61. The Land Issue settler vs. indigenous African people obscures major differences in each group, do the Tonga and other groups including the shona, Ndebele, http://www.scholars.nus.edu.sg/landow/post/zimbabwe/politics/land1.html

The Land Issue George P. Landow, Professor of English and Art History, Brown University Burning stalks after harvest to refertilize the land a view at sunset from Domboshawa . (Click on this picture to obtain a larger image, which take longer to download.) Photographs © George P. Landow. Scan of original negative by Imager. Images may be used without written permission for any educational purpose. Any commercial or other use requires prior written permission from George@Landow.com. The history, contemporary politics, and literature of Zimbabwe reveals that land is a defining cultural issue that resonates in many unexpected places. Who "owned" "the" land before the arrival of White settlers, who owns it now, and who should own it? What is the relation of land (and land ownership) to culture and to conceptions of the individual, including gender roles of men and women? Unlike the countries of West Africa, such as Nigeria, Zimbabwe did not suffer from the scourge of slavery and the slave trade. This different history means that Zimbabwean fiction does not have the same imperative to come to terms with the effects of a slavery-induced diaspora, and neither does it have the occasion to provide representations of the effects of slavery upon individual lives or to come to terms with the enthusiastic participation of indigenous peoples in the slave trade. Therefore, one does not encounter works, such as Buchi Emecheta's The Slave Girl , that examine slavery and its relation to gender Instead, the British colonizer's savage appropriation of land from those whose lives and culture depended upon it and attempts to redress this horrendous injustice provides the crucial historical fact for much Zimbabwean culture. As the materials assembled by Andrew Morrison in

62. Zfsheet09 indigenous people s knowledge of climatic and soil factors makes it possible forthem Perspectives on indigenous Knowledge Systems in Southern africa. http://www.sardc.net/imercsa/zambezi/zfsheet/zfsheet09.html

Musokotwane Environment Resource Centre for Southern Africa I M E R C S A Factsheet 9: Indigenous Knowledge Systems Factsheet No#9: Indigenous Knowledge Systems The traditional history of southern African societies is manifested in the hills, mountains, valleys, burial grounds and in specific sacred and historical sites. Quite often outsiders do not recognise the importance of such sites and superimpose different values on the local people. It is believed that people's contact with nature has never been direct, it has always been mediated through knowledge structures. Indigenous Knowledge Systems (IKS) refers to a body of knowledge and beliefs built by a group of people, and handed down generations through oral tradition, about the relationship between living beings and their environment. It includes a system of organisation, a set of empirical observations about the local environment, and a system of self-management that governs resource use. Most IKS are oral-based and often revealed through stories and legends. It is therefore, difficult to transmit ideas and concepts to those who do not share the language, tradition and cultural experience. Hence when a language is threatened or diminished in importance, there is a direct impact on the ability to express knowledge acquired through generations of experience.

63. AfricaSpeaks.com - Map Of Africa And Resource Links The origins of African Country Names or what they mean. The word zimbabwe isderived from the shona language, and means houses of stone. http://www.africaspeaks.com/maps/

About Us HowComYouCom RastaTimes RaceandHistory ... HIM Speeches FEATURES: ARTICLES: The Real Eve Out of Africa How Ancient Humans Spread Across the Earth By William F. Allman Belgium's imperialist rape of Africa by Stuart Nolan The Black Man's Burden Rootsie.com Rwanda Rootsie.com BOOKS: The Scramble for Africa by Thomas Pakenham The Black Man's Burden by Basil Davidson We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our families: Stories from Rwanda by Philip Gourevitch King Leopold's Ghost - A story of greed, terror and heroism in colonial Africa by Adam Hochschild, Macmillan The URL for this Map of Africa page is: www.africaspeaks.com/maps Algeria Angola Benin ... Large Map of Africa Origins of "Africa" A dialog from the nuafrica list, January 1996. Origins of the word "Africa" and the spread of "Ifriquia" from the north of the continent. A dialogue from Rastafari Speaks Message Board on the origin of the name Africa The origins of African Country Names or what they mean. 'provided courtesy of www.clickafrique.com (Not comprehensive Links but they are maintained.) Algeria - Named after the capital city Algiers or Al-Jazair ("The Island") in Arabic. A reference to the small islands that once dotted the bay of the city.

