41. Bonan Information language, Samoan * sandawe language, sandawe * Sangisari * Sanglechi Zulu of southernAfrica *Zuni - of groups in Laos *Northern indigenous peoples of Russia http://www.searchspaniel.com/index.php/Bonan

42. The African Commune > Recent Stone Tool Use. Africa And East Africa the latter include eg Siberian, Alaskan and African indigenous people. hunting andgathering, for example sandawe and Hadza of Iron Age groups and LSA people. http://theafricancommune.com/article.php3?id_article=1007

43. People And Plants Online - The African Ethnobotany Network 1 Dimensions of sandawe diet. Kenya indigenous Forest Conservation Programme, Governmentof Kenya. Forest Trees and People Programme, Newsletter no. http://peopleandplants.org/regions/africa/aen1/biblio.htm

44. References Dietary change and traditional food systems of indigenous peoples. The ecologyof malnutrition in Eastern africa and four countries of West africa. http://www.unu.edu/unupress/food2/UIN07E/uin07e0m.htm

Contents Previous References Abdullah M, Ahmed L. 1993. "Validating a simplified approach to the dietary assessment of vitamin A intake in preschool children." Eur J Clin Nutr Abrams Jr. HL. 1987. The preference for animal protein and fat: a cross-cultural study. In: Harris M, Ross EB, eds. Food and Evolution . Philadelphia: Temple University Press. Alcorn JB. 1981. "Haustec noncrop resource management: implications for prehistoric rainforest management." Humn Ecol Altieri MA, Trujillo J. 1987. "The agroecology of corn production in Tlaxcala, Mexico." Humn Eco Ang CYW, Livingston GE. 1974. Nutritive losses in the home storage and preparation of raw fruits and vegetables. In: White PE, Seelvey N. eds. Nutritional qualities of fresh fruits and vegetables. New York: Futura Publishing Co. pp. 51-64. AOAC. 1984. Official methods of analysis. 14th ed. Arlington, VA, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arroyave G. 1986. Vitamin A deficiency control in Central America. In: Bauernfeind JC, ed. Vitamin A deficiency and its control. New York: Academic Press Inc., pp. 405- 424.

45. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Scriptures of African peoples The Sacred utterances of the Anlo, New York, 1973 . HammondTooke, WD, Rituals and medicines indigenous healing in south http://africamissions.org/africa/atr_bibliography.htm

BIBLIOGRAPHY ON AFRICAN TRADITIONAL RELIGION compiled by Chidi Denis Isizoh Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Le bâton de l'aveugle. Divination, maladie et pouvoir chez les Moundang du Tchad, Paris, 1972 Akpunonu P.D., "The Religion of the Ibos, Yesterday and Today", Lux Albert E.M., "Une étude de valeur en Burundi," in CEA Amankulor, J.N., "Ekpe Festivals as Religious ritual and Dance Drama", Ikenga Arinze F.A., Sacrifice in Ibo Religion, Ibadan, 1970. Armstrong R.C., "African Religion and cultural Renewal", ORITA Arnoux R.P., "Le culte de la société secrète des imandwa au Ruanda, in Anthropos, Atangana B., "Le Sacré dans l'Afrique Traditionnelle", Bull. du Cercle St Jean- Baptiste, Paris, 1964, 363-374. West African Traditional Religion, Ibadan, 1979.

46. Articles - African Languages Two distant languages usually considered KhoiSan are sandawe and Hadza of The above are families indigenous to africa. Several african languages belong http://www.1-electric.com/articles/African_languages

Home Electric Scooters Wheelchairs Lifts Language families The African languages are generally divided into four language families Afro-Asiatic Nilo-Saharan Niger-Congo , and Khoisan . In addition, they include several unclassified languages , and of course sign languages Afro-Asiatic Main article: Afro-Asiatic languages Formerly known as Hamito-Semitic languages, Afro-Asiatic languages are spoken in large parts of North Africa East Africa , and Southwest Asia . The Afro-Asiatic language family comprises approximately 240 languages spoken by 285 million people. The main subfamilies of Afro-Asiatic are the Semitic languages , the Cushitic languages Berber , and the Chadic languages . The Semitic languages are the only branch of Afro-Asiatic based outside of Africa. The Semitic, Berber and Egyptian branches are predominantly (though by no means exclusively) spoken by Caucasoid people, while Cushitic, Chadic, and Omotic are spoken by black Africans. Some of the most widely spoken Afro-Asiatic languages include Arabic (Semitic), Oromo (Cushitic), and

47. Ämnesordsökning Titel, Remembering the country of their birth indigenous peoples and territoriality.Utgivning, 2004. Titel, After Abuja africa and the Commonwealth. http://217.13.254.12/sv/opac/sok_amnesord.asp?TextAmne=Kolonialism&Host_nr=1

