21. MSN Encarta - Africa (By this time, Madagascar had been settled by Polynesian peoples from the African qualities and strengthening indigenous African religious thought. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572628_28/Africa.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items African Art and Architecture African Languages more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Africa Search for books and more related to Africa Encarta Search Search Encarta about Africa Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Africa ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 28 of 36 Africa Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 161 items Dynamic Map Map of Africa Article Outline Introduction Natural Environment People of Africa Economy ... History F States of the Great Lakes As woodland was cleared for cultivation, wider areas of East Africa became suitable for cattle keeping. In the centuries before and after 1000, Nilotic-speaking cattle herders pushed southward into the newly exposed grasslands of the Great Lakes region. Some retained their Nilotic language and culture, such as the Luo northeast of Lake Victoria. West of Lake Victoria, Nilotic herders integrated into Bantu society and adopted local Bantu languages. In this period local state structures began to emerge. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the states of Bunyoro , Ankole, Karagwe, and Buganda were established in what is now Uganda and northern Tanzania. By the 16th century Bunyoro had grown to dominate the region.

22. Africa And Europeans 1800-1875 By Sanderson Beck Krapf visited shambaa (Usambara) ruler Kimweri ye Nyumbai (r. West AfricanCountries and peoples by James Africanus Horton, p. 24. http://www.san.beck.org/1-14-Africa1800-1875.html

BECK index Africa and Europeans 1800-1875 Egypt of Muhammad 'Ali Ethiopia North Africa and Europeans Islam in Western Sudan ... British and Boers in South Africa This chapter has been published in the book For information on ordering click here. Egypt of Muhammad 'Ali Not only commercial interests but France's conflict with England led the Directory to send Napoleon Bonaparte to Egypt in 1798. The general had been warned by the traveler Volney that if the French invaded Egypt, they would find themselves at war with the British, the Ottoman empire, and the Muslims. Napoleon gathered a force of 36,000 veterans and hundreds of civilian experts in 400 ships, which reached Alexandria just after Nelson's British fleet had left there. On July 2, 1798 a French army quickly stormed Alexandria and read Bonaparte's proclamation that he respected Islam, that he had destroyed the Pope and the bigoted Knights of Malta, and that they had come only to terminate the tyranny of the Mamluks. Murad Bey persuaded Ibrahim and Sa'id Abu Bekir Pasha that they should resist the French invasion; but in the battle by the pyramids the French killed about 2,000 Egyptians while only losing ten of their men. Murad fled south up the Nile to Upper Egypt, while Ibrahim and the Pasha deserted Cairo for Palestine. On the first of August, Nelson's squadron returned and destroyed the French fleet at Abuqir, leaving ships to blockade the harbor. Although Napoleon claimed to be acting on behalf of the Ottoman empire, the French did not even have an ambassador in Istanbul. The British had Spencer Smith there, and he formed a coalition with the Ottomans and Russia. On September 11 Sultan Selim III (r. 1789-1807) declared war on France.

23. African States clove plantations led to alienation of lands from indigenous owners. , as in thecases of the shambaa Pare were one of the Ngunispeaking peoples of northern http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~emendons/poldu.html

African States No area of Africa was without states Major states included: Kush Tekrur Nubia Aksum Ghana Mali Songhai Kanem Bornu Hausa City States Ife/Oyo (Yoruba) Benin (Yoruba) Asante Dahomey Darfur Abyssinia Bunyoro Buganda Lunda Lozi Karanga/Mutapa Swazi Zulu Political organization ranged from hierarchy (e.g., Aksum) to heterarchy (e.g., Igbo) Trade has been important in the state-building process in Africa Sudanic states East African Swahili states Swahili states traded with: China India Oman Persia Arabia Great Swahili trading centers: Kilwa Malindi Zanzibar Mombasa Mogadishu Dar es Salaam East African States Commercial city-states ranged from Mogadishu to Cape Delgado Kilwa Mogadishu Sofala Pemba Pate Mombasa Manda Early foreign influences came from: Arabia Greece Egypt Persia Indonesia India China Central African States Central Africa is a region that encompasses all or part of the modern nations of: Cameroon Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea Gabon Congo Republic of Congo Angola Zambia Principe The Luba Empire formed in the Shaba province of the Congo among iron-working farmers Knowledge of copper smelting Soil poor Savanna was left relatively uninhabited About 1300 AD numerous chieftaincies arose Unknown if the unifying king arose from within or from without Conflicting oral traditions Myth of invaders establishing kingdom Politico-religious authority based on bulopwe , meaning the sacredness of the king.