64. MTHWAKAZI ACTION GROUP ON GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING IN MATEBELELAND AND MIDL e) allocating and posting of shona people to various ambassadorial and Ndebele people have also been denied access to land in their indigenous http://members.aol.com/maggemm/Cleansing.htm

MAGGEMM 2000 MTHWAKAZI ACTION GROUP ON GENOCIDE AND ETHNIC CLEANSING IN MATEBELELAND AND MIDLANDS 2000 P.O. BOX 22141 LONDON SE18 6WP Email : maggemm@aol.com UNITED KINGDOM Website: http://member.aol.com/maggemm IMBIZO SERIES: 7 17 SEPTEMBER, 1999 ETHNIC CLEANSING AGAINST THE NDEBELE PEOPLE OF MATEBELELAND AND MIDLANDS 1980-1999 1. According to the United Nations Ethnic Cleansing report, ethnic cleansing is defined as "rendering an area ethnically homogeneous by using force or intimidation to remove from a given area persons from another ethnic or religious group". Therefore, alongside the genocide committed against the Ndebele people, Robert Gabriel Mugabe's regime has simultaneously been implementing a complete programme of ethnic cleansing aimed at ensuring Shona hegemony in areas of education, employment, economic development, culture and various others. These areas of great concern are addressed in turn. 2. With regard to education, the regime of Robert Gabriel Mugabe has for the last 18 years been systematically implementing an exclusive education policy aimed at benefitting the Shona people, at the expense of the Ndebele people. This strategy has been effected along the following lines: a) promoting only the Shona teachers to positions of General Certificate of Education (GCE) Examiners at both Ordinary and Advanced levels, who then fail Ndebele pupils and students

65. Celebrating South Africa's Rich Heritage : Mail & Guardian Online Saturday, August 13, 2005 506 AM, africa s first online newspaper. such arich heritage could be linked to the indigenous people of Southern africa. http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?articleid=245758&area=/the_teacher/teacher_

66. Celebrating South Africa's Rich Heritage : Mail & Guardian Online Friday, August 05, 2005 1005 AM, africa s first online newspaper. such arich heritage could be linked to the indigenous people of Southern africa. http://www.mg.co.za/articlePage.aspx?area=/the_teacher/teacher_features/&article

67. Black People - Great Zimbabwe, Africa's Great Ruin (Egypt Isn't Africa's Only Wo Black People African American Online Community - Discussion - Poetry - Online It had been built by the shona, ancestors to Zimbabwe’s Bantu-speaking http://destee.com/forums/archive/index.php/t-35398.html

Black People Open Forum and All Other Topics Reclaiming Our Stolen Culture PDA View Full Version : Great Zimbabwe, Africa's Great Ruin (Egypt isn't Africa's only wonder) panafrica 06-28-2005, 07:03 PM But it was easily the most massive. No structure as large as it has ever been built south of the Sahara by indigenous people. On a continent that has always been hobbled by disease, the lack of good ports and navigable rivers, and a scarcity of domesticable plants and animals, it is the closest thing to a Chichen Itza, ancient Rome or Great Wall that sub-Saharan Africa has. Others say the Shona discovered a huge deposit of gold and constructed Great Zimbabwe as a combination mine, smelter, treasury, fortress and temple. http://www.theculturedtraveler.com/Heritage/Archives/Zimbabwe.htm militant 06-28-2005, 08:11 PM And we spend most of our time fighting over who the Egyptians were. Would love to see how they will spin this history. panafrica 06-28-2005, 09:34 PM And we spend most of our time fighting over who the Egyptians were. Would love to see how they will spin this history. I'll tell you how they spin this history. Ask 100 people if they've heard of Egypt's pyramids, and all 100 will say: Yes! Then ask 100 people if they've heard of the great stone city of Zimbabwe, and all 100 will look at you with a blank expression on their faces....great spin huh?

68. SIM Country Profile: Zimbabwe Meanwhile, mass migrations of indigenous peoples took place. African PeopleGroups ? Asian People Groups ? South American People Groups ? http://www.sim.org/country.asp?cid=52&fun=1

69. Welcome To South Africa Discover / People Culture / SOUTH AFRICAN CULTURAL TOURISM AN A to Z GUIDE indigenous PEOPLE The world s biggest outdoor art exhibition lies deep in http://www.southafrica.net/index.cfm?sitepageID=13563