48. Fr. Nicoll's Course Website Jordan and Nile Valleys; Click (Khoisan, sandawe, Hatsa); Fur coconut palms, andother foods indigenous to SE have been related to the Khoisan peoples of modern http://www.loyno.edu/~nicoll/WorldCivFall/22africa.htm

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA Sources: archaeology (much lost to climate); oral tradition (accurate back several centuries); histories (few from Greeks and Romans; ca. 958 AD Muslim historians and some Europeans); oral poems; oral genealogies; traditional rituals. Geography: 40% desert and bush - Sahara (al-Sahra: "the desert") and the Kalahari; 40% savanna (grassland) and sahel (semi-arid steppe); 8% (or 5%) rain forest. Rivers: Nile, Kongo, Niger, Zambesi, Orange, Limpopo, Senegal Soil: tropical to acid; devoid of much humus or vegetable mold, thus easily leached of mineral and nutrients; thus not highly productive for extended periods. Water shortage. But abundant animal life Minerals: wealthy in salt, iron and copper ore, gold. Diet: short on protein and vitamins Health: mosquito carries malaria, yellow fever; tsetse-fly infected humans, horses, cattle, snails, worms which conveyed intestinal diseases. Crops: hurt by locust swarms All of above tended to limit population OLD STONE AGE Extant archeological shows Africa as the origin place of the species Homo; recent evidence (footprints in S. Africa ca. 120,000 years old) indicate Africa as the origin place of Homo Sapiens Sapiens - modern humans.

49. Fr. Nicoll's Course Website Berber, Cushite, Chad); Click (Khoisan, sandawe, Hatsa); Fur between Yorubaland andthe Ibo peoples for several uzama), an order of hereditary indigenous chiefs http://www.loyno.edu/~nicoll/WorldCivFall/04subsah.htm

SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA LINGUISTIC GROUPS Niger-Congo (West Atlantic, Mandingo, Gur, Kwa, Central Branch, Ijo, Adamwa-Eastern); Songhai; Macro-Sudanic (Central Sudanic, Eastern Sudanic [Southern, Nubian, Beir-Didinga, Barea, Tabi, Merarit, Dagu], Berta, Kunama); Central Saharan; Maban; Afro-Asiatic (Egyptian, Semitic, Berber, Cushite, Chad); Click (Khoisan, Sandawe, Hatsa); Fur; Temainian; Kordofanian; Nyangiya. [Dr. Presley] ** POPULATION (estimated) 1300: ca. 70 million; 1500: ca. 82 million. [Wallbank I ] ** AXUM KINGDOM (Aksumite Empire; modern Ethiopia) ** Duration: 1st C. to 7th C.; golden age: 6th C. Cut off from Christian Europe by Islamic Arabs; began a decline which continued to the 14th C. ** Zarar Yakob (1434-1468): restored internal unity; made vassals of neighboring Muslim states; ** eradicated heresy; reorganized provincial government ** Negus (emperor): sacred head of the national church; appointed the bishops; seen in public only on ** rare occasions appointed governors, judges

50. African Languages - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK Tonality is a common feature of indigenous african languages various parts ofsubSaharan africa; sandawe, a language and English (native to many people in the http://www.thehistorychannel.co.uk/site/search/search.php?word=Africanlng

51. Text 2 Animal Symbolism In Africa As A Road To Universal Science (a) an independent indigenous african zodiacal tradition (which I would find ‘The moon as a symbol of life and fertility in sandawe thought’, africa, http://www.shikanda.net/ancient_models/text2.htm

From an African bestiary to universal science? Main Text Part II by Wim van Binsbergen homepage Animal symbolism overview page Part I 6. Interpretation: From an African bestiary to universal science? How then can we interpret the basic structure of three clusters (A), (B), (C), which is borne out throughout our extensive cluster analysis? Let us look at the dendrogram again: Diagram 8. Cluster Analysis 2 animals only, actual occurrences simplified Broadly, the three clusters may be characterised in the following terms: (A) ancient Egypt and Greece (C) Central and Southern Bantu-speaking sub-Saharan Africa, and classical China (D) Ancient Mesopotamia’s astral science, modern astronomy as its contemporary derivative, world-wide animal demon representations, and Central Bantu-speaking Nkoya society. Cluster (A) brings together a culture area which recent research (especially, but not exclusively, in terms of the Black Athena thesis) has increasingly identified as forming one historical whole; we may designate this the ‘Black Athena’ culture area. Cluster (D) would appear to be disconcertingly diverse in both space and time, until we realise that its contents, however selective, nicely match Frobenius’ South-Erythraean culture area, which he saw originating in ancient Mesopotamia (with possible extensions towards Dilmun / Bahrayn and the Indus civilisation) and extending south of the Red (= Erythraean) sea to the East African coast and South Central Africa, where the southwestern fringe of the complex would encompass the Nkoya culture of Zambia.

