21. Where Do Finns Come From? scandinavia was conceivably much like greenland is today covered by an ice archaeology reveals the age of ancient settlements. scandinavia settled by http://virtual.finland.fi/finfo/english/where_do.html

Mainpage NewsRoom Site Map Contact us About this site Search: Articles General information National symbols History International relations Way of life Famous Finns Picturebook Events in Finland Travel information Where do Finns come from? Written for Virtual Finland by Christian Carpelan, Licentiate in Archaeology and a researcher at the University of Helsinki. bioanthropology , the science concerning itself with the biology of human populations; philology , which examines linguistic evolution and its cultural origins; and my own field, archaeology , the study of ancient sites and the buried remains of past cultures. Bioanthropology: tracing our genetic roots We humans inherit the genetic material contained in the mitochondrion of our cell cytoplasm (mitochondrial DNA) from our mothers, as the DNA molecules in sperm appear to break down after fertilization. Since the 1980s, tests on mitochondrial DNA have enabled scientists to establish the biological links and origins of human populations by tracing their maternal lineage. DNA tests confirm that Homo sapiens originated in Africa roughly 150,000 years ago. From there modern man went forth and conquered new territory, eventually populating nearly all seven continents.

22. Nordisk Museologi Summaries 1996/2 and new thinking into the museum field in Sweden and scandinavia. It isonly in recent decades that archaeology in greenland has adopted the http://www.nordiskmuseologi.com/Summaries/962Summaries.html

Summaries From Nordisk Museologi 1996/2: SUMMARY pp. 3-10 Ulla Keding Olofsson: The idea of the seminar was to discuss recent thinking about ecomuseums and combine it with an excursion to Bergslagen to study ongoing activities and participate in the anniversary celebrations. Ulla Keding Olofsson Adr: Idungatan 14, S-113 45 Stockholm Fax +46-8-344059 From Nordisk Museologi 1996/2: SUMMARY pp. 27-34 The Bergslagen ecomuseum - from idea to reality When plans for the western part of the region, Västerbergslagen, were drawn up, the author offered several ideas akin to the Husby trail. However the project grew in size and in the end it broke both municipality and county boundaries in order to give a comprehensive picture of the, nationally important early industrial history of Bergslagen. The planning work was done in the 1980s and in 1986 the official opening took place. The characteristics of the new museum, which maintains the "umbrella" style, are that the ecomuseum does not own the objects in it, the responsibility for each site stays with a local association, that cooperation with municipal tourist organisations is important and that the museum activities are linked with the cultural affair authorities as well as with the local heritage movement and voluntary workers. Adr: Dalarnas museum, Box 22, S-791 21 Falun

23. ANU - Research School Of Earth Sciences - RSES - Links Prof R. GRÜN with Dr J. Dorth (Dept of archaeology, University of Sydney ) and Dr M and climate issues in scandinavia , greenland , and arctic Russia . http://wwwrses.anu.edu.au/admin/annrep/ar2004/index.php?p=links

24. Scandinavian Culture History And Archaeology Culture history, archaeological sites, and other information related to the pastof scandinavia. scandinavian Culture History and archaeology http://archaeology.about.com/od/scandinavia/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology World Atlas Scandinavia Homework Help Archaeology Essentials Ancient Daily Life ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Archaeology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Archaeology Scandinavian Culture History and Archaeology Culture history, archaeological sites, and other information related to the past of Scandinavia. Alphabetical Recent Ahrensburg Culture The Ahrensburg culture is the name archaeologists have given to the early prehistoric (transitional Late Paleolithic to Mesolithic) culture of Scandinavia, 12,500-9000 BC. Alpine Lake Dwellings Alpine Lake Dwellings are a type of archaeological site found at the edge of lakes in the Alps or other mountainous regions Bromme Culture The Bromme culture is the name given to an early prehistoric reindeer-hunting culture of Scandinavia Encyclopedia of Baltic Prehistory From the University of Washington, several papers on the culture history and prehistory of the Baltic States: Finland, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania.

