61. Romania – Government And Political Class romania – government and Political class In fact, a few months later he wasmade one of the cabinet directors in the romanian government. http://www.erionet.org/Romaniacase.htm

Romania – Government and Political class Within the first half year of democracy both the regime and the opposition repeatedly accused “Gypsies” of opposing them. Thus, the start of Romania ’s new democracy was marked by incessant discrimination, hate speech, accusations and even violent physical attacks against Roma. Immediately after the December 27, 1989 revolution Romania ’s leading coalition, the FSN, proclaimed: “ Romania ’s minorities will have equal rights and freedom as the Romanian majority”. Just a month later, on January 28, 1990, during a violent pro-government demonstration, demonstrators insulted the opposition protestors, calling them “provocateurs” and “Gypsies,” implying that only Gypsies could be against the new regime. Just three weeks later, on February 19, 1990 , the FSN justified the first brutal miners’ invasion of Bucharest by saying that the miners were called to stop the opposition, made up of “hooligans and unemployed Gypsies,” from overthrowing the new regime. A few days later the Romanian press published the news that Nicolae and Elena Ceausescu (the dictators responsible for one of the cruellest regimes in the 20th century) were supposedly of Gypsy origin. The connection was disproved, however most Romanians were happy to blame the worst of the communist regime on the Gypsies. On May 18 of the same year, when the president of the National Peasants' Party (the main opposition party) was attacked by a band of rock-throwing pro-government demonstrators, he referred to them as “Gypsies,” using the same propaganda the government regime has previously used.

62. Southeastern Europe Country Analysis Brief In December 2003, the romanian government announced a tender offering 51% of EIA Country Information on romania. Links to other US government sites http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/romania.html

Home Country Analysis Briefs Southeastern Europe Country Analysis Brief PDF version PDB version March 2004 Background Oil Oil Transit Gas ... Links Southeastern Europe The countries of Southeastern Europeincluding Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldovaoccupy a strategic location on the west side of the Black Sea, exporting electricity through much of the Balkan Peninsula and transporting Russian natural gas to Western Europe and Turkey. Southeastern Europe also is a potentially significant transit region for Caspian oil exports to Europe. Note: Information contained in this report is the best available as of March 2004 and is subject to change. GENERAL BACKGROUND The countries of Southeastern Europedefined here to include Romania, Bulgaria, and Moldovashare a common history in addition to their geographical location. Since the Eastern European revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, the three countries have been independent democracies, but each has had significant problems in transitioning from a centrally-planned economic system to a market-based economy. While Bulgaria and Romania avoided the warfare and bloodshed that devastated the Balkans region in the 1990s, they were both significantly affected by the economic embargo placed on

63. Romania Expanded Environmental Section The Bulgarian government contends that romania has made no efforts to crack down on The romanian government has imposed some water effluent charges, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/romaenv.html

Home Country Analysis Briefs Romania: Environmental Issues PDF version PDB version October 2003 Romania: Environmental Issues Introduction Romania's natural environment is a study in constrasts. Much of the Romanian countryside remains unspoiled, and its fauna ranks among the most diverse in Europe. Dense forests continue to cover more than a quarter of the country's territory. These elements stand in stark contrast to other parts (especially urban areas) of the country which have suffered tremendous environmental degradation over the last 50 years. Industrial plants release large quantities of pollutants into the air, and the nation's water is polluted by industrial and municipal wastewater discharges, agricultural runoff, and insufficient treatment of toxic pollutants discharged by industry into the sewer system. While much of the damage to the environment has its origins in Romania's communist past, even after the transition to democracy, the country has not made environmental protection a top priority. Not until December 1995 did the Romanian parliament adopt the Environmental Protection Law, which provides the basic framework for the protection of the country's natural resources. The Ministry of Agriculture, Forests, Waters and Environment is Romania's primary government agency charged with environmental matters. In both 1999 and 2000, the European Commission's regular reports criticized the Romanian government for its failure to do more to protect the environment, and the last