24. Jonathon Glassman | Slower Than A Massacre: The Multiple Sources Of Racial Thoug In the middle were the bulk of the islands indigenous inhabitants, But theprimer notes one exception peoples living along africa s coasts are worthy http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/ahr/109.3/glassman.html

Slower Than a Massacre: The Multiple Sources of Racial Thought in Colonial Africa JONATHON GLASSMAN Educated Africans are continually agitating to be given more responsibility, but I submit to you ... that you will be unable to take that part unless and until you have inculcated in your own people a pride of race . Without this, education is useless. A. W. Norris, in Mazungumzo ya Walimu Soap and education are not as sudden as a massacre, but they are more deadly in the long run. Mark Twain, quoted in Mazungumzo ya Walimu The above insights appeared in Mazungumzo ya Walimu (Teachers' Conversations), a magazine published by schoolteachers in colonial Zanzibar, an island sultanate just off the East African coast. While unusual for having been written by Westerners rather than Zanzibaris, the quotes represent Mazungumzo 's overall faith in the power of education to advance the goals of moral improvement. But Twain's aphorism also fits in a way that was unintended, and is chilling. It appeared in 1957, the opening year of the Zama za Siasa or "Time of Politics," when the sultanate became gripped by mounting racial tensions as nationalist parties vied in elections meant to prepare it for independence. Even though the schoolteachers believed their thirty-year project of uplift and nation-building had been as salutary as the teaching of modern hygiene, their rhetoric in fact contributed to the atmosphere of racial hatred that culminated during the early 1960s in pogroms against the so-called Arab elite, including those accompanying the racial revolution that overthrew the sultanate in January 1964, a few weeks after independence.

25. Mots Pluriels Translate this page shambaa Ughanga Converging presence in the embodiment of tradition, indigenous publishing in africa An overview of accelerated training and research, http://www.cm.refer.org/motspluriels/MP.html

. RECHERCHE . SEARCH . BACK ISSUES . DEJA PARU ... . CONTACT Back Issues of Mots Pluriels Vol.1 no.1 1996 : LIRE LE TEMPS - READING THE TIME Editorial A History of the Future by Dr Maureen Perkins Le temps: point de vue d'un philosophe africain de Dr Daniel Tchapda Piameu Stop All The Clocks: The Postmodern Assault on Time by Dr Mark Pegrum L'Accident Une nouvelle de Mme Myriam Warner-Vieyra Lire "l'Accident" de M. Warner Vieyra et reconstruire le temps de Dr Jean-Marie Volet Vol.1 no.2 Feb.1997 : RACISME - ABOUT RACISM Guest Editor: Dr. Cheryl Lange. Editorial 'Race', 'Whiteness' and the Australian Context by Peta Stephenson Racist Ideology: The Australian Situation by Dorothy Parker On Being Australian' by Cheryl Lange French Against French, the Uneasy Incorporation of Beurs into French Society d'Ambroise Kom En marge du dossier: Le Ligueur Vol.1 no.3 June 1997 : Le Sida - HIV/AIDS Editorial A Big Disease with a Little Name: Responses to AIDS in Contemporary Culture by Mark Pegrum The Emergence of a Non-Governement Response to AIDS by Denis Altman Personal Suspects and the Framing of Africa...

