generalinfo/generalinfo.htm

General Information Why Wisconsin? Graduate Studies Undergraduate Studies ... Faculty Staff Graduate Students Newsletter/Current Activities Other Department Links A Bit of History ... Related Links Department of Soil Science University of Wisconsin-Madison 1525 Observatory Drive Madison, WI 53706-1299 (608) 265-2595 (fax) General Information Soil Science is a study of soil genesis, morphology, properties and management, requiring both qualitative and quantitative understandings of all the chemical, physical, and biological processes that occur in soils, as well as of societal implications. The results of such studies allow us to optimize use and preservation of land for agriculture, forestry, recreation, transportation systems, urban development, and many other endeavors. The Department of Soil Science has program responsibilities in undergraduate and graduate instruction, research, extension and public service, and international agriculture. The department's graduate training is subdivided into the following areas of concentration: soil and environmental physics; soil chemistry and mineralogy; soil fertility and plant nutrition; soil biochemistry and microbiology; soil and water management/conservation; soil genesis, morphology and land use; and forest soils. In addition to production agriculture, emphasis is placed on wise environmental stewardship and rehabilitation of contaminated or deteriorated biomes.

25. Green Pages - Index 7.7 : General Geotechnical Engineering - Consultancy Service general Geotechnical Engineering, Consultancy Services, soil Conservation, soil water; Bioremediation Waste management, Environmental Design, http://www.eco-web.com/index/category/7.7.html

General Geotechnical Engineering A-B Consulting Group (ABCG) Egypt Advanced GeoServices Corp. (AGC) United States à F-Process AB Sweden Air Water Earth Ltd (AWE ) Uganda AIS Environmental Ltd Malta Al Hoty Stanger Ltd Co (AHS) Saudi Arabia AmbiCat Consulting SLL Spain Canada Germany Antéa Ingénierie et Conseil France Aqua Earth Consulting South Africa Aquangol - Consultoria e Tecnologia de Águas, Ltda Angola Aquatest as Czech Republic Arcadis United States Arcadis Geotécnica (AG) Chile Arcadis NV Netherlands Arup United Kingdom ASP Rope Access United Kingdom Aspen Environmental Group (AEG) United States Associated Consulting Engineers SAL (ACE) Lebanon Associated Environmental Engineers Pvt Ltd (AEE) India Astra Infosys India Atkins United Kingdom Atkins China Ltd Hong Kong Atlas Co Hungary Atria Baird Consultores SA Chile Myanmar BCEOM Engineering Consultants France Bentham Geoconsulting Ltd United Kingdom Switzerland United Kingdom BMT Cordah Ltd United Kingdom Carl Bro A/S Denmark CC Geotechnical United Kingdom CDM United States Center for Environmental Studies and Management (CESM) Philippines Center of Environmental Science (EcoTerra) Russian Federation Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) India Centre for Practical Geoecology (CPG) Russian Federation Chuo Kaihatsu Corporation (CKC) Japan Cleaner Production and Energy Efficiency Centre (CPEE) Moldova Colenco Power Engineering Ltd (CPE) Switzerland Consulting Engineering Services (India) Pvt Ltd (CES) India

26. Green Pages - Index 2.8 : General Wastewater Services & Misc. - Wastewater Plant general Wastewater Services Misc., Wastewater Plant Engineering, soil water; Bioremediation Waste management, Design and Construction Services for http://www.eco-web.com/index/category/2.8.html