70. Ethnicity And Race By Countries Liberia, indigenous African tribes 95% (including Kpelle, Bassa, Gio, Kru, Grebo,Mano, Krahn, Zimbabwe, African 98% (shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0855617.html

in All Infoplease Almanacs Biographies Dictionary Encyclopedia Daily Almanac for Sep 25, 2005 Skip Navigation Home Almanacs ... Word of the Day Editor's Favorites Hispanic Heritage Month Hurricane Katrina Daylight Saving Time Ramadan ... Texas Infoplease Tools Periodic Table Conversion Tool Perpetual Calendar Year by Year ... Site Map College Center Scholarship Search College Resources Career Center Job Search Post Your Resume Continuing Ed. more . . . Search: Infoplease Info search tips Search: Biographies Bio search tips World Countries Ethnicity and Race by Countries Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, minor ethnic groups (Chahar Aimaks, Turkmen, Baloch, and others) Albania Albanian 95%, Greeks 3%, other 2%: Vlachs, Gypsies, Serbs, and Bulgarians (1989 est.) Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998) Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and Native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22% Antigua and Barbuda black, British, Portuguese, Lebanese, Syrian Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%; mestizo, Amerindian, other 3%

71. African Studies Review: Stepping Forward: Black Women In Africa And The Americas African American woman who empathized with indigenous people, a Shonaprayer union that grew out of the Methodist church in Zimbabwe, in the context http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4106/is_200312/ai_n9337484

@import url(/css/us/style1.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); @import url(/css/us/articles.css); @import url(/css/us/artHome1.css); Home Advanced Search IN free articles only all articles this publication Automotive Sports FindArticles African Studies Review Dec 2003 Content provided in partnership with 10,000,000 articles Not found on any other search engine. Featured Titles for ASA News ASEE Prism Academe African American Review ... View all titles in this topic Hot New Articles by Topic Automotive Sports Top Articles Ever by Topic Automotive Sports Stepping Forward: Black Women in Africa and the Americas African Studies Review Dec 2003 by Bay, Edna G Save a personal copy of this article and quickly find it again with Furl.net. It's free! Save it. Catherine Higgs, Barbara A. Moss, and Earline Rae Ferguson, eds. Stepping Forward: Black Women in Africa and the America*. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2002. xxiii + 36 16 6 pp. Maps. Tables. Index. $55.00. Cloth. $26.95. Paper. Based on presentations at a 9 1999 conference at the University of Tennessee, the contributions to this multidisciplinary collection of essays make Stepping Forward a far better book than its vague title suggests. The editors explain that their approach was to explore comparisons between women in Africa and women of African descent in the diaspora. The result is a series of paired articles, each pair consisting of an African example drawn from a settler territory and a counterpart centered on the U.S. or the Caribbean. The African examples include one article each from Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe, and three each from Kenya and South Africa. Most are by historians, with the remainder drawn from the disciplines of literature, the arts, law, and the social sciences; the contributors include young scholars as well as senior academics.

72. Zimbabwe 13th century shona people settled Mashonaland (eastern Zimbabwe), erecting stone while indigenous African population stood at around 6 million. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/zimbabwe.html

// Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> From: www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/ ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Country Search Find a country's flag, map or national anthem here. Click on a letter to find the country: A B C D ... Z Or search for a country: Hutchinson Country Facts Zimbabwe General Information Government Economy and resources Population and society ... Chronology GENERAL INFORMATION National name Republic of Zimbabwe Area 390,300 sq km/150,694 sq mi Capital Harare Major towns/cities Bulawayo, Gweru, Kwe Kwe, Mutare, Kadoma, Chitungwiza Physical features high plateau with central high veld and mountains in east; rivers Zambezi, Limpopo; Victoria Falls back to top GOVERNMENT Head of state and government Robert Mugabe from 1987 Political system nationalistic socialist Political executive unlimited presidency Administrative divisions eight provinces and two cities with provincial status Political parties Zimbabwe African National UnionPatriotic Front (ZANUPF), African socialist; opposition parties exist but none have mounted serious challenge to ruling party Armed forces 36,000; plus paramilitary forces of 21,800 (2002 est)

73. Globalinfo.org - Social Issues ZIMBABWE SOUTH AFRICAN CHURCHES SENDING AID TO THE DISPLACED JOHANNESBURG, Aug . indigenous peoples NEW UNIVERSITIES FOR A MULTICULTURAL MEXICO http://globalinfo.org/eng/topictoday.asp?TopicId=22

74. SDNHM Shona: About The People The shona and their ancestors have lived and died on the land of Southeastern They are Zimbabwe s largest indigenous group. Primarily peaceful farmers http://www.sdnhm.org/exhibits/shona/people.html