26. Thieme-connect - Abstract Plants play an important role in all aspects of shambaa life (Fleuret, 198022) . This use is not known from other peoples in Eastern africa and no data http://www.thieme-connect.com/ejournals/se/abstract/plantbiology/doi/10.1055/s-2

Home Subject List Alphabetical List Help ... Deutsche Version Quick Search Advanced Search LogIn Username Password Register Now Free Trial Thieme-connect / Abstract Contact Us Original Paper Plant biol (Stuttg) 2000; 2: 83-92 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-296 Medicinal Plants of the Washambaa (Tanzania): Documentation and Ethnopharmacological Evaluation Christina Schlage C. Mabula R. L. A. Mahunnah and M. Heinrich Tanzania Forestry Research Institute, Lushoto Silvicultural Research Station, Lushoto, Tanzania Institute of Traditional Medicine, Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Centre for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, The School of Pharmacy, University of London, London, UK Abstract: Medicinal plants are an important local resource for the Washambaa of the Western Usambara Mountains in Tanzania. In this study the Washambaa medicinal plants are inventoried. It is based on ethnobotanical fieldwork carried out over 15 months. This study presents for the first time an analysis of medicinal plants used in Africa with a ranking of these taxa by the frequency of their reported use. A total of 328 taxa were collected and yielded 2260 individual use reports. The most popular species are Myrica salicifolia and Toddalia asiatica.

27. People And Plants Online - The African Ethnobotany Network 1 Kokwaro, 1972 (Luo), Sangai, 1963 (Bondei, shambaa and Zingua Over 400 indigenousplant species and 20 exotic 1978) considered 8085% of people in Soweto http://peopleandplants.org/regions/africa/aen1/review.htm

28. Adherents.com 1999), SHAMANISM the indigenous RELIGION of Northern Eurasia is found among huntingpeoples and presupposes shambaa, Tanzania, 445,000, , -, -, 1998, Gall, Timothy http://adherents.com/Na/Na_581.html

Adherents.com 43,941 adherent statistic citations : membership and geography data for 4,300+ religions, churches, tribes, etc. Index back to Santeria, Florida Santeria, continued... Group Where Number of Adherents % of total pop. Number of congreg./ churches/ units Number of countries Year Source Quote/ Notes Santeria New York *LINK* web site: Ontario Consultants on Religious Tolerance Santeria North America Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions . New York: Doubleday (1996); pg. 361. "Santeria developed over the past 200 years in Cuba, but with the exodus of over a million Cubans following the Cuban revolution of 1959, it has spread to Canada and the United States. There it has been embraced by several hundred thousand Cuban emigrants and other members of the Caribbean American community and is spreading to other African American and Hispanic communities as well. " Santeria USA "Cuba's Next Revolution " in Christianity Today (Jan. 12, 1998); pg. 23. "...as many as 3 million Cubans may be involved [in Cuba]... Santeria has spread throughout he Caribbean and to the United States, where there are an estimated 800,000 devotees of different nationalities. " Santeria world Brandon, George.

29. Indigenous Multipurpose Trees Of Tanzania: Uses And Economic Benefits For People The Forests, Trees, and People Project in Babati District, Sangai, GR Dictionaryof Native Plant Names in the Bondei shambaa and Zigua Languaues. Draft. http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e1x.htm

Appendix A: References and readings Badi, Kamal Hassan, et al. The Forests of the Sudan , Khartoum. 1 989 Boaler, S.B. The Ecology of Pterocarpus angolensis D.C. in Tanzania . H.M. Stationery Office, London. 1966 Borota, Jan. Provenance Studies of the Major and Economically Important Species in Tanzania . Zbornik Vedeckych Prac, Zvolene. 1975 Brennan, J.P.M. and P.J. Greenway. Checklist of the Forest Trees and Shrubs of the British Empire No. 5: Tanganyika Territory, Part II . Imperial Forestry Institute, Oxford. 1949 Bryce, J.M. The Commercial Timbers of Tanzania . Tanzania Forest Division, Utilization Section, Moshi, Tanzania. 1967 Carter, E.J. From Seed to Trial Establishment . DFR User Series No. 2. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Canberra. 1987 Chhabra, S.C., et al. Plants used in Traditional Medicine in Eastern Tanzania. 11. Angiosperms (Capparidaceae to Ebenaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology Chhabra, S.C., F.C. Uiso and E.N. Mshiu. Phytochemical Screening of Tanzanian Medicinal Plants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Dale, I.R. and P.J. Greenway.