64. ABC Country Book Of Romania - Government Flag, Map, Economy, Geography, Climate, romania Interactive Factbook GEOGRAPHY, Flag, Map,Geography, People, government,Economy, Transportation, Communications. http://www.theodora.com/wfb/romania_government.html

Index Flag Geography People ... Feedback Romania Names: conventional long form: none conventional short form: Romania local long form: none local short form: Romania Digraph: RO Type: republic Capital: Bucharest Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea Independence: 1881 (from Turkey; republic proclaimed 30 December 1947) National holiday: National Day of Romania, 1 December (1990) Constitution: 8 December 1991 Legal system: former mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory; is now based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

65. Romania Photos - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Cu romanian government building, romania. NOTE The information regarding romaniaon this page is republished from the World Fact Book of the United States http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/romania/romania_photos_01.html

MAIN INDEX Country Ranks Country Photos Atheneul Roman concert hall, Romania Romanian government building, Romania Peles Castle, Romania Maps Flags DEFINITIONS ... [TOP] Romania Photos http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/romania/romania_photos_01.html SOURCE: CIA WORLD FACTBOOK Romanian government building, Romania NOTE: The information regarding Romania on this page is re-published from the World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Romania Photos information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Romania Photos should be addressed to the CIA. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Language Translation Services http://www.theodora.com/wfb/photos/romania/romania_photos_01.html Revised 22-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

66. Romania - Government THE PROMULGATION of the Constitution of 1965, in which romania officially pressured King Michael to appoint communists to key government positions, http://countrystudies.us/romania/64.htm

Government Romania Table of Contents THE PROMULGATION of the Constitution of 1965, in which Romania officially proclaimed its status as a socialist republic, was a milestone on its path toward communism. The country had set out on that path in 1945 when the Soviet Union pressured King Michael to appoint communists to key government positions, where they provided the power base for a complete communist takeover and the abolition of the monarchy in December 1947. The political system installed in April 1948, when the Romanian People's Republic was created, was a replica of the Soviet model. The system's goal was to create the conditions for the transition from capitalism through socialism to communism. The formal structure of the government established by the Constitution of 1965 was changed in a significant way by a 1974 amendment that established the office of president of the republic. The occupant of that office was to act as the head of state in both domestic and international affairs. The first president of the republic, Nicolae Ceausescu, still held the office in mid-1989 and acted as head of state, head of the Romanian Communist Party ( Partidul Comunist Român PCR), and commander of the armed forces. His wife, Elena Ceausescu, had risen to the second most powerful position in the hierarchy, and close family members held key posts throughout the party and state bureaucracies. The pervasive presence of the Ceausescus was the distinctive feature of Romania's power structure.

67. Romania - Petru Groza's Premiership The government included no legitimate members of the National Peasant Party On March 9, 1945, Groza announced that romania had regained sovereignty over http://countrystudies.us/romania/25.htm

Petru Groza's Premiership Romania Table of Contents Petru Groza's appointment amounted to a de facto Communist takeover. Groza named Communists to head the army and the ministries of interior, justice, propaganda, and economic affairs. The government included no legitimate members of the National Peasant Party or National Liberal Party; rather, the Communists drafted opportunistic dissidents from these parties, heralded them as the parties' legitimate representatives, and ignored or harassed genuine party leaders. On March 9, 1945, Groza announced that Romania had regained sovereignty over northern Transylvania, and in May and June the government prosecuted and executed Ion Antonescu, Mihai Antonescu, and two generals as war criminals. In October 1945, Romania's Communist Party held its first annual conference, at which the two factions settled on a joint leadership. Though the Soviet Union favored the Muscovites, Stalin backed Gheorghiu-Dej's appointment as party secretary. Pauker, Luca, and Georgescu emerged as the party's other dominant leaders. The party's rolls swelled to 717,490 members by mid-1946, and membership exceeded 800,000 by 1947. At a December 1945 meeting of foreign ministers in Moscow, the United States denounced Romania's regime as authoritarian and nonrepresentative and called for Groza to name legitimate members of the opposition parties to cabinet posts. Stalin agreed to make limited concessions, but the West received no guarantees. Groza named one National Peasant and one National Liberal minister, but he denied them portfolios and FND ministers hopelessly outnumbered them in the cabinet. Assured by Groza's oral promises that his government would improve its human- and political-rights record and schedule elections, the United States and Britain granted Romania diplomatic recognition in February 1946, before elections took place.