52. MAGPIE 59 of Sydney s D harawal Aborigines, said indigenous weather patterns the Hadzabe andthe sandawe, live near the Ju hoansi have been separate peoples since close http://jaybabcock.com/magpie59.html

19 MARCH 2003: INDIGENOUS WEATHERMEN Experts look to Australia's Aborigines for weather help Wednesday, March 19, 2003 Posted: 12:16 AM EST (0516 GMT) SYDNEY, Australia (Reuters) When the bearded dragon lizard sits upright and points its head to the sky, it is going to rain the next day. If a flock of currawongs flies overhead you've only got four hours to get the washing off the line. If the queen wattle blooms heavily, bull ants abandon their tree nests for mounds of dirt, or meat ants cover nests with tiny, heat-reflecting quartz stones, then bushfires are coming. Sounds like mumbo-jumbo? Not to Australia's Bureau of Meteorology, which hopes to tap into the tens of thousands of years of Aboriginal weather knowledge to help it expand its understanding of the island continent's harsh climate. Aboriginal ideas about the weather can be starkly different. Unlike the conventional European notion of four seasons summer, autumn, winter and spring Aborigines in different parts of Australia count as little as two or as many as six, each intimately linked to subtle changes in the local environment. "The bureau comes from a purely Western scientific meteorology perspective. It is something entirely new for a weather bureau to recognize the importance of this other weather knowledge," said bureau forecaster John O'Brien.

53. African Languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. Although allthe Khoisan languages use click sounds, sandawe and Hatsa are unlike the http://www.bartleby.com/65/af/Africanlng.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. African languages geographic rather than linguistic classification of languages spoken on the African continent. Historically the term refers to the languages of sub-Saharan Africa, which do not belong to a single family, but are divided among several distinct linguistic stocks. It is estimated that more than 800 languages are spoken in Africa; however, they belong to comparatively few language families. Some 50 African languages have more than half a million speakers each, but many others are spoken by relatively few people. Tonality is a common feature of indigenous African languages. There are usually two or three tones (based on pitch levels rather than the rising and falling in inflections of Chinese tones) used to indicate semantic or grammatical distinction.

54. Encyclopedia: African Languages The above are families indigenous to africa. Several african languages belong tononafrican (1996) africa Now. People – Policies – Institutions. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/African-languages

Supporter Benefits Signup Login Sources ... Pies Related Articles People who viewed "African languages" also viewed: African language Dida language African languages Austroasiatic languages ... Harry Potter in translation What's new? Our next offering Latest newsletter Student area Lesson plans Recent Updates Zombie Z M Dagar Yamaha Motor Company Ltd. Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps ... More Recent Articles Top Graphs Richest Most Murderous Most Taxed Most Populous ... More Stats Encyclopedia: African languages Updated 228 days 2 hours 27 minutes ago. Other descriptions of African languages The term African languages refers to the approximately 1800 languages spoken in Africa . Some African languages, such as Swahili Hausa , and Yoruba , are spoken by millions of people. Others, such as Laal Shabo , and Dahalo are spoken by a few hundred or fewer. In addition, Africa has a wide variety of sign languages , many of whose genetic classification has yet to be worked out. Several African languages are also whistled for special purposes. The abundant linguistic diversity of many African countries has made language policy an extremely important issue in the neo-colonial era. In recent years, African countries have become increasingly aware of the value of their linguistic inheritance. Language policies that are being developed nowadays are mostly aimed at

55. MSN Encarta - Print Preview - Africa The most widely spoken indigenous African language is Swahili, The People ofAfrica section of this article was contributed by James L. Newman. http://encarta.msn.com/text_761572628___64/Africa.html

Print Print Preview Africa Article View On the File menu, click Print to print the information. Africa III. People of Africa Africa was the birthplace of the human species between 8 million and 5 million years ago. Today, the vast majority of its inhabitants are of indigenous origin. People across the continent are remarkably diverse by just about any measure: They speak a vast number of different languages, practice hundreds of distinct religions, live in a variety of types of dwellings, and engage in a wide range of economic activities. Over the centuries, peoples from other parts of the world have migrated to Africa and settled there. Historically, Arabs have been the most numerous immigrants. Starting in the 7th century ad , they crossed into North Africa from the Middle East, bringing the religion of Islam with them. A later movement of Arabs into East and Central Africa occurred in the 19th century. Europeans first settled in Africa in the mid-17th century near the Cape of Good Hope, at the southern end of the continent. More Europeans immigrated during the subsequent colonial period, particularly to present-day South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Algeria. South Asians also arrived during colonial times. Their descendants, often referred to as Indians, are found largely in Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa. A.