30. Indigenous Multipurpose Trees Of Tanzania: Uses And Economic Benefits For People Common Names african holly. Local Names gendana-mto (BONDEI, shambaa, fruit, land improvement (nitrogen fixing), medicine (some people do not use http://www.fao.org/docrep/X5327e/x5327e07.htm

4. Species list ACACIA ABYSSINICA Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: umbrella thorn** ** Common Names include SWAHILI and ENGLISH. Local Names: altarara (MASAI). Potential Uses: building materials, crafts (carvings), furniture (stools), medicine (masse soup), timber. ACACIA ALBIDA (FAIDHERBIA ALBIDA) Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mapagola, kababu, apple ring acacia, winterthorn Local Names: mkololo, mkora (BONDEI, SHAMBAA, ZIGUA); mchese (FIPA); mdoladole, mgonandele, mujehe, mwaliganza, mluma (GOGO); hhangumo, tlahmo, tlehharimo (GOROWA); murunda (HAYA); mpogoro (HEHE); giermo, giwermoo, tahhumo (IRAQW); mranda (LONGO, ZINZA); mkongolo (LUGURU); ikandava (MBUGWE); mkilolo (NGURU); khaangu, mungunga (NYATURU); mgunga (PARE); igudabe, isaimo (RANGI); mpogola (SANGU, HEHE); nanda (SUKUMA); mupongoro (SUMBWA). Potential Uses: beehives, bee plant, charcoal, domestic uses (soap, tool handles), fencing (posts), firewood, fodder, food (pods = condiment), fruits (famine food), gum, land improvement (nitrogen fixing, windbreaks), medicine, salt, shade, tannin, timber (soft). ACACIA DREPANOLOBIUM Family Name: LEGUMINOSAE (SUBFAMILY MIMOSOIDEAE) Common Names: mbalibali, ulula, gall acacia

31. Contemporary Africa DT650.B5 1973; Alan P. Merriam, An African World. DT655.B3613 1968b; Colin Turnbull,The Forest People. DT443.S29; Steven Feierman, The shambaa Kingdom. http://www.kean.edu/~jspauldi/jlsafricon.html

HISTORY 6500 "Contemporary Africa" Fall 2000 Instructor: Jay Spaulding Dear Friends, Greetings, and welcome to this course! Few subjects offer richer possibilities for discovery and the achievement of insight than does the examination of contemporary Africa. During our time together we will encounter Africa through the sharing of responses to some directed readings and via discussion of internet research. We will attempt to identify and learn to appreciate some African perspectives toward key issues, and to assess the opportunities and limitations of alternative courses of action by African political leaders. COURSE REQUIREMENTS: Regular class attendance and participation; alert yourselves to news from Africa. Obtain, read, and be ready to discuss in class the following required textbooks: Global Studies, Africa. A compact reference work useful for this course. Basil Davidson, Modern Africa. A short narrative history by a European apologist. George Ayittey, Africa in Chaos. An angry critical analysis by a native son.

32. MSN Encarta - Search View - Africa The People of africa section of this article was contributed by James L. Newman . indigenous african industry dwindled, and africa was forced to import http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628__1/Africa.html

Search View Africa Article View To find a specific word, name, or topic in this article, select the option in your Web browser for finding within the page. In Internet Explorer, this option is under the Edit menu. The search seeks the exact word or phrase that you type, so if you don’t find your choice, try searching for a key word in your topic or recheck the spelling of a word or name. Africa I. Introduction Africa , second largest of Earth’s seven continents, covering 23 percent of the world’s total land area and containing 13 percent of the world’s population. Africa straddles the equator and most of its area lies within the tropics. It is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Indian Ocean and Red Sea on the east, and the Mediterranean Sea on the north. In the northeastern corner of the continent, Africa is connected with Asia by the Sinai Peninsula. Africa is a land of great diversity. If you were to trek across the continent, you would pass through lush, green forests and wander vast, grassy plains. You would cross barren deserts, climb tall mountains, and ford some of the mightiest rivers on Earth. You would meet diverse people with a wide range of cultures and backgrounds and hear hundreds of different languages. You would pass through small villages where daily life remains largely the same as it has been for hundreds of years, as well as sprawling cities with skyscrapers, modern economies, and a mix of international cultural influences. Africa is the birthplace of the human race. Here, early humans evolved from apes between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Modern human beings evolved between 130,000 and 90,000 years ago, and subsequently spread out of Africa. Ancient Egypt, one of the world’s first great civilizations, arose in northeastern Africa more than 5,000 years ago. Over time many other cultures and states rose and fell in Africa, and by 500 years ago there were prosperous cities, markets, and centers of learning scattered across the continent.