68. UPDATE romanian government Denies Holocaust Took Place in Its Territory Unless theromanian government s claim is retracted, romania’s efforts to integrate http://www.tau.ac.il/Anti-Semitism/updates/i00050.html

UPDATE Romanian Government Denies Holocaust Took Place in Its Territory Following its approval of a cooperation agreement between the National Archives of Romania and the US Holocaust Memorial Museum on 12 June, the Romanian government issued a communiqu? welcoming research on the “Holocaust phenomena in Europe,” but strongly underlining the fact that “in Romania between 1940 and 1945 there was no Holocaust.” In light of the government’s denial of the extermination of hundreds of thousands of Romanian Jews during World War II, Dr. Raphael Vago from the Stephen Roth Institute, an expert in the history of Romanian Jewry, provides the following clarification. In the past decade Romania has made major headway in dealing with its past, in relation both to the fate of some 300,000 Jews for whose death the wartime Romanian regime was directly responsible, and to the survival of half of Romania’s Jewry for whom, according to the latest historical research, wartime fascist leader Ion Antonescu had intended a similar destiny but changed his plans to hand them over to the Germans for pragmatic reasons. The details of the Romanian Holocaust are well documented

69. Romania - GOVERNMENT romania government. romania. THE PROMULGATION of the Constitution of 1965 romania - Central government. romania. In 1989 the major institutions of the http://www.mongabay.com/reference/country_studies/romania/GOVERNMENT.html

COUNTRY STUDIES Romania - GOVERNMENT Romania - Government Romania THE PROMULGATION of the Constitution of 1965, in which Romania officially proclaimed its status as a socialist republic, was a milestone on its path toward communism. The country had set out on that path in 1945 when the Soviet Union pressured King Michael to appoint communists to key government positions, where they provided the power base for a complete communist takeover and the abolition of the monarchy in December 1947. The political system installed in April 1948, when the Romanian People's Republic was created, was a replica of the Soviet model. The system's goal was to create the conditions for the transition from capitalism through socialism to communism. The formal structure of the government established by the Constitution of 1965 was changed in a significant way by a 1974 amendment that established the office of president of the republic. The occupant of that office was to act as the head of state in both domestic and international affairs. The first president of the republic, Nicolae Ceausescu, still held the office in mid-1989 and acted as head of state, head of the Romanian Communist Party ( Partidul Comunist Român PCR), and commander of the armed forces. His wife, Elena Ceausescu, had risen to the second most powerful position in the hierarchy, and close family members held key posts throughout the party and state bureaucracies. The pervasive presence of the Ceausescus was the distinctive feature of Romania's power structure.

70. Access International Domains The Iliescu government achieved a notable political success when romania was invited government The government of romania is organized as a republic. http://webdb.iu.edu/internationalprograms/scripts/accesscoverpage.cfm?country=ro

71. Untitled Document Declaration of the romanian government in consequence of romania s having been The romanian government has been satisfied lo set today that the heads of http://www.nato.int/romania/declpraga.htm

Declaration of the Romanian Government in consequence of Romania's having been invited to join NATO - November 21, 2002 The Romanian Government has been satisfied lo set today that the heads of state and government of the NATO member countries have made the decision to invite Romania to start negotiations for being admitted to NATO. The decision confirms the appreciation by the partners in the Alliance of the important progress Romania made in the past two years in the plane of the economic, institutional reform, of the reform in the army and the consolidation of our capacity of acting in solidarity with the North-Atlantic Alliance. The Romanian Government considers that today's decision is the result of a continuous national effort, the coronation of a large national consensus for Romania's admission to the North-Atlantic Alliance. Romanians invitation to enter the North-Atlantic Alliance also is the result of (the decisive and dynamic actions of the Romanian Government in the past two years for consolidating Romania's candidacy to admission, for a return of our country to the forefront of the process of assessing the new enlargement of the Alliance.