3E Consulting and Trading Pakistan 3R Ingeniería Ambiental SL Spain Abrys Technika Sp zoo Poland ACS Medio Ambiente SA de CV Mexico ACTA Consultants Georgia Ltd Georgia ADI Group Canada Advanced Research Co Iran Adviesburo Colsen / Coltrade BV Netherlands Agua Latinoamerica Mexico Aguamarket Chile Air Water Earth Ltd (AWE ) Uganda Aktif Aritma Tek Muh Mus Ltd Sti (AAT) Turkey Al Bina Al Mumtaz Cont. Co LLC Oman Oman Allied Environmental Consultants Ltd (AEC) Hong Kong AmbiCat Consulting SLL Spain AmbiPrime - Consultoria e Gestão Ambiental, Lda Portugal Anova sas Italy Appisa, Ingenieria Ambiental Mexico Aqua Research Environmental (ARE) United States Aquadesign International AB Sweden Aquamec Ltd Finland Aquaser, SA de CV Mexico Aquatec SA Ecuador Aquatest as Czech Republic Arab German Company for Waste and Environmental Technology (AGET) Egypt Arabic Future Group (AFG) Yemen Arcadis United States Arcadis Ekokonrem Sp zoo Poland Arcadis Geotécnica (AG) Chile Arcadis NV Netherlands Ari Aritma San Tic Ltd Sti Turkey Arites Taah San ve Tic Ltd Turkey Armasan Aritma Ltd Sti Turkey Arup United Kingdom Aspect Assessment Ltd United Kingdom Associated Consulting Engineers SAL (ACE) Lebanon Associated Environmental Engineers Pvt Ltd (AEE) India Associated Water Management Consultants (AWMC) Tunisia Atkins United Kingdom Atkins China Ltd Hong Kong AuditEco Romania Romania Automatic Control Solutions, Inc. (ACS)

27. Certified Crop Adviser Program 5 CEUs in soil and water management Summary of Content general EntomologyTravelswith My Antlion - 20 CEUs, can be divided into four 5 CEU sections. http://www.agronomy.org/cca/cgi-bin/selfStudyList.cgi

Home Check CEU's Check Credential Status Code of Ethics ... Update your address Available Online Continuing Education Self Study Exams The International CCA Board allows all CCAs to earn up to 20 of their 40 CEUs required in the two-year cycle through self-study The following exams offer the opportunity to receive CEU's online. Some Exams require a pdf viewer -click here to download CCA Self Study Exams (secure site-use your credit card with confidence) Movement of Coliform Bacteria and Nutrients in Ground Water Flowing through Basalt and Sand Aquifers ss00900 1 CEU in Soil and Water Management Herbicide and Nutrient Transport from an Irrigation District into the South Saskatchewan River ss00910 1 CEU in Soil and Water Management Major Herbicides in Ground Water: Results from the National Water-Quality Assessment ss00920 1 CEU in Pest Management Pesticide Risk Reduction on Crops in the Province of Ontario ss00930 1 CEU in Pest Management Planting Date, Cultivar, and Tillage ss01000 1 CEU in Crop Management Effects of Broiler Litter in an Irrigated, Double Cropped, Conservation Filled Rotation

28. AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR COASTAL PLAIN SOILS. AG-355 soil water, either too much and/or too little, is recognized as the single most the performance and general operation and management of these systems. http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/evans/ag355.html

AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT FOR COASTAL PLAIN SOILS Prepared by: Robert Evans, Extension Specialist and Wayne Skaggs, William Neal Reynolds Professor Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering Published by: North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service Publication Number: AG 355 Last Electronic Revision: June 1996 (KNS) Introduction North Carolina has historically been blessed with an adequate source of good quality water to supply all of its water demands for industry, agriculture and domestic and recreational users. However, if consumption continues to increase at its present rate, water shortages will become prevalent in the near future. Water use in some areas is already approaching critical limits, and shortages in other areas are likely to follow. The best solution to this increasing demand involves developing management strategies to conserve and use the existing water resources more efficiently. These management strategies can also have a pronounced effect on water quality. Thus, all management decisions should consider strategies that maintain or improve water quality. However, the best management strategies are often geo- graphically sensitive: what might work in one region might not work in another. Each management strategy, therefore, should be selected based on minimizing the specific local problems. How Water Stress Impacts Crop Production Soil water, either too much and/or too little, is recognized as the single most limiting factor for crop production in both North Carolina and much of the southeastern United States. This is especially true in the Coastal Plain and Tidewater regions where both excessive and deficient soil-water conditions frequently are found in the same field.