33. CONTENTS Music, Religion, and Ritual in africa is a collection of eleven essays that drawon recent, Where all Things Meet Performing Spiritscape in shambaa http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/avorgbedor1/relmeltc.htm

CONTENTS Music, Religion, and Ritual in Africa is a collection of eleven essays that draw on recent, original research materials and present new and critical perspectives on Unity This volume thus represents an important contribution to the growing intellectual and interdisciplinary discourse on Africa. List of Illustrations i v viii Ruth Stone (Director, Ethnomusicology Institute and past President, Society for Ethnomusicology, Indiana University, Bloomington) Acknowledgment PART ONE: INTRODUCTION A Sound Idea: Belief and Production of Musical Spaces AVORGBEDOR, Daniel (Associate Professor, School of Music and Dept of Black Studies, Ohio State University, Columbus) PART TWO: RITES AND SOUNDS OF TRANSITION: SONIC AND VISUAL CONFIGURATIONS Gods and Deputy Gods: Music in Yoruba Religious and Kingship EUBA, Akin (Melon Professor, Department of Music, University if of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh) Mukanda Transformation and Taboo Symbolism in an Age-Group Related Ritual Therapeutic Intervention KUBIK, Gerhard (Professor of Musicology and Ethnology, University of Vienna, Austria) Performance as Ritual, Performance as Art: Therapeutic Efficacy of

34. Archive 2002 Building On The Indigenous In Constitution Making By indigenous people such as the Gumba and the Athi and proceeded to forge indigenous in constitution making. In africa today, there is a new wave of http://www.ogiek.org/news/news-post-02-02-1.htm

Archive 2002 Building On The Indigenous In Constitution Making By Professor Bethwell A. Ogot Director, Institute Of Research And Postgraduate Studies, Maseno University, Kenya. At the Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission Seminar On Culture, Ethics And Ideology At The Great Rift Lodge. Naivasha. 7th February 2002 In my book entitled Building on the indigenous (Kisumu: Anyange Press, 1999), I argued in one of the chapters that the structures, institutions and values of different societies should be the point of departure of a dynamic development instead of regarding them, as we often do, as obstacles to development (p. 142). This is the process I referred to as building on the indigenous, and it is increasingly being regarded as the necessary condition for self-reliant development. It implies that the indigenous should determine the form and content of development strategy and should ensure that development change accommodates itself to these things, be they

35. BUILDING ON THE INDIGENOUS IN CONSTITUTION MAKING that refuge groups comprising the Pare, shambaa, Kamba, Taita purists soon emergedamong the local people to stress the This was not building on the indigenous. http://www.kenyaconstitution.org/dloads/rppap27.htm

BUILDING ON THE INDIGENOUS IN CONSTITUTION MAKING A Keynote Address by Professor Bethwell A. Ogot Director, Institute Of Research And Postgraduate Studies, Maseno University, Kenya At the Constitution Of Kenya Review Commission Seminar On Culture, Ethics And Ideology At The Great Rift Lodge. Naivasha. 7th February 2002 In the public lecture organised by the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission at Charter Hall, Nairobi on Friday, 17th August, 2001,1 raised the question: "How can identity groups interrelate to a common political community at the centre?" I prefaced my answer to that question with the following remarks: However, the classical theory of the political community, which has no respect for cultural diversity, is now being revised to recognise that the group to which the individual belongs has a moral space which ought to be factored into theory. Consequently, the cultures of minority groups have to be secured to enable their members to exercise the autonomy and freedom which the majority group members take for granted. Rather than lead to the dissolution of the polity, practical experience has shown that a recognition fosters a sense of belonging and a strong civic bond." The rest of this lecture should be regarded as an elaboration of this thesis.