72. NATO Speech: Declaration Of Romanian Government In Consequence Of Romania's Havi of romanian government in consequence of romania s having been invited to join NATO.The romanian government has been satisfied lo set today that the heads http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2002/s021121x.htm

Updated: 22-Nov-2002 NATO Speeches Prague 21 November Declaration of Romanian Government in consequence of Romania's having been invited to join NATO The Romanian Government has been satisfied lo set today that the heads of state and government of the NATO member countries have made the decision to invite Romania to start negotiations for being admitted to NATO. The decision confirms the appreciation by the partners in the Alliance of the important progress Romania made in the past two years in the plane of the economic, institutional reform, of the reform in the army and the consolidation of our capacity of acting in solidarity with the North-Atlantic Alliance. The Romanian Government considers that today's decision is the result of a continuous national effort, the coronation of a large national consensus for Romania's admission to the North-Atlantic Alliance. Romanians invitation to enter the North-Atlantic Alliance also is the result of (he decisive and dynamic actions of the Romanian Government in the past two years for consolidating Romania's candidacy to admission, for a return of our country to the forefront of the process of assessing the new enlargement of the Alliance. The Government having; consistently paid attention, with maximum seriousness to the objectives in the Agenda for Reform, included in a Program of steps for accelerating Romania's preparation to enter NATO, presented as a political document by the Prime Minister in Parliament in April 2002, has contributed to this result. To which we have to add the seriousness in paying heed to fhe objectives planned by the Romanian Government through the National Admission Plan, appreciated by the partners in the Alliance, and that has proven the seriousness, the capacity to act for the Reform, the institutional coherence for accelerating the preparations for admission.

73. Government Country Information For Romania International Real Estate, Expatriate resources, Resources for Americans fleeingAmerica, Search the largest expatriate database of embassies, http://www.escapeartist.com/romania/country.html

Balkans Index Index for Romania About Romania CANOE Weather: Bucharest, Romania - CANOE Weather: Bucharest, Romania CIA World Factbook - CIA World Factbook - The Official Central Intelligence Agency Web site for The World Factbook. CNN.com - Weather - Bucharest, Romania - CNN.com - Weather - Bucharest, Romania Currency Converter - Currency Converter Current Weather Conditions for Romania - Current Weather Conditions for Romania - Main page of NWS public weather internet display (PWID). Flag of Romania - Flag of Romania - by geographic.org Government of Romania - Government of Romania - Government of Rumania (main branches and various ministries). Maps of Romania - Maps of Romania - A large number of differing Romania maps, including city maps. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania - Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Romania - Information on the Romanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, its officials, Romania's foreign policy, Romanian diplomatic missions abroad and foreign diplomatic missions in Bucharest, consular and visa. Municipality of Bucharest - Municipality of Bucharest Romanian Customs Administration - Romanian Customs Administration - Official site of the lower chamber of the Romanian Parliament with details of members, sittings, regulations, documents, legislation, the legislative process, interpellations, and elections.

74. Untitled Document Special Representative of the romanian government for Integration, Cooperation and The government of romania took the decision to appoint Radu, http://www.roembus.org/gov_agenda/2005/june/visit_prince_radu/bio.htm

HSH Prince Radu of Hohenzollern-Veringen Special Representative of the Romanian Government for Integration, Co-operation and Sustainable Development Born the 7th of June 1960 in Iasi , Romania , as Radu Duda Husband of HRH The Princess Margarita of Romania Created Prince of Hohenzollern-Veringen (1999) Graduate from the University of Drama and Film in Bucharest, 1984 Graduate from the National College of Defence in Romania, class of 2002 George C. Marshall College in Garmisch, Germany, 2003 John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2004 Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security PhD candidate in Military Science, National Defence University in Bucharest Romanian Army Lieutenant-Colonel (r) Special Representative of the Romanian Government for Integration, Co-operation and Sustainable Development Advisor to His Majesty King Michael I of Romania Patron of the British-Romanian Chamber of Commerce Member of the Board of Directors of "House of NATO" Association in Bucharest Honorary Member of the Senate of "Aurel Vlaicu" University in Arad and of the University in Oradea (Romania)

