61. Guardian Unlimited | Special Reports | Jonathan Freedland: Rome, AD ... Rome, DC But is the US really the roman empire of the 21st century? Today 24hour newscoverage of US military operations - including video footage of smart http://www.guardian.co.uk/usa/story/0,12271,794163,00.html

@import url(/external/styles/global/0,14250,,00.css); Skip to main content Read today's paper Sign in Register Go to: Guardian Unlimited home UK news World news Newsblog Archive search Arts Books Business EducationGuardian.co.uk Film Football Jobs MediaGuardian.co.uk Money The Observer Politics Science Shopping SocietyGuardian.co.uk Sport Talk Technology Travel Been there Audio Email services Special reports The Guardian The northerner The wrap Advertising guide Crossword Soulmates dating Headline service Syndication services Events / offers Help / contacts Feedback Information GNL press office Living our values Newsroom Reader Offers Style guide Travel offers TV listings Weather Web guides Working at GNL Guardian Weekly Money Observer Public Home UK Business Online ... Quiz Search this site Go to ... Special report: United States of America United States of America archived articles In this section Bush plea for cash to rebuild Iraq raises $600 Armed and dangerous - Flipper the firing dolphin let loose by Katrina Euan Ferguson: Christianising DVDs Obituary: Molly Yard ... Marcel Berlins: Right critique Rome, AD ... Rome, DC? They came, they saw, they conquered, and now the Americans dominate the world like no nation before. But is the US really the Roman empire of the 21st century? And if so, is it on the rise - or heading for a fall? Jonathan Freedland sifts the evidence

62. Guardian Unlimited | The Guardian | Jonathan Freedland: Rome, AD ... Rome, DC? But is the US really the roman empire of the 21st century? Pentagon figuresshow that there is a US military presence, large or small, in 132 of the 190 http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,3604,794029,00.html

@import url(/external/styles/global/0,14250,,00.css); Skip to main content Read today's paper Sign in Register Go to: Guardian Unlimited home UK news World news Newsblog Archive search Arts Books Business EducationGuardian.co.uk Film Football Jobs MediaGuardian.co.uk Money The Observer Politics Science Shopping SocietyGuardian.co.uk Sport Talk Technology Travel Been there Audio Email services Special reports The Guardian The northerner The wrap Advertising guide Crossword Soulmates dating Headline service Syndication services Events / offers Help / contacts Feedback Information GNL press office Living our values Newsroom Reader Offers Style guide Travel offers TV listings Weather Web guides Working at GNL Guardian Weekly Money Observer Public Home UK Business Online ... Quiz Search this site In this section The tycoon who wants to save the world Are you sitting comfortably? The forbidden tongue Joy boy ... What if ... Rome, AD ... Rome, DC? They came, they saw, they conquered, and now the Americans dominate the world like no nation before. But is the US really the Roman empire of the 21st century? And if so, is it on the rise - or heading for a fall? Jonathan Freedland sifts the evidence Wednesday September 18, 2002

63. The Legacy Of The Roman Empire - World History Lesson Plan (grades 6-8) - Discov review facts about the roman empire and Vindolanda, a roman fort in northern Britain They include military documents, lists, and letters to and from the http://school.discovery.com/lessonplans/programs/legacyroman/

postionList = "compscreen,hedthick,admedia,tower,nuiad,interstitial"; OAS_RICH("interstitial"); OAS_RICH("admedia"); Grades K-5 Grades 6-8 Grades 9-12 Astronomy/Space ... Health History Ancient History U.S. History World History Life Science Animals Ecology Human Body The Microscopic World ... Weather Grade level: 6-8 Subject: World History Duration: Three class periods Objectives Materials Procedures Evaluation ... Buy this video Use our free online Teaching Tools to create custom worksheets, puzzles and quizzes on this topic! Objectives Students will review facts about the Roman Empire and Vindolanda, a Roman fort in northern Britain; read excerpts of letters from Roman soldiers at Vindolanda; and research the life of Roman soldiers and write fictional letters from the Roman front. Materials Computer with Internet access Print and online resources about the Roman Empire and army Paper and pencil The Legacy of the Roman Empire video/DVD and VCR/DVD player Procedures After watching The Legacy of the Roman Empire , ask students to discuss what they learned about the Roman Empire. Ask them to describe the government in Rome before the empire was established. (It was a republic, in which elected senators made laws.)

64. Roman Empire The centuriate assembly was military in nature; it voted on war and peace and The roman empire was distinguished not only for its outstanding army—the http://www.omhros.gr/Kat/History/Rel/Chr/RomanEmpire.htm

Roman Republic and Empire The ancient state that centred on the city of Rome, from the time of the events leading up to the founding of the republic in 509 BC , through the establishment of the empire in 27 BC , to the final eclipse of the Empire of the West in the 5th century AD . (For later events of the Empire of the East, see Byzantine Empire The early historical record BC BC ) are the most poorly documented periods of Roman history. Historical writing at Rome did not begin until the late 3rd century BC Ancient Roman historians initially differed over the precise date of Rome's foundation. By the end of the republic, however, it was generally accepted that Rome had been founded in 753 BC and that the republic had begun in 509 BC , following the overthrow of Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, the last of Rome's seven kings. According to tradition, the first six kings had been benevolent rulers, but the last was a cruel tyrant who was overthrown by a popular uprising. The prevalent modern view is that the monarchy at Rome was incidentally terminated through military defeat and foreign intervention. This theory sees Rome as a site highly prized by the Etruscans in the 6th century

65. Roman Empire ROME S military POWER. there he must set up battering rams, give the wordfor slaughter, REIGN OVER roman empire October 16, 54 June 9, 68 http://www.preteristarchive.com/images/pixx_06_roman_empire.html