29. ::NRS: Majors:: and management majors must complete three to four credits in general botany, The major in water and soil science, offered by the Department of http://www.nrs.uri.edu/Majors.655.0.html

URI Home CELS Home NRS Home Front page ... Search Undergraduate Majors Environmental Science and Management The major in environmental management, offered by the Department of Natural Resources Science, prepares undergraduate students for professional careers in the public and private sectors of natural resources management. Flexible course requirements allow students to develop individual areas of concentration and prepare for a variety of positions in environmental management after graduation. This major is also suitable for students who wish to become certified as teachers of environmental science and natural resources at the secondary level. In addition, the program provides a solid background for graduate study in several more specialized environmental science disciplines. Environmental science and management majors may meet the educational requirements for state and federal employment as biologists, natural resource specialists, environmental scientists, and other classifications. Click here for a copy (pdf format) of the most current course checksheet and here for an overview of the Environmental Science and Management major.

30. Career Opportunities In Soil And Water Management soil and water management Option. Graduates are knowledgeable in synergetic chemical movement in soils, and general agronomy and plant sciences. http://www.squ.edu.om/agr/depts/swae/courses/career-soil-water-management.html

Soil and Water Management Option: Graduates are knowledgeable in synergetic physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in soil and adjacent Earth compartments (rock, surface water and atmosphere). This will allow them to better comprehend soil fertility, soil salinity, and the consequence of land management practices (especially ones related to agriculture) on the soil resources. The course work also covers the use, occurrence, and behaviour of water in arid climates. Elective courses address irrigation principles, soil and water conservation, soil-water-plant relations, management of salt-affected soils, chemical movement in soils, and general agronomy and plant sciences. Nature of Work: Graduates study the composition of soils as it is related to plant/crop growth. They study the responses of various soil types to fertilizers, tillage practices, and crop rotation. Soil scientists working for the Government conduct soil surveys, classifying and mapping soils. They provide information and recommendation to farmers and other landowners regarding the best use of land and how to avoid pr correct problems such as erosion. They consult with engineers and other technical personnel working on construction projects about the effects of, and solutions to, soil problems. In cooperation with ecologists and environmental scientists, soil scientists work effective land use and sustainable development of soil resources. Work conditions include laboratory, field and office work.

31. Soil And Water Management Courses The soil and water management program is designed to produce graduates chemical movements in soils and general agronomy and plant sciences. http://www.squ.edu.om/agr/depts/swae/courses/sws-course-undergrad-soilwater.html

Undergraduate Courses Soil and Water Management Specialization: The Soil and Water Management program is designed to produce graduates knowledgeable in land use of arid environments. Required courses give students an understanding of physical, chemical and biological processes in soils. This will allow them to better comprehend soil fertility, soil salinity and the consequences of land management practices (especially agricultural practices) on the soil resources. The course work also covers the use, occurence and behaviour of water in arid climates. Departmental Requirements Soil and Water Management Electives Elective courses address irrigation principles, soil and water conservation, soil-water-plant relations, management of salt-affected soils, chemical movements in soils and general agronomy and plant sciences. The program was developed to produce graduate with the ability to plan, design, study and manage projects involving soil, water, energy and human resources of the Sultanate. Students have to choose certain credits from the Departmental Elective (core and supplemental) subject lists in Soil and Water Management.