75. Country Narrative - Romania Prosecution The Romanian government significantly increased trafficking convictions The Romanian government continued to host the headquarters for the http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Romania-2.htm

Country-by-Country Reports ROMANIA (TIER 2) [Extracted from U.S. State Dept Trafficking in Persons Report, June 2005] Romania is a source and transit country for persons trafficked for the purposes of sexual exploitation and forced labor, including in organized begging rings, to Balkan countries and the EU - particularly Spain, France, and Italy. Persons trafficked through Romania generally originate in Moldova, Ukraine, and Russia. In 2004, a number of Romanian women traveled to Canada on temporary employment visas to work as exotic dancers; anecdotal evidence suggests that organized crime figures forced some of these women into prostitution after their arrival in Canada. Concerns remained about Romanian street children and their vulnerability to exploitation and trafficking. The Government of Romania does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so. The government made progress in establishing shelters for trafficking victims and convicting traffickers. Corruption among law enforcement authorities remained a serious problem; the government took actions to address it. With continued improvement in the area of victim protection, Romania has laid the groundwork for greater success in its efforts to combat trafficking. Prosecution Protection The government's victim protection efforts improved in 2004. The government opened five of nine trafficking shelters required by law, compared with two opened in 2003. Additionally, the government funded a local NGO's opening of ten shelters for unaccompanied repatriated children which have already assisted 32 trafficked children. The Ministry of Administration and Interior provided security at Bucharest's nongovernment-run shelter that assisted 100 victims throughout 2004. While victims are entitled to shelter, legal, psychological, and social assistance by law, overall Romanian funding for NGOs that assist trafficking victims remained low. NGOs reported good cooperation with law enforcement, although Romania's new victim referral system did not comprehensively identify and refer all returning trafficking victims. Romanian embassies abroad assisted in the repatriation of 350 trafficking victims.

76. TRAVEL.com ® RegionalEuropeRomaniaGovernment TRAVEL.com local travel guides, low fares for airline tickets, hotels reservations,car rentals, travel deals, cruises and vacation packages, weather. http://www.travel.com/Regional/Europe/Romania/Government/

77. EBearing News - IMF Cracks Down On Romania; Rulmentul Brasov Targeted As examples, the Romanian government has claimed employment was 5200 at the sametime RBR reported it stood at 6600. Similarly, the government reported RBR http://www.ebearing.com/news2005/021401.htm

advertisement search for in all of eBearing News 2005 News 2004 News 2003 News 2002 News 2001 News 2000 News 1999 industry directory legislation advanced The eBearing News February 14, 2005 IMF Cracks Down on Romania; Rulmentul Brasov Targeted Following a two week mission, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reached agreements with the government of Romania on a wide range of strict governmental and fiscal reforms. Part of that package is an agreement that the state privatization agency (State Assets Resolution Authority) will privatize or close down the three largest money-losing companies remaining under its jurisdiction. Those are electrical equipment maker Electroputere Craiova, tractor plant Tractorul Brasov, and bearing manufacturer S.C. Rulmentul SA Brasov (RBR). Under the agreement, the three must either be privatized or closed down by the end of 2005. Rulmentul Brasov was on the IMF's agreed privatization list in 2004, but was not privatized. While the Minister of State recently noted there had been interest in Electroputere and Tractorul, he made no reference to any active outside interest in Rulmentul Brasov. The most recent interest in RBR was from Ortadogu Rulman Sanayi (ORS, Turkey). However, ORS walked away from its USD $3.9 million offer after its due diligence found RBR sitting on massive stocks of what it termed worthless inventory, supporting an impossibly large workforce, unpaid bills and wages, and after RBR's workforce repeatedly walked out in protest over Ortadogu's interest in the company. INA (Germany) was also encouraged to acquire Rulmentul Brasov rather than build a new plant nearby, but declined.

