101. ORB Online Encyclopedia--Collapse Of The Roman Empire The Collapse of the roman empireMilitary Aspects. Hugh Elton. Modern historiansexplain the collapse of the western roman empire in the fourth and fifth http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/ORB/MILEX.HTM

ORB Online Encyclopedia Late Antiquity in the Mediterranean The Collapse of the Roman EmpireMilitary Aspects Hugh Elton Modern historians explain the collapse of the western Roman empire in the fourth and fifth centuries in one of two ways. One group follows an institutional approach, which finds the reasons in the long-term and looks closely at internal structures. A second group has adopted a political approach and looks at short term causes of collapse. The long-term approach is the more traditional of the two. This argument suggests that Diocletian (284-305) and Constantine I (305-337) sowed the seeds of collapse. These emperors split the army into border and mobile components. The border troops became soldier-farmers and declined rapidly in efficiency, though they were still paid. Diocletian and Constantine also allowed many barbarians into the army, which had the result of decreasing its fighting efficiency. These historians argue that the weakness of the border troops meant that emperors needed more mobile troops, so they expanded the army. This in turn increased the number of recruits needed, while a simultaneous reluctance of landowners to lose scarce workers led to the recruitment of the militarily inferior barbarians. This is the traditional interpretation, with a stress on institutional weakness and the barbarian invasions. In various forms it has been followed by Theodore Mommsen, J.B. Bury, Andre Piganiol and Ramsay MacMullen. But others interpret the military events of this period differently, especially A.H.M. Jones, but also Averil Cameron and Hugh Elton. These historians stress that the Eastern empire did not fall when the West collapsed. Because of this, they doubt that internal institutional factors were the primary cause of the collapse. They are also unhappy with the idea of a two-century period of decline that lasted from Diocletian to the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476.

102. ORB Online Encyclopedia--Late Roman Army These were used to supplement roman forces, but also as a military necessity.To take a roman army away Collapse of the roman Empiremilitary Aspects http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/ORB/LRA.HTM

ORB Online Encyclopedia Late Antiquity in the Mediterranean The Late Roman Army Hugh Elton The birth of the Late Roman Army is usually taken to be the reforms of Diocletian (284-305) and Constantine (305-337). Their reforms were not completely innovative and forerunners of all their changes can be seen in the institutions and practices of the army of the third century AD. From the early fourth century, the army was a remarkably stable institution with few changes in practice or structure, suggesting that contemporaries were satisfied with its effectiveness. The major development from the army of the principate was the formal division of the army into two parts, the field army ( comitatenses ) and the border troops ( limitanei ). The border troops were organized to defend provinces and were stationed around the edges of the Empire. In the mid-fourth century there were three regional armies (Gaul, Illyricum, the East), each commanded by a magister militum, and a praesental army attached to each emperor. In the late fourth century a series of smaller local field armies was created (e.g. in Britain, Africa and Thrace). These field armies moved to deal with crises as they occurred. The entire establishment was c. 450,000 men, but each field army could deploy 30-40,000 men. For offensives, praesental armies sometimes reinforced regional armies. In both field and border forces the maneuver units were the same. Roman officers (tribunes

103. The Roman Empire (27 B.C.-393 A.D.) | Special Topics Page | Timeline Of Art Hist Boundary of the roman empire and dependent territories, ca. Most were fiercemilitary men and none could hold the reins of power without the support of http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/roem/hd_roem.htm

Related Timeline Content Timelines Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1-500 A.D. Balkan Peninsula, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. Balkan Peninsula, 1-500 A.D. Central Europe (including Germany), 500-1000 A.D. Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, 1-500 A.D. Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, 500-1000 A.D. Egypt, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. Egypt, 1-500 A.D. Egypt, 500-1000 A.D. Iberian Peninsula, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. Iberian Peninsula, 1-500 A.D. Italian Peninsula, 1-500 A.D. Italian Peninsula, 500-1000 A.D. Mesopotamia, 1-500 A.D. The Eastern Mediterranean, 1000 B.C.-1 A.D. The Eastern Mediterranean, 1-500 A.D. Western and Central Europe, 1-500 A.D. Western North Africa, 1-500 A.D. Western North Africa, 500-1000 A.D. Special Topics Abridged List of Rulers: Roman Empire Abridged List of Rulers: Ancient Egypt and Nubia Abridged List of Rulers: The Ancient Greek World Ancient Trade Routes between Europe and Asia Augustan Rule (27 B.C.-14 A.D.) Barbarians and Romans Byzantium Classical Antiquity in the Middle Ages Colossal Temples of the Roman Near East Etruscan Art Han Dynasty Hellenistic and Roman Cyprus The Holy Roman Empire and the Habsburgs, 1400-1600

104. Time Traveller's Guide To The Roman Empire Time traveller s guide to the roman empire Marcus Agrippa is a brilliantmilitary commander, who leads Octavian s forces to victory against Mark Antony http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part07.html

TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... GAMES The emperors Augustus (Octavian) 27 BC-AD 14 Tiberius AD 14-37 Gaius ('Caligula') AD 37-41 Claudius AD 41-54 Nero AD 54-68 Galba AD 68-69 Otho AD 69 Vitellius AD 69 Vespasian AD 69-79 Titus AD 79-81 Domitian AD 81-96 Nerva AD 96-98 Trajan AD 98-117 Hadrian AD 117-138 Antoninus Pius AD 138-161 Marcus Aurelius AD 161-180 Lucius Verus AD 161-169 Commodus AD 180-192 Pertinax AD 193 Didius Julianus AD 193 Septimius Severus AD 193-211 Caracalla AD 211-217 Geta AD 211 Macrinus AD 217-218 Elagabalus AD 218-222 Alexander Severus AD 222-235 Maximinus AD 235-238 Gordian I AD 238 Gordian II AD 238 Pupienus and Balbinus AD 238 Gordian III AD 238-244 Philip the Arab AD 244-249 Decius AD 249-251 Trebonianus Gallus AD 251-253 Aemilius Aemilianus AD 253 Valerian AD 253-260 Gallienus AD 253-268 Claudius II AD 268-70 Quintillus AD 270 Aurelian AD 270-275 Tacitus AD 275-276 Florianus AD 276 Probus AD 276-282 Carus AD 282-283 Numerian AD 283-284 Carinus AD 283-285 Diocletian AD 284-305 Maximian AD 286-305 AD 307-308 Soldiers, scholars, dreamers and schemers

105. Rulers Of The Roman Empire (table) Rulers of the roman empire (including dates of reign) Diocletian, militarycommander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with Maximian and Constantius I, http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/history/A0842659.html

Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Hurricane Katrina Ramadan Children Inventors The Doctor's In ... 2006 TFK Almanac Reference Desk Atlas Almanacs Dictionary Encyclopedia ... Encyclopedia Rulers of the Roman Empire including dates of reign Augustus, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, 27 B.C. A.D. Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, A.D. A.D. Otho, military commander, 69 Vitellius, military commander, 69 Pertinax, proclaimed emperor by the Praetorian Guard, 193 Didius Julianus, bought office from the Praetorian Guard, 193 Gordian I, made emperor by the senate, 238 Gordian II, son of Gordian I, ruled jointly with his father, 238 Balbinus, elected joint emperor by the senate, 238 Pupienus Maximus, elected joint emperor with Balbinus by the senate, 238 Hostilianus, son of Decius, colleague of Gallus, 251 Aemilianus, military commander, 253 Florianus, half brother of Tacitus, 276 Emperors in the East (until the fall of Rome; see table entitled Rulers of the Byzantine Empire for later emperors) Leo II, grandson of Leo I, 474 Emperors in the West Constantius III, named joint emperor by Honorius, 421

106. The Roman Quest For Secular Order (150 BC To 300 AD) - By Miles Hodges The Collapse of the roman empireMilitary Aspects (ORB Online Encyclopedia HughElton) The Fall of the roman empire Revisited (UVa Eric Goldberg) http://www.newgenevacenter.org/west/roman2.htm

A GENERAL OVERVIEW The Roman Contribution to Western Material Culture The Romans, coming along behind the Greeks (after defeating the Greeks militarily in 146 BC and turning Greece into a Roman province), put into effect a wonderfully ordered material civilization. This civilization indeed gave witness to the power of human reason or human engineering to work with the natural world in producing a place that people often thought was perfection itself. Roman civilization bore out the hope of the Greeksby giving the West a practical example of the orderly life. The Romans were not intellectual innovatorsas the Greeks were with their powerful philosophies. Rather, the Romans were powerful adminstratorssuch as the Greeks themselves were never able to be. The Romans, with their sense of legal or administrative order, put the Greek ideas to work in life. Probably had not the Romans done so, the Greek contribution might itself have been put aside with its own growing cynicism and skepticism. Thus the Romans contributed immensely to (materialistic) Western civilization by demonstrating clearly that orderly cooperation with nature could produce amazing results. The On-Going Influence of Hellenistic Thought Yet even under the practical-minded Romans, Western philosophy continued to develop. But Roman philosophy tended to follow the lines laid down by Hellenistic Greece in the two previous centuries. Indeed, as once Eastern thought captured its Greek conquerors centuries before, now Greek thought began to capture its Roman conquerors. Thus did Greek Platonism and Stoicism continue to draw Western philosophy forward, though now under Roman patronage. Indeed despite Roman political ascendancy, the Greek-speaking eastern provinces of the Roman Empire continued by their own right to be vibrant and at times even dominant cultural-intellectual centers within the Roman Imperium.