32. Water And Soil Resources Concentration—College Of Natural Resources (CNR) The water and soil resources concentration focuses on the management of waterand soil Geo 5701—general Hydrogeology (3 cr) WRS 5101—water Resources http://www.catalogs.umn.edu/archive/updates/cnr11.html

Return to: U of M Home One Stop Directories Search U of M ... Academic Calendars Natural Resources and Environmental Studies College of Natural Resources (CNR) : Catalog Web Site E-mail Water and Soil Resources Concentration The water and soil resources concentration focuses on the management of water and soil resources to achieve a balance between management practices and resulting water and/or soil quality. Emphasis on informed decision-making; ecological approaches to water resource management; water movement, storage and hydrologic cycles; preventing soil erosion, land degradation and resulting impacts on off-site resources. Students must choose one of the following sub-specializations (tracks): hydrology soil and water conservation , or water quality Hydrology Track in the Water and Soil Resources Concentration Students completing the hydrology track will be eligible for state and federal certification as hydrologists. They can serve as hydrologists or water resource technicians for a watershed district or other governmental unit or in a private organization.

33. Soil And Water Management Practice For Calcareous Soils - making land capable of more intensive use by changing its general character, Abstract, soil and water management practices encompass a wide range of http://www.wca-infonet.org/cds_static/en/il_water_management_practice_calcareous

in all Topics in Current Topic + Subtopics in all Topics + Postings in all Postings in Titles in all Fields in all Fields + Contents in Authors in Keywords in Geography Keywords in Web Addresses (URLs) site map advanced search Water RESOURCES Water for AGRICULTURE ... Drainage Login Username Password Forgotten your password? Not a member? Join Now Editors WCA InfoNET Sub-topics topic map Drainage practice Drainage-related problems Drainage technology ... Soil classification and types Topic Info ID: 1221 Visits: 1840 Added: 01 January 2000 Updated: 01 August 2005 URL: http://www.wca-infonet.org/id/1221 KO Info ID: 9187 Visits: 478 Added: 01 January 2000 Updated: 16 July 2002 URL: http://www.wca-infonet.org/id/9187 Definition and Scope "Drainage" is defined as The natural or artificial removal of surplus ground- and surface water and dissolved salt from the land in order to enhance agriculture production. In the case of natural drainage the excess waters flows from the fields to lakes, swamps, streams and rivers. In an artificial system surplus ground or surface water is removed by means of sub surface or surface conduits. Source "FAO Glossary of Land and Water Terms" All Websites Documents Discussions ... Events Title Soil and Water Management Practice for Calcareous Soils Author(s) Jackson, R.D.

34. UC Davis General Catalog: Soil Water Program soil and water science is concerned with the use and protection of our land andwater Major programs include land use, soil survey, soil management and http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/UCDWebCatalog/programs/sowat/sowatprog.html

The Program Requirements PDF File Soil and Water Science (College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences) The Major Program Soil and water science is concerned with the use and protection of our land and water resources. The major teaches graduates sound scientific principles for managing soil and water resources to benefit both agriculture, forestry and the environment. The Program. Major programs include land use, soil survey, soil management and conservation, plant nutrition, diagnostic technology, irrigation and drainage, water resources management, water quality, and related environmental problems. (For example, the emphasis on water quality would include more than the minimum number of units of physical and biological sciences, while an emphasis in resource allocation and land-use planning would include more courses in the social, political, and economic areas.) Internships and Career Alternatives. Programs and Courses Admission Requirements Degree Requirements Table of Contents ... Webmaster 2004-2006 Web catalog; updated August 2004

35. UC Davis General Catalog: SSC Courses Principles of water, gas, heat, and solute movement in soil with selected examplesrelated to soil and water management. Influence of soil properties on http://registrar.ucdavis.edu/ucdwebcatalog/programs/SSC/SSCcourses.html

General Information Requirements Courses PDF File Courses in Soil Science (SSC) Questions pertaining to the following courses should be directed to the instructor or to the Resource Sciences Teaching Center, 148 Hoagland Hall (530-752-1669) or check the Soils and Biogeochemistry Web site at http://lawr.ucdavis.edu/ssc. Lower Division Courses 10. Concepts of Soil Science (4) 92. Soil Science Internship (1-12) Upper Division Courses 100. Principles of Soil Science (5) 102. Soil and Water Chemistry (5) 105. Field Studies of Soil Resources (8) 107. Soil Physics (5) 109. Nutrient Cycling and Management (5) 111. Soil Microbiology (4) 112. Soil Ecology (3) 118. Soils in Land Use and the Environment (4) 120. Soil Genesis, Morphology, and Classification (5) 192. Soil Science Internship (1-12) 198. Directed Group Study (1-5) (P/NP grading only.) 199. Special Study for Advanced Undergraduates (1-5) (P/NP grading only.) Graduate Courses 202. Topics in Advanced Soil Chemistry (3) 208. Soil-Plant Interrelationships (3)