About the Shona The Shona and their ancestors have lived and died on the land of Southeastern Africa for more than 1000 years. They are Zimbabwe's largest indigenous group. Primarily peaceful farmers, they have struggled with political oppression, armed invaders, disease and drought. In order to cope with these challenges the Shona developed intricate social customs and beliefs that supported their desire to live together and thrive. While farming their land, individuals would on occasion find and save pieces of serpentine stone that they would later carve into intricate shapes and designs. The Shona believe that everything on earth contains a spirit, including the rock indigenous to their country. They believe that it is this spirit in the stone that speaks to the artist, who then listens, and works to set the spirit free. Edronce Rukodzi releases the joyful spirit of "My Good Family." Credit: Zimbabwe Shona Sculpture Shona Exhibition About the People About the Stone Exhibits ... Home

75. GeographyIQ - World Atlas - Africa - Zimbabwe - People Facts And Figures Demographic information and statistics on the people of Zimbabwe. Ethnic groups,African 98% (shona 82%, Ndebele 14%, other 2%), mixed and Asian 1%, http://www.geographyiq.com/countries/zi/Zimbabwe_people.htm

Home World Map Rankings Countries from A to Z A B C D ... Z Source: www.exchange-rates.org World Africa Zimbabwe (Facts) Zimbabwe - People (Facts) Population: note: estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected (July 2004 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 39.4% (male 2,520,082; female 2,472,641) 15-64 years: 57% (male 3,649,400; female 3,571,631) 65 years and over: 3.6% (male 230,272; female 227,834) (2004 est.) Population growth rate: 0.68% (2004 est.) Birth rate: 30.05 births/1,000 population (2004 est.) Death rate: 23.3 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) Net migration rate: negligible migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is an increasing flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa and Botswana in search of better economic opportunities (2004 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female

76. Didiza: National Assembly Debate On Zimbabwe question in Zimbabwe dates back to the subjugation of the shona and Ndebeleindigenous people of As South africa, we will do our part. I thank you. http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/2001/0102281245p1001.htm

Home NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DEBATE ON ZIMBABWE BY MINISTER OF AGRICULTURE AND LAND AFFAIRS, MS. THOKO DIDIZA, 27 February 2001 Madam Speaker Deputy President Honourable members Dr. M. Scott in his book, The Different Drum for guidance says, "Community is like marriage. It requires that we hang in there when the going gets a little rough". He goes on to say, "As members of a community become vulnerable and find themselves being valued and appreciated, the wall comes tumbling down, the love and acceptance escalates, the healing and converting begins." As a South African, this is a profound statement which epitomise how a number of us seated here in this house felt post 1990 and subsequently during the negotiation process and thereafter. The route we chose as this country was captured in the phrase I made in my introduction. All of us decided to hang in there; for better or for worse, we were South Africans. We put in place processes that sought to deal with our past in a manner that ensured protecting and defending the rights of all, while we attend to issues of social justice. This is a choice we made.

77. Pitiki Ntuli indigenous people, in the context of South africa, are those people or societiesidentified by selfascription and ascription by others, http://www.apexart.org/conference/Ntuli.htm

Conference in Rio de Janiero, Brazil - July 2001 by Pitiki Ntuli If I do not speak as an African, Act as an African; define the parameters around which I can speak I would be confessing to the sin of colluding with those who seek to gain hegemony over my soul. If I speak only as an African without acknowledging my other selves then I am condemning myself to the ghetto of thought from which I may not re-emerge. So I choose to speak not as the indigenous But as the endogenous African. Colonial discourse teaches us that we, Africans, were discovered in a state of ignorance and barbarism. Europe set out on a mission to civilise us. To this end, mission stations equipped with priests and nuns were established; together with them were colonial administrators. Colonialism became a project of invention. (Mudimbe). We were invented; that is, positioned, packaged, framed and fixed. The image we carried was not a complimentary one. Successive struggles for liberation were launched and in the 50's and 60's Africa attained its independence, with few exceptions and South Africa being one of them. The petty-bourgeoisie leaders of the new Africa inherited the colonial state and continued to rule without transforming it. Attempts at indigenisation of the state or its education systems were half hearted and consequently failed. The only evidence of indigenous practices was only in song, dress and dance. The content of the state and its educational institutions remained colonial. Cold War politics further prostituted the African state.