36. Mots Pluriels Barbara Thompson can reside anywhere and possess people of any can possess a Catholic shambaa person,who who simultaneously follows Islamic and indigenous religious practices http://cm.refer.org/motspluriels/MP1299bttext.html

no 12. December1999. http://www.arts.uwa.edu.au/MotsPluriels/MP1299bt.html Shambaa Ughanga : Converging presences in the embodiment of tradition, transformation and redefinition Barbara Thompson University of Iowa THIS ARTICLE WITH THE ILLUSTRATIONS I n the fertile highlands of the Usambara Mountains of northeastern Tanzania (Fig. 1 and 2) , traditional healers, called waghanga, are regarded as the intellectuals of local society. They are the guardians and keepers of knowlege, history and custom. As such, it is their role to ensure the perpetuation of cultural, social and religious laws that govern the manner in which people should live and behave as breaches of such laws can lead to personal as well as communal misfortune. As so called "keepers of good custom", it is also the role of waghanga to negotiate between and attempt to reconcile differences and conflicts that can lead to imbalance and hardshipwhether on interpersonal, societal or transnational levelsas such differences can also lead to sickness and affliction. Despite the misconception that traditional healers and their practices are conservative, static and anti-progressive, an emic understanding of traditional healing practices, called ughanga, reveals them as pluralistic and supportive of change and contemporaneity. In this paper, I will describe how the institution of ughanga is a tradition of both continuity and change. Specifically, I will discuss how the visual decoration of people and things with both familiar and foreign imagery plays a vital role in effecting transformation for healing purposes and then I will examine how the particular adaptation to foreign and imported icons, ideas and influences in the decoration of medicine objects aids not only in the restoration of balance and well-being but also in the re-negotiation of identities within the human and spirit domains.

37. Africa Mozambique, Flag of Mozambique, Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects note Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in http://www.ethiotrans.com/africa.htm

Africa Home About Africa Services Health Education Portfolio Get Quote ... Ruwanda County Flag Language Support Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects Yes Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages Yes Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north) Yes Botswana English (official), Setswana Yes Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population Yes Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area) Yes Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official) Yes Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), Arabic, Hunsa, Swahili Yes Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara and Sango (in south), more than 100 different languages and dialects Yes Congo, Democratic Republic of the

38. Publications: Africa africa,and focusses instead on a number of peoples in Central africa, who are http://cnws.leidenuniv.nl/index.php3?c=25

39. EBALL EBALL = Electronic Bibliography for african Languages and Linguistics. The peoples of the Happy Valley (East africa) the aboriginal races of Kondoa http://goto.glocalnet.net/maho/eballsamples/sample_w500.html

Electronic Bibliography for African Languages and Linguistics (EBALL) HADZA BIBLIOGRAPHY Ambrose, Stanley H[armon]. 1982. Archaeology and linguistic reconstructions of history in East Africa Anon. 1942. Tribal map and ethnographic map of Tanganyika Territory . Department of Lands and Mines (Tanganyika). Dar es Salaam. Anon. 1952. Tanganyika Territory: tribal and ethnographic map . Revised edition. Department of Lands and Mines (Tanganyika). Dar es Salaam. Anon. 1955. Tribal and ethnographic map . Compiled from information supplied by Senior Sociologist. Dar es Salaam. Bagshawe, F. J. 1923. Rock paintings of the Kangeju Bushman . Man, 23, pp 146-147 (no 92). Bagshawe, F. J. 1925. The peoples of the Happy Valley (East Africa): the aboriginal races of Kondoa Irangi. Part 2: the Kangeju . Journal of the African Society, 24 (94), pp 117-130. Bagshawe, F. J. 1925. The peoples of the Happy Valley (East Africa) [with an introduction by Sir Harry H. Johnston] . Journal of the African Society, 24 (95), pp 25-33. Johnston's introduction covers pages 25-26.

40. Prelude Medicinal Plants Database Specialized In Central Africa — Metafro I forest nontimber products and people, 732 -735 Tanzanie), igalilonji (Nyika, Tanzanie),ngera (shambaa, Tanzanie). Title The indigenous trees of Ethiopia.Second http://www.metafro.be/prelude/view_plant?pi=05320

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