36. Soil Science Remediation of contaminated water and soil. management of land reverted from theconservation general Inquiries agrohort@unl.edu Copyright © 20002003. http://agronomy.unl.edu/panel/sw_thrust.htm

Home Search FAQ Index/site map ... Help Special Interest Groups: Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management Our Peer Groups: Ornamental Horticulture, Landscape Ecology and Design Plant Breeding, Genetics, and Molecular Physiology Plant Physiology and Production Ecology Turf/Range/Forage Science ... Weed Science General Links: Future and Current Students Our Teaching Programs Our Research Programs Our Extension Programs ... UNL Home Page Nebraska consists of approximately 50,000,000 acres of land covered with soil, half of which is in cultivated crops. About 8,000,000 acres are irrigated with water diverted from streams or pumped from wells. Some ground water supplies are being depleted and nearly 90% of all domestic water supplies are from wells. Thus our soil and water must be conserved and protected. The mission of the Soil and Water Science peer group is to improve, through teaching, extension, and research, the understanding and wise use of soil and water resources so that the productivity of the soil and the quality of water supplies may be maintained or improved. To accomplish this mission about 25% of the group's effort is devoted to teaching, 50% to research, and 25% to extension activities. The peer group works in close collaboration with other soil and water scientists from the USDA-ARS Soil and Water Conservation Research Unit, the School of Natural Resource Sciences, and the Department of Biological Systems Engineering. The three components of the peer group's activities (teaching, research, and extension) are discussed below.

37. Soil And Water - Englanti/Company - In General soil and water offers its clients a full range of solutions and services in the Environmental consulting and waste management; water supply and http://soilandwater.poyry.com/company/company_4.html

Home Feedback Search Sitemap ... Company In general Soil and Water offers its clients a full range of solutions and services in the following areas: Environmental consulting and waste management Water supply and sanitation Spatial planning and architecture Geographic information systems (GIS) We assist with assignments of any size, ranging from short-term consulting assignments to major development and investment projects. Committed to a multidisciplinary approach we provide our clients with reliable, cost-effective solutions. Since Soil and Water Ltd's establishment in 1949, the integration of global expertise with local presence has been an essential asset in our business policy. We have worldwide experience in more than 50 countries, in both the public and private sectors. Soil and Water has four subsidiaries (Geocenter Ltd, JP-Transplan Oy, JP-Suoraplan Oy and PSV-Soil and Water Ltd), several local offices and an affiliated company Entec AS in Estonia. In total we employ about 400 experts. Print Legal notice

38. CGSB - Canadian General Standards Board The fertility of soil is maintained and enhanced by a system that promotes optimalbiological recycling of plant and animal residues, water management, http://www.pwgsc.gc.ca/cgsb/032_310/standard-e.html

Introduction Committee News Releases and Fact Sheets Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) ... Draft Standard National Standard of Canada CAN/CGSB-32.310 - Organic Agriculture - 1999 Introduction Description Organic agriculture is a holistic system of production designed to optimize the productivity, and fitness of diverse communities within the agroecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock, and people. The principle goal of organic agriculture is to develop productive enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment. Management-intensive practices are carefully selected with the intent to restore and then sustain ecological stability within the enterprise and the surrounding environment. The fertility of soil is maintained and enhanced by a system that promotes optimal biological activity within the soil and conservation of soil resources. Weed, pest and disease management is attained by an integration of biological, cultural and mechanical control methods that include minimized tillage and cultivation, crop selection and rotation, recycling of plant and animal residues, water management, augmentation of beneficial insects to encourage a balanced predator-prey relationship, and the promotion of biological diversity. Under a system of organic production, livestock are provided with living conditions and stocking rates appropriate to their behavioral requirements, high-quality diet of organically-produced feed, and ethical animal husbandry that facilitates low stress, promotes good health, and prevents disease.