78. East European Constitutional Review romania The new romanian government continued to send mixed signals The romanian government has made some efforts, but they are insufficient and fall http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol10num2_3/constitutionwatch/romania.html

Volume 10 Numbers 2/3 Spring/Summer 2001 Constitutional Watch A country-by-country update on constitutional politics in Eastern Europe and the ex-USSR Romania - The new Romanian government continued to send mixed signals throughout its first quarter in office. While the privatization of a state bank (Banca Agricola) and the closure of a Ceausescu-era metallurgical complex (SIDEX) won praise, analysts strongly attacked the budget as representing a conservative approach to economic reform, since it was heavy on social spending and relied on a large public debt. It passed easily with the support of the Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania (DAHR) and the Greater Romania Party (GRP), the party of extremist Corneliu Vadim Tudor. For its part, the National Liberal Party (NLP) lodged an unsuccessful appeal with the Constitutional Court in an attempt to block the budget. The vote exemplified a pattern-or lack thereof-in the new parliament (Parlamentul), where the Party of Social Democracy in Romania (PSDR), the governing party, is shy of an absolute majority but is able to adopt its legislation thanks to the intermittent help of various opposition parties. GRP voted against the Law on Public Administration and appealed to the Constitutional Court to have it overturned, claiming that it raised Hungarian to the status of an official language. The Court, however, dismissed the appeal. Yet GRP has also supported PSDR on many issues. Two other opposition parties, NLP and the Democratic Party (DP), voted against the budget but sided with the government on the public-administration law and a restitution law.

79. Romania - GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS romania. government AND POLITICS. government 1965 Constitution amended in 1974.Highly centralized and controlled by President Nicolae Ceausescu and his http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11100.html

Country Listing Romania Table of Contents Romania GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS Government: 1965 Constitution amended in 1974. Highly centralized and controlled by President Nicolae Ceausescu and his inner circle. Primary branches Grand National Assembly, State Council, Council of Ministers, judicial system. Politics: Monopolized by Romanian Communist Party headed by General Secretary Ceausescu. Power concentrated in Political Executive Committee and its Permanent Bureau and in unique joint party-state agencies. Communists head all central government bodies and local people's councils. Foreign Relations: Diplomatic relations with 125 countries and Palestine Liberation Organization. Most independent member of Warsaw Treaty Organization. Neutral throughout SinoSoviet dispute. Relations with West deteriorated in 1980s because of human rights record. Relationship with Hungary extremely tense. International Agreements: Frequently uncooperative member of Warsaw Treaty Organization and Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; member of United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, World Health Organization, Group of 77. Signatory to Helsinki Accords; refused to abide by final document of Vienna Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, January 1989. Data as of July 1989

80. Romania - Government And Party Organization For Defense romania. government and Party Organization for Defense. The GNA has constitutionalresponsibility for national security and the authority to declare war or http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-11296.html

Country Listing Romania Table of Contents Romania Government and Party Organization for Defense The GNA has constitutional responsibility for national security and the authority to declare war or a national emergency, to order mobilization, to ratify an armistice or peace treaty, to appoint the supreme commander of the armed forces, and to award the ranks of marshal, general, and admiral. When the GNA is not in session, however, the Council of State assumes these powers and Ceausescu, as chairman of the latter, wielded these powers effectively. The small circle of Ceausescu, his family, and his closest political associates exercised real national security and defense policymaking authority, requesting and using expert advice as they deemed necessary. Composed of party and state officials, the Defense Council examined and coordinated all problems related to national security, including both external defense and internal security. It provided strategic direction to the armed forces, supervised militaryrelated industries, and made national military and economic mobilization plans to be executed by the Council of State. In addition to Ceausescu, the Defense Council also included the prime minister, minister of national defense, chief of the Higher Political Council of the Army, chief of staff of the Patriotic Guards, minister of interior, minister of foreign affairs, and chairman of the State Planning Committee. The chief of the General Staff of the armed forces served as secretary to the Defense Council. Theoretically responsible to the GNA and the Council of State, the Defense Council directly advised Ceausescu on national security and defense issues.

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