78. An A-Z Of African Studies On The Internet Nr3 indigenous publishing in africa An overview of accelerated training and research, PUDEMO (People s United Democratic Movement) of Swaziland Includes http://www.lib.msu.edu/limb/a-z/az_nr3.html

An A-Z of African Studies on the Internet Part N-R3 Publishers-Refugees Back to: A-Z of African Studies comprehensive lists] http://www.hanszell.co.uk/aplink.htm http://www-sul.stanford.edu/depts/ssrg/africa/publish.html http://www.library.vanderbilt.edu/law/acqs/ Academy Science Publishers http://www.oneworld.org/aas/ Adalens Antikvariat (Sweden) antiquarian http://www.angelfire.com/pa/AdalensAntikvariat/afrika.html Adam Matthew Publications (microfilm collections, African studies) http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/ Adams Bookshop (University of Natal, Durban) http://durbanet.aztec.co.za/adamsbooks/index.htm Africa Book Centre (London) online catyalogue www.africabookcentre.com Africa Institute of South Africa (Pretoria) http://www.ai.org.za/ Africa World Press and The Red Sea Press http://www.africanworld.com AfricaWPress@nyo.com African Academy of Sciences asp@arcc.or.ke

79. Part 3: Implications And ImpactThe Use Of Trees, Birds And Animal Behavior As Me The indigenous people had been used to rotational modes of resource utilization This is the background to this paper on the shona people s use of trees, http://www.idrc.ca/fr/ev-30850-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html

Español English ACCUEIL crdi.ca Publications du ... GRASSROOTS INDICATORS FOR DESERTIFICATION Explorateur Livres du CRDI en ligne Nouveautés ... Tous nos livres Personnes Denis Turgeon ID : Ajouté le : Mis à jour le : Part 3: Implications and Impact The Use of Trees, Birds and Animal Behavior as Measures of Environmental Change by the Shona People of Zimbabwe document 14 de 19 Claude G. Mararike Introduction In sociological and anthropological literature, we find extensive discussions on the cosmologies of different people, notably the way these people understand the world of their experiences. People have tried to put the world around them in some kind of order: a system to assist them in making decisions on the best way to plan their survival strategies (Beach 1980; Anderson 1988; Connerton 1989). This article discusses how certain types of trees, birds and some patterns of animal behavior have, for many years, been used by the Shona people of Zimbabwe as measures or signals of changes in the quality of their environment. To the Shona, the term "environment" ( nzvimbo yatigere mairi ) encompasses all things through which human life may be sustained. These may be economic, social, religious, and ecological aspects of life.

80. The Mongongo Nut, Ricinodendron Rautanenii indigenous people have been reported as eating around 100300 fruit a day in Muller, Hans 1988 A trip to africa a personal report on african fruit and http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautane

HEALTH, NUTRITION; THEORY THE EVOLUTIONARILY APPROPRIATE DIET NUTS and OTHER TREE SEEDS THE MONGONGO NUT feel free to 'deep link 'to this page: http://www.naturalhub.com/natural_food_guide_nuts_uncommon_Ricinodendron_rautanenii.htm THE MONGONGO/MANKETTI NUT Ricinodendron rautanenii (Schinziophyton rautanenii) Names: !Kung Bushmen - //xa, mongongo Lozi - mungongo Shona - mungongoma Tswana - mongongo, mugonga Herero - mangetti, mongongo Kwangali - ugongo (ngongo) Africaans - wilde okkerneut English - manketti nut, mongongo nut, featherweight tree (the wood is very light) Description of the tree and fruit Ricinodendron rautaneii is a large (up to 15 metres) straight trunked tree, with a broad spreading crown with dark green compound leaves of 5 to 7 ovate to elliptical leaflets at the end of a stalk up to 15cm (6 inches) long, not unlike those of Casimiroa edulis dried flesh of each manketti fruit. But the sugar content is only part of the story. The big value is in the seed. The skin takes up 10% of the fruit by volume, the flesh 20%. The remaining 70% is the nut-like seed, including the wide hard shell around it. The 'shell' (endocarp) around the 'kernel' is very thick indeed, and although porous, it is very hard and tough. So hard that even elephants, which love the sweet fruit, can't crack them. "A forester in Rhodesia [Zimbabwe] set this author some Manketti nuts and on the package under the scientific name Ricinodendron , he had written "recovered from elephant dung". This startled me. The nuts are like oversized pecans which have had smallpox and were covered with pockmarks. I wrote the forester to ask why the special inscription, and he replied that there are three reasons: (1) The elephants eat the fruits greedily and it is much easier to let the elephants do the job of picking; (2) The seed will not germinate until it has spent a week inside the elephant, and (3) The elephant enjoys the fruit but his digestive mechanism does not affect the extremely hard shell and the nut inside. The natives of Rhodesia, therefore, follow the elephant, recover the hardshelled nuts where they have been dropped, clean and dry them, then crack the extremely hard shell, and find the contents perfectly delicious."

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