39. BMU - English - Soil, Waste, Water: Soil, Waste, Water BMU English - soil, Waste, water soil, Waste, water. general Information -Waste management. Picture Getty Images The key to waste management policy http://www.bmu.de/english/soil_waste_water/aktuell/35018.php

Direkt zum Inhalt Text-Version Deutsch Contact ... Home Waste, Soil, Water Topics A-Z skip the navigation "Topics A-Z" Climate and Energy Waste, Soil, Water Chemical Safety, Air Mobility International Environmental Policy Topics A-Z Info skip the navigation "Info" The Ministry Publication Service skip the navigation "Service" Newsletter Downloads Note ... Imprint Waste Management Information General Information - Waste Management The key to waste management policy in Germany is product responsibility. Through this the conditions for an effective and environmentally sound waste avoidance and recovery will already be created in the production stage. Producers and distributors must design their products in such a way as to reduce waste occurrence and allow environmentally sound recovery and disposal of the residual substances, both in the production of the goods and in their subsequent use. more Further information on this topic can be found at www.bmu.de/waste-management Soil Conservation / Contaminated Sites Information General Information - Soil Conservation / Contaminated Sites Our soils evolved as the result of the combination of physical factors (e.g. weather) with chemical (e.g. root acids) and biological ones (e.g. earthworm) over thousands of years. The generation of one centimetre soil takes 200 to 300 years.

40. Using Soil Moisture Sensors For Making Irrigation Management Decisions In Virgin general water management Considerations. Sensor Types Electrical resistancebetween the electrodes varies with soil water content and soilwater tension http://www.ext.vt.edu/pubs/rowcrop/442-024/442-024.html

Using Soil Moisture Sensors for Making Irrigation Management Decisions in Virginia Prepared by: Steven J. Thomson and B. Blake Ross, Extension Agricultural Engineers, Virginia Tech Data adapted from: Soil Moisture Sensors for Irrigation Management, Bulletin 312, University of Maryland Cooperative Extension Service, 1984; Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirements, ASCE Manual on Engineering Practice, No. 70. Publication Number 442-024, August 1996 Table of Contents General Water Management Considerations Sensor Types Tensiometers Gypsum Blocks ... Irrigation System Considerations General Water Management Considerations Across Virginia, highly variable soil and climatic conditions require different irrigation strategies. The type of irrigation system used will also dictate the timing and amount of water applied per irrigation. Ideally, a sound management plan will only replenish the active roots thereby conserving water and reducing potential leaching of nitrates and pesticides. Soil moisture sensors, if used properly, can facilitate irrigation management, conserve water, and prevent excessive chemical leaching. The following illustrates simple procedures for proper installation and use of soil moisture sensors and interpretation of their readings. Management strategies that depend on the type of irrigation system are also discussed. Return to Table of Contents Sensor Types Tensiometers A tensiometer consists of a porous cup connected by a tube to a dial type vacuum gauge. The porous cup is made of ceramic and is in direct contact with the soil. A partial vacuum is created as water moves from the tube. The vacuum is an indication of the energy that a plant exerts to extract water from the soil and is commonly referred to as soil-water tension (with units of centibars (cb) or kiloPascals (kPa)). Tensiometers respond quickly to wetting and drying but can become inoperative if the soil gets too dry (a reading greater than about 80 kPa on the dial gauge). This can occur frequently with crops grown in the finer textured soils of Virginia. If the tensiometer loses water, it needs to be recharged by using a hand-held vacuum pump. Tensiometer manufacturers can supply the vacuum pump and detailed instructions on how to use it.

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