56. Atlas - Tanzania Map Tanzania Map, History, Culture, People, Population, Climate, Economy, with more than 120 different indigenous African peoples as well as small groups of http://www.map.freegk.com/tanzania/tanzania.php

fiSearchFormMaxSetId='AX006201'; Introduction People History Culture ... Disputes Tanzania Plants and Animal Back to Top In 1999 the imports of Tanzania were valued at $1.8 billion, and exports totaled $541 million. Coffee, cotton, tobacco, cloves, tea, cashews, and sisal made up the bulk of exports. Main imports were petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, iron and steel and other metals, and food and live animals. Principal trading partners for exports are Germany, Japan, India, the United Kingdom, Rwanda, and The Netherlands; chief partners for imports are the United Kingdom, Kenya, Japan, China, and India. Considerable foreign exchange is also derived from tourists, some 447,000 of whom visited Tanzania in 1998. Tanzania Communications Back to Top fair system operating below capacity and being modernized for better service; VSAT (very small aperture terminal) system under construction domestic: trunk service provided by open wire, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and fiber-optic cable; some links being made digital international: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat Tanzania Culture Back to Top Olduvai Gorge, in the Great Rift Valley, is the site of the find of some of the earliest known remains of human ancestry, dating back 1,750,000 years. The ancient in-migration of Cushitic, Nilotic, and Bantu peoples, displacing the native San-type population, resulted in a complex agglomeration of tribal communities practicing complementary forms of pastoral and agricultural livelihoods. In the last 500 years, Portuguese, Arab, Indian, German, and British traders and colonists have added to the mosaic. Today Tanzania's multiethnic and multiracial population practices a mixture of traditions and customs that form a valuable cultural heritage.

57. History And Information On Tanzania And Mount Kilimanjaro Germany finally lost control of German East africa in 1917 to the British The majority of Tanzania s people are made up of two general indigenous groups http://www.kilimanjaroworld.com/tanzania.htm

HOME Click Below For More Information History History Links People Flora and Fauna ... Geology and Glaciology General Info Links to Tanzania: Tanzania Encyclopedia Tanzanian Tourist Board Tanzania High Commission. Parliament of Tanzania ... Maps Tanzania - History Back to Top When you consider that mankind's birthplace may have been centered somewhere in northern Tanzania it's evident that there is a long human history there. Archaeologists have discovered the fossils of several types of manlike creatures called Australopithecine's in the Olduvai Gorge just North West of Mount Kilimanjaro. Scientists believe these creatures lived as long as 4 million years ago. Tanzania's first mainland inhabitants had established themselves as early as 3000 to 5000 years ago. It's safe to assume that the inhabitants were there prior to the above dates, since knowledge of the inhabitants comes mainly from remnants of ancient Stone Age sites that have been researched. What researchers do know is that these early settlers were hunters and gatherers who spoke Khoisan. Around 1000 B.C. people speaking the Cushitic language began to settle from Ethiopia and Somalia. These people brought cattle and knowledge of stone tools and settled in the Northern Regions. Bantu speaking people began migrating into Tanzania around 500 AD, possibly from West Africa. These people were farmers of vegetables, millet and sorghum and brought with them iron implements. New arrivals such as the Maasai possibly took place around the 12th and 18th centuries.

58. All About African Languages - RecipeLand.com Reference Library The above are families indigenous to africa. Several african languages belong tononafrican (1996) africa Now. People ? Policies ? Institutions. http://www.recipeland.com/encyclopaedia/index.php/African_languages

59. Language School Explorer - Information About African_languages The above are families indigenous to africa. Several african languages belong tononafrican (1996) africa Now. People – Policies – Institutions. http://language.school-explorer.com/info/African_languages

I WANT TO STUDY Language Afrikaans Arabic Armenian Assamese Asturian Basque Bengali Bosnian Bulgarian Cambodian Cantonese Catalan Chinese Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French Georgian German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Kantonese Ketchua Korean Lithuanian Malay Malayalam Mandarin Mongolian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romenian Russian Samoan Serbian Slovak Slovene Spanish Swedish Taiwanese Thai Turkish Ukrainian Vietnamese Xhosa Zulu Country City LINK TO US Last update 2005-09-25 by No language information No Country information No City information Warning : main(http://language.school-explorer.com/intro.html): failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 500 Internal Server Error in

60. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Human rights in African indigenous religion, Bulletin of Ecumenical Scriptures of African peoples The Sacred utterances of the Anlo, New York, 1973. http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 16 March, 2005 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

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