WWW Preterist Archive SEARCH THE ARCHIVE FOR YOUR RESEARCH TOPICS HERE Greek NT Aramaic Bible Lex Concordance Words/Verses: Located Where: Whole Bible Old Testament New Testament Books of Law Books of History Books of Wisdom Major Prophets Minor Prophets The Gospels Pauline Epistles General Epistles Apocalyptic Books Which Version: The New American Standard Bible The American Standard Version The New King James Version The King James Version (Authorized) Third Millennium Bible The New Living Translation The New Revised Standard Version The Revised Standard Version The Good News Bible in Today's English Version The Douay-Rheims Bible The KJV Strong's Version The NAS Strong's Version New Century Version GOD'S WORD World English Bible The Bible in Basic English The Darby Translation Hebrew Names Version of World English Bible Webster's Bible Translation The Latin Vulgate Young's Literal Translation Wesley's New Testament Tools! HELP Translate Bible Gateway Vine's ... Don K. Preston debate with David Engelsma T Preterist ARTchive Images of Herod's Temple Bible History Online Coins relating to the ... History Channel's Rome: Engineering and Empire - "We have added details, stills and some

66. The Transition Of The Roman Empire And Its Military The barbarian invasions of the roman empire for the first four centuries match roman military strategy changed to the defensive, and was marked by the http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/gabrmetz/gabr0013.htm

67. US Repeating Mistakes Of Roman Empire | RosbaltNews.COM US Repeating Mistakes of roman empire. At the outset of military operations in Iraq, The United States has often been compared to the roman empire. http://www.rosbaltnews.com/2005/08/12/66549.html

reg. NA N77-7286 29.01.2001 Search Archive Photo gallery Forum ... Russian add bookmark start page 25 Sep 2005, Sunday CONTACTS Rosbalt, 06/05/2004, 15:05 US Repeating Mistakes of Roman Empire At the outset of military operations in Iraq, the Americans placed a great deal of hope on ethnic groups unhappy with the rule of Saddam Hussein. Among them, the Shiites and Kurds stood out in the Pentagon's strategic thinking as important allies. But recently, we have been witnessing a diametrically opposed picture emerge. Rather than surrendering insurgents to the Americans, the Shiites have been joining the resistance movement, and are now in fact responsible for the main problems facing coalition forces. The cost of the siege of Fallujah has been the continued deaths of American soldiers, falling approval ratings for Bush, and sagging optimism among US allies regarding military operations. So why did the Shiites turn their backs on the Americans? After all, the democratic regime promised by Bush offered the Shiites a bright political future. When all is said and done, the Americans did get rid of a dictator especially hated by the Shiite population. And it won't do to compare Iraq with Vietnam, or Iraqi insurgents with the Vietcong. In Vietnam the United States came in as an occupier, fighting a popular regime that enjoyed support in both the north and the south of the country. But here, the Americans came ostensibly as liberators. At the very least, this was undeniably true for the Shiites.

68. Roman Empire Original paintings of the roman empire and roman Legions by renowned militaryartist, Chris Collingwood, military prints published by Cranston Fine Arts. http://www.military-art.com/roman_empire.htm

Roman Empire Medieval Art American Civil War [ Roman Empire ] Collingwood Prints BUCCANEERS English Civil War Early Paintings ... WILDLIFE /ANIMAL PRINTS Click image to view catalogue information Recommended gift website of the month click here Post Information What is an Artists Proof? ... You can continue shopping in any of our websites and continue putting items in your shopping cart. for further details of how our sites work click here Historical Military Artist: Chris Collingwood Original paintings of the Roman Empire and Roman Legions by renowned military artist, Chris Collingwood, military prints published by Cranston Fine Arts. Medieval Art Prints American Civil War Collingwood Home Page English Civil War Art ... You can continue shopping in any of our websites and continue putting items in your shopping cart. for further details of how our sites work click here LIMITED EDITION ART PRINTS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE Click text below to view large image or purchase this item in our shop Signed Limited Edition Art Print Signed Artist Proof Small Giclee Canvas Prints not in Large Giclee Canvas Prints Original Oil Painting Morituri Te Saluttant' (For Those About to Die Salute You) by Chris Collingwood Rome AD52, Gladiatorial Combat under the eyes of the Emperor Claudius (actual name, Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero) a great supporter of the games. Seen are the Net and Trident fighter Retiarius matched with a more heavily armed Mirmillone, whilst in the background a successful Secutor seeks permission for the killing stroke.

69. WHKMLA : List Of Wars Of The Holy Roman Empire External Links Links related to Holy roman empire military History For linkson general military history sources, go to History of Warfare Main Page http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/germany/milxhrempire.html

First posted on December 29th 2002, last revised on November 16th 2004 External Links : Links related to Holy Roman Empire Military History For links on general military history sources, go to History of Warfare Main Page From the Thirty Years' War to Prince Eugene of Savoy, from Austrian Museum of Military History , in English Kriege der Neuzeit (Wars of the Modern Era), index , in German Printed Reference ..... go to narrative history of the Empire Introductory Notes : The Holy Roman Empire, in the 17th and 18th centuries, much as the UN today, had no armed forces of her own, but depended on states within the Empire to contribute military forces. The Holy Roman Empire did, however, designate certain fortresses as Imperial; in the 18th century they were usually garrisoned by Austrian or Prussian troops. 1663-1664 Imperial War against Turks Kriege der Neuzeit , in German 1674-1679 Imperial War against France 1675-1679 War against Sweden Sweden, a traditional French ally, in 1675 invaded Brandenburg, in order to relieve pressure the French armies felt on the Rhine front. In the