25. Seminar 4 The Faroe Islands , Iceland and greenland in particular provide potentiallaboratories in Since then, interdisciplinary projects combining archaeology, http://www.abdn.ac.uk/northernstudies/Seminar4.htm

Seminar 4 The Norse diaspora in the North Atlantic – ecological and social journeys Saturday 4 December 2004, 9.45 am - 4.45 pm, at King's College (formerly King's College and Visitor Centre) at the University of Aberdeen, Old Aberdeen campus. inter alia , hitherto unpublished research and thoughts. The Seminar will address such topics as the following: Migrations from the Scandinavian homelands – initial settlement and its ecological impacts Sources, speculation, history, environment, arts and sciences Strategies enabling the Norse to survive in new environments Impacts beyond in terms of landforms, biota and sustainability The contribution of modelling to our understanding of the Norse colonization Native-Norse interactions in Greenland The end of the Norse in Greenland Provisional Programme 09.45-10.10: Tea and Coffee Morning Session (10.15-12.45) Chair: Aberdeen Introduction Kevin Edwards Out of Scandinavia Christian Keller (Viking and Medieval Studies, Oslo ). Migrations from the Scandinavian homelands - push and pull factors, the integration of politics, demography, economics and ecology. Paul Buckland (Archaeology, Bournemouth )

26. Encyclopedia Of The Arctic archaeology of the Arctic Scandinavian Settlement of the North Atlantic Churches in greenland and the North American Arctic, establishment of http://www.routledge-ny.com/ref/arctic/thematic.html

(Please note that the appropriate diacritical marks and accents are provided throughout the book, but are not included in the below list. List is not final and is subject to change prior to publication.) Acts and Treaties Birds Climate and Weather Countries and Political Subdivisions ... Towns and Settlements Acts and Treaties Agreement on the Conservation of Polar Bears Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act (ANILCA) Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) Alaska Treaty (Convention for the Cession of the Russian Possessions in North America to the United States)Arctic Research Policy Act Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act (1971) Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic (OSPAR) Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Council for Yukon Indians Umbrella Final Agreement Declaration on the Protection of the Arctic Environment (1991) Department of Northern Affairs Act (1953) Government of the Northwest Territories Legislation (1966-) Greenland Home Rule Act Gwich'in Comprehensive Land Claims Agreement ILO Convention no. 107

27. Channel 4 - History - In The Footsteps Of Ivarr The Boneless Iceland, greenland and the Faeroe Islands in all its facets. ScandinavianYork and Dublin The history and archaeology of two related Viking http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/ivarr05.html

@import url(../SSI/style.css); TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... Skip navigation By period Before 1000 BC 1000 BC-AD 400 AD 400-1100 By subject ... Print this page In the footsteps of Ivarr the Boneless Home Beginnings Dublin to England Conquest of Mercia ... Dumbarton, Dublin and death Find out more Websites The Clan Ivarr www.regia.org/clanivar.htm Article that includes information on Ivarr the Boneless, on the Regia Anglorum website, run by a re-enactors' society. Vikings! www.regia.org/vikings.htm General article on the history, ships and weapons of the Vikings, by Kim Siddorn, a very experienced re-enactor (see his book below). The Viking Age in Ireland www.ncte.ie/viking/listt.htm Very comprehensive site, with a lot of information on the archaeological remains from this period. Kingdom of Northumbria (Viking Age) www.thenortheast.fsnet.co.uk/VikingNorthumbria.htm Concise history of this part of England, written by David A Simpson. Vikings www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/vikings/ An enormous amount of information can be found on this BBC History Online site. The Vikings www.vikingsonline.org.uk

28. The Heroic Age:Archaeology Digest The case will travel from scandinavia to Russia, Ukraine, Israel, France, The Íslendingur will leave Reykjavik on June 17 en route to greenland, http://www.mun.ca/mst/heroicage/issues/3/arch.html

The Heroic Age Issue 3 Summer 2000 Archaeology Digest Compiled by Michelle Ziegler Vikings and Picts Romans Anglo-Saxons Romano-British Vikings and Picts Leif Ericsson Anniversary Celebrations October 9, 2000 is the millennial anniversary of Leif Ericsson's foundation of the first European colony in North America at L'Anse aux Meadows in a region that Leif called Vinland (now Newfoundland). Celebrations to commemorate the anniversary are underway on both sides of the Atlantic. The Viking Network has organized a relay of a case, containing educational information on the Vikings of c. 1000 AD and Leif in particular, to be carried from school to school throughout the areas where the Vikings once sailed. The case will travel from Scandinavia to Russia, Ukraine, Israel, France, Britain, Ireland, Germany, Iceland, Greenland and finally on to North America. You can follow the case online at http://www.viking.no/vnet/projects/leif_2000/casevisits.html . At the time of writing it was just leaving Germany for Iceland after already traveling to Norway, Russia, Ukraine, Israel, France, Ireland and Britain. The Smithsonian Museum in the US will also offer a traveling exhibit to celebrate the Viking millennial event. The exhibit, called "Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga", will open at the Smithsonian in Washington on April 29, 2000 and run through August 13, 2000. This 3 million dollar exhibit will host more than 200 artifacts from 800 AD to contemporary pop culture items in a 5500 sq. foot exhibit. Artifacts have been collected not only from the United States collections but also from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Greenland, and Canada. After the close of the Smithsonian exhibit August 13, artifacts will begin a two year tour of North America visiting New York, Ottawa, Los Angeles, Houston, and Chicago.

29. HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SHIP - LECTURE NOTES regularly with the Scandinavian communities in greenland and Iceland. greenland,in particular, relied very heavily for its survival on the importation http://cma.soton.ac.uk/HistShip/shlect80.htm

HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SHIP - LECTURE NOTES 80 THE SHIP IN THE MIDDLE AGES. 80 THE SHIP IN THE MIDDLE AGES. REFERENCES AND SOURCES FOR SLIDES History of Seafaring and the first edition of Basil Greenhill's Archaeology of the Boat both of which are easily available on rota in the Bangor University Library, and many may also be found in other and more recent books. Slides displayed in this Web page are taken from JSI's personal collection. This page is under development and not all references are complete. 80 THE SHIP IN THE MIDDLE AGES.

30. Dialogues With The Past, The Nordic Graduate School In Archaeology, Planned Acti A number of structural, economic and social changes in South scandinavia havebeen detected in the archaeological record from the 2nd to 4th centuries. http://www.dialpast.dk/projects_DK.htm

Dialogues with the Past Dialogues with the Past Organisation Participating departments Courses ... List of PhD-projects Christina Rein Seehusen Eastern Connections - A study of interactions between South Scandinavia and the Wielbark culture during the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The project aims to investigate the cultural connections between South Scandinavia and the so called Wielbark Culture, located on the southern Baltic coast and along the Vistula (Weichsel) River in present day Poland. A number of structural, economic and social changes in South Scandinavia have been detected in the archaeological record during the period ranging from the 1st to 3rd centuries. Previously, mainly events and fluctuations within the Roman Empire have been accredited for this. This project however, seeks to investigate if the connection with the Wielbark Culture may have played a substantial role in the developments of the South Scandinavian economic and social fluctuations during this period. Great similarities in the material culture (reflected in grave finds, structures and metal deposits) between Scandinavia and the Wielbark culture, even over long distances, seem to indicate this. In my opinion, it is of crucial importance for us as archaeologists to separate ourselves from the present mental perceptions of national borders in our work. The archaeological material from the Roman Iron Age suggests the Baltic area as culturally connected by the sea rather than separated by it.

31. Danish Polar Center The PaleoEskimo Cultures of greenland New perspectives in greenlandic archaeologyPapers from a symposium at the Institute of archaeology and Ethnology, http://www.dpc.dk/PolarPubs/Technical/DPCPublNo1.html

Danish Polar Center Strandgade 100 H DK-1401 Copenhagen K Denmark phone +45 3288 0100 fax +45 3288 0101 dpc@dpc.dk News Publications Library Photos Polarfronten About DPC Open Local Menu ... Publications Monographs on Greenland MoG - BioScience MoG - GeoScience MoG - Online shopping MoG - Offline shopping MoG - Titles 1879-1979 MoG - Editorial Board MoG - Info to authors Technical Reports Report # 1 Report # 2 Report # 3 Report # 4 Report # 5 Report # 6 Report # 7 Report # 8 Report # 9 Reports - offline shopping Other publications Greenland Law Reports DPC Annual Report Other - offline shopping Digital on-line Encounters with Wildlife How to Handle a Bear

32. Time-reckoning In Iceland Indeed, an effort was made recently to see if archaeology could bring us somewhat Traditionally, the Vikings originating in scandinavia in the early http://www.raunvis.hi.is/~thv/time.html

Time-reckoning in Iceland before literacy Published in Clive L.N. Ruggles (ed.), 1991. Archaeoastronomy in the 1990s. Loughborough, UK: Group D Publications. Pp. 69-76. Introductory remark The history of science in Iceland is a field of study which has received little attention to date. Many of the fundamental works are old and outdated, and authors with basic scientific knowledge have been sadly absent from the arena. The present paper is a partial effort to remedy this situation. The Vikings Traditionally, the Vikings originating in Scandinavia in the early Middle Ages are associated with violence and brutal force. However, the views of modern scholars paint a less mono-chromatic picture (e.g. Foote and Wilson 1984; Jones 1986; 1990; Graham-Campbell 1989). The present paper relates to one aspect of this, namely the knowledge and science of the Vikings and their immediate successors in Iceland and other Scandinavian countries. Many of the activities of the Vikings required and produced knowledge of time-reckoning and of what we would nowadays classify as astronomy. For example, their extensive travelling and trade must have involved some knowledge of astronomy. The necessity of such knowledge is generally recognised in the case of coastal navigation, but also holds for inland travel through previously unknown areas, such as the vast lands of Eastern Europe. Inland travel and coastal navigation is one thing, but regular trans-oceanic traffic is quite another. Yet such traffic was required to support the Scandinavian settlement of Iceland and Greenland, around the years 900 and 1000 respectively, at a time when the people of Europe knew nothing of the compass or the sextant. Even with good luck the oceanic voyage would take about a week, and without it land might not be sighted for several weeks. The navigational methods used included both terrestrial and celestial observations (Einarsson 1970: 57-63; Schnall 1975, ch. 4; Marcus 1980: 100-18; McGrail 1989: 59-63). There is hardly any doubt that the knowledge written down on vellum in Iceland in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries derives to a high degree from these observations and this experience.

33. Staff The School of Prehistoric archaeology is involved in a large number of Southern scandinavia and Southeastern Europe in the Late Roman period. BS. http://www.hum.ku.dk/iae/ark/asp/english/research.htm

Research Profile The School of Prehistoric Archaeology is involved in a large number of archaeology projects in Denmark, the Nordic region, and a number of European, as well as extra-European countries. The projects comprise both individual and joint studies, national and international field-work, etc, in the following areas: Hunters and gatherers, in particular of Northern Europe and the Arctic (Greenland, also the recent periods) with an emphasis on artefact analyses and settlement studies. Neolithic (food producing) cultures of Northern Europe, especially Denmark, with an emphasis on artefact studies, burials and settlement studies. The long periods of the Bronze Age, Iron Age, Viking Age, and the Middle Ages of Northern Europe (till c. 1500 AD) with an emphasis on the Old Denmark region, and on the fields of chronology, art and ornament, international contacts and exchange, burials and religion, settlements, and social development and historical integration. North Atlantic archaeology (cf. (A)), in particular Norse culture.

34. Viking Masks Yet we know from archaeology that they did use masks, and there is evidence to Social scandinavia in the Viking Age . 1920. New York Kraus Reprint Co. http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/masks.htm

Dear Viking Answer Lady: 'tis the season... Halloween season that is. This being my favorite holiday of the year I thought you would be able to tell me if the Vikings celebrated anything like it. Were there costumes? (Signed) Not Wearing the Plastic Viking Hat Another Year Gentle Readers: The Vikings did not celebrate Halloween, and while they had a major celebration at near the same time of year, it did not involve costumes or masquerades. Yet we know from archaeology that they did use masks, and there is evidence to suggest that these may have been connected with a different seasonal celebration. Three annual festivals appear to have been known and celebrated throughout Viking Age Scandinavia. The Heimskringla of Icelander Snorri Sturluson records these festivals in Ynglingasaga , chapter 8, saying: Þá skyldi blóta í móti vetri til árs en að miðjum vetri blóta til gróðrar, hið þriðja að sumri. Það var sigurblót. [A sacrifice was to be made for a good season at the beginning of winter, and one in midwinter for good crops, and a third one in summer, for victory.] The division of the year into three seasons among the Germanic peoples appears to be quite ancient, for Tacitus says in his

35. Bibliography Of Sources For Viking Art Observations from the east of southern scandinavia AD 6001100. It is arguedthat this ivory came from greenland, and that it was of central importance http://www.vikinganswerlady.com/art_bib.htm

Bibliography of Sources for Viking Age Art Gentle Readers: The Vikings practiced a wide range of arts, and the styles and motifs they utilized were vivid and sophisticated. As Wilson and Klindt-Jensen comment in their book, Viking Art , "The surviving art of the early Viking Age exhibits a brilliancy, originality and competence, hard to equal in contemporary Europe..." The sources I list below are only the merest sampling of the books available discussing various aspects of Viking art. I have included not only general works and "picture books" but also a variety of scholarly articles on various aspects of Viking Age crafts as well. As a note, many of the items listed may not be be available in your local public library. There are a couple of ways to access these if you are not a student at a university or college: The first is to visit a university or college library. Most allow non-students to use the library, although often you won't be able to check out books. However, it's simple to photocopy a journal article, and every university library I've ever visited had copy machines for public use. The second method would be to go to your library and ask the reference librarian for information on obtaining materials through Interlibrary Loan (ILL). Surprisingly small libraries have been able to get really obscure documents for me via ILL. Sometimes your local branch library can handle an ILL request, sometimes you have to go to the main branch of the library - just ask, the librarians will be happy to tell you how it's done in your library. Usually ILL involves a small fee to cover photocopyinga nd shipping articles to you. You can also get books this way, and in the case of books they usually loan the book to your library, and you will then either check it out from your library or else you may have to use it while at the library, depending on the practices of the library which owns the work.

36. King's Table: Game Of The Noble Scandinavians These were the accomplishments of the noble of Viking Age scandinavia. archaeology provides some additional clues. There have been numerous gravefinds http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/articles/kings_table.html

[ Note: there is a better version of this article, with illustrations, at http://www.realtime.com/~gunnora/games.htm [ NOTE: The following is an article prepared for The Bear Necessities, the newsletter of the barony of Bjornsborg, Ansteorra. The Viking Answer Lady is Lady Gunnora Hallakarva, an eighth-century Finn who will tell you more than you ever wanted to know about pigs if you let her. Her alter ego, Christie Ward, is a historian interested in Iron Age Scandinavia (but still has a day job as well). Gunnora may be reached by email at guunora@bga.com. ] Dear Viking Answer Lady: Aside from rape, loot and pillage, what did the Vikings do to entertain themselves? - Dreading that Long Polar Winter Gentle Reader: The Vikings had a great many amusements, from very physical sports such as footracing, swimming, wrestling and skiing, to horse fighting, playing a game very like the Scottish sport of curling, and several board games. The most useful of these for the snow-bound will of course be the board games, so herwith I shall tell you more about them. Read on... King's Table: Game of the Noble Scandinavians Some men joust with spear and shield And some men carol and sing good songs;

37. NESAT Contents Textiles in Northern archaeology NESAT III Textile Symposium in York 69 May 1987 and textile equipment from the norse western Settlement in greenland http://www.cs.vassar.edu/~capriest/nesatlist.html

This is a list of the tables of contents for the six published proceedings of the North European Symposium on Archaeological Textiles (NESAT). It is listed simply as a convenience for people researching European textile archaeology who may be unaware of the specific contents of any NESAT volume. (Please note that capitalization of article titles follows the original listings scrupulously.) This document is a work in progress. It is provided as is without any express or implied warranties. While every effort has been taken to ensure the accuracy of the information contained, the author assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. North European Symposium on Archaeological Textiles NESAT 1 Vorwort von Dr. Karl-Heinz Harbeck Textiles from 500 B.C. - 1000 A.D. John-Peter Wild: "Some New Light on Roman Textiles" Bente Magnus: "A Chieftain's Costume" Anne Stine Ingstad: "The Functional Textiles from the Oseberg Ship" Medieval Textiles (ca 1000 - 1500) Anne Kjellberg: "Medieval Textiles from the Excavations in the Old Town of Oslo" Sandra Y.Vons-Comis: "Medieval Textile Finds from the Netherlands"

38. European Culture History A site dedicated to the history of European archaeology, contains catalog The Goths were a loosely organized tribe from scandinavia who were fond of http://archaeology.miningco.com/od/europe/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology World Atlas Europe Homework Help Archaeology Essentials Ancient Daily Life ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Archaeology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Archaeology European Culture History European cultural history, including archaeological sites, universities, history and prehistory, and researchers of Europe. Alphabetical Recent Alpine Lake Dwellings Alpine Lake Dwellings are a type of archaeological site found at the edge of lakes in the Alps or other mountainous regions throughout northern and central Europe Archaeologia Bulgarica Archaeologia Bulgarica, published three times a year, has an emphasis on interdisciplinary research in the culture history and archaeology of Southeastern Europe. Warrior Women While primarily focused on the archaeological evidence for women acting as warriors and priestesses during eastern European Iron Age, the book by Jeannine Davis-Kimball with Mona Behan is a fusion of archaeology and ethnography, mythology, and culture history. Archaeology of the Balkans From the International Institute of Archaeology in Salt Lake City, a huge new website on archaeology in the Balkan states, including all kinds of info on sites, excavations, cultures, history, and archaeologists.

39. History Bibiliography Berry, Francis I tell of greenland an edited translation of the SauÆarkrokur Gordon, EV) Scandinavian archaeology , Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1937 http://www.sunnyway.com/runes/historybooks.html

More than just history, this bibliography touches upon culture, anthropology, archeology, language, linguistics and other related topics pertaining to the people who used runes, and the countries in which they lived. Regrettably, my primary focus has been Vikings, but you will find a bit on the Teutons, Goths, Angle-Saxons, Celts, and Indo-Europeans. I plan to expand the bibliography as time permits. If the title is hyperlinked, the book can be ordered from Amazon.com . Click on the hyperlinked title to be taken to Amazon.com. When possible, I've identified other sources, such as or Anglo-Saxon Books . I've found used copies on eBay Half.com Abebooks.com and Amazon.com . The older ones may be available in a large public or university library or Questia.com online library. It has been brought to my attention that my bibliographies have been extracted verbatim by lazy college students, for use in their own term papers. Of course, it doesn't fool anyone. However, to make it a teeny bit more difficult, I've removed the publication data. They can still copy, but they'll have to do a bit more work. One does have to wonder if they've also copied the term papers. A Catalogue and its Users : A Symposium on the Upsala Collection of Medieval manuscripts , ISBN=9155435653.

40. ScienceDaily -- Browse Topics: Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Periods_and_C Search Land, Sea And Home The Society For Medieval archaeology Monograph Hammer in the North Mjollnir in Medieval scandinavia An article with http://www.sciencedaily.com/directory/Science/Social_Sciences/Archaeology/Period

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