107. Gibbon: General Observations General Observations on the Fall of the roman empire in the West The militaryart has been changed by the invention of gunpowder; which enables man to http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/jod/texts/gibbon.fall.html

General Observations on the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West by Edward Gibbon The Greeks, after their country had been reduced into a province, imputed the triumphs of Rome, not to the merit, but to the FORTUNE, of the republic. The inconstant goddess, who so blindly distributes and resumes her favours, had now consented (such was the language of envious flattery) to resign her wings, to descend from her globe, and to fix her firm and immutable throne on the banks of the Tiber. A wiser Greek, who has composed, with a philosophic spirit, the memorable history of his own times, deprived his countrymen of this vain and delusive comfort by opening to their view the deep foundations of the greatness of Rome. The fidelity of the citizens to each other, and to the state, was confirmed by the habits of education and the prejudices of religion. Honour, as well as virtue, was the principle of the republic; the ambitious citizens laboured to deserve the solemn glories of a triumph; and the ardour of the Roman youth was kindled into active emulation, as often as they beheld the domestic images of their ancestors. The temperate struggles of the patricians and plebeians had finally established the firm and equal balance of the constitution; which united the freedom of popular assemblies with the authority and wisdom of a senate-and the executive powers of a regal magistrate. When the consul displayed the standard of the republic, each citizen bound himself, by the obligation of

108. The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire General observations on the fall of the roman empire in the West. The militaryart has been changed by the invention of gunpowder; which enables man to http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap39.htm

The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West General Observations On The Fall Of The Roman Empire In The West THE Greeks, after their country had been reduced into a province, imputed the triumphs of Rome, not to the merit, but to the FORTUNE, of the republic. The inconstant goddess who so blindly distributes and resumes her favours, had now consented (such was the language of envious flattery) to resign her wings, to descend from her globe, and to fix her firm and immutable throne on the banks of the Tiber. A wiser Greek, who has composed, with a philosophic spirit, the memorable history of his own times, deprived his countrymen of this vain and delusive comfort, by opening to their view the deep foundations of the greatness of Rome. The fidelity of the citizens to each other and to the state was confirmed by the habits of education and the prejudices of religion. Honour, as well as virtue, was the principle of the republic; the ambitious citizens laboured to deserve the solemn glories of a triumph; and the ardour of the Roman youth was kindled into active emulation as often as they beheld the domestic images of their ancestors. The temperate struggles of the patricians and plebeians had finally established the firm and equal balance of the constitution, which united the freedom of popular assemblies with the authority and wisdom of a senate and the executive powers of a regal magistrate. When the consul displayed the standard of the republic, each citizen bound himself, by the obligation of an oath, to draw his sword in the cause of his country till he had discharged the sacred duty by a military service of ten years. This wise institution continually poured into the field the rising generations of freemen and soldiers; and their numbers were reinforced by the warlike and populous states of Italy, who, after a brave resistance, had yielded to the valour and embraced the alliance of the Romans. The sage historian, who excited the virtue of the younger Scipio and beheld the ruin of Carthage

109. Egypt: History - Roman Period Egyptian history in the roman Period. military garrisons were stationed atAlexandria to keep the peace in Egypt, and no doubt to keep a close eye on http://www.touregypt.net/alexhis2.htm

Alexandria: The Roman Period The final century or so of Ptolemaic rule from Alexandria is a sad one, primarily because many of the later Ptolemies, Pharaohs they might have appeared to be, were mere puppets of the Roman Empire. With the death of Cleopatra VII , the last of the Ptolemies to rule, and the defeat of the once-mighty Ptolemaic navy at Actium, in 31 BC Egypt became part of the Roman Empire under Augustus Caesar . Military garrisons were stationed at Alexandria to keep the peace in Egypt, and no doubt to keep a close eye on the Alexandrian Mob , which had not diminished over the years, but had stayed very much alive, and would continue to thrive under the Roman dominion. The Ptolemies had succeeded in assimilating the Egyptian culture and thus the respect of the native population, but the new Roman rulers who came after them made little attempt to do so. Certainly they adopted the pharaonic titles and built temples in the traditional style, but as Egypt was now ruled in absentia from Rome, the native population, still deeply rooted in their ancient religion and beliefs, refused to honor rulers who no longer performed the ceremonial roles of divine kingship. Indeed, few of the emperors ever set foot in Egypt, let alone Alexandria, until the famed riots of AD 250. Yet the foundations for knowledge laid by the Ptolemies centuries before allowed the city to continue prospering. The first-century AD scientist

110. Morality Matters - The New American - December 15, 2003 from the moral restraint of republic to the intemperance of empire. Many Romanhistorians and commentators living in the early decades of imperial http://www.thenewamerican.com/tna/2003/12-15-2003/morality.htm

SUBSCRIBE Get the ENTIRE magazine full of groundbreaking news and striking graphics delivered right to your door! CONGRESSIONAL SUB POOL Help get The New American into the hands of Congress! CURRENT ISSUE FREE SAMPLE Have a sample issue delivered right to your door! Discover what our subscribers already know - T HE N EW A MERICAN is the source for conservative news and analysis. JOIN T HE N EW ... ALERT NETWORK E-mail Address: About T HE N ... MOBILE EDITION Get the most recent content from T HE N EW A MERICAN delivered to your PDA every day. American Opinion Book Services offers secure and fast online ordering of over 600 constitutionalist books, videos, magazines, and more! Browse the store today! Protecting America's freedoms for over 40 years through education and activism. Request FREE information The FTAA would bring the nations of the western hemisphere under the heel of a new regional authority that would have none of the checks and balances of the American constitutional system. Take action at www.stoptheftaa.org Is your elected Representative voting for LOWER taxes and LESS government?

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 6     101-110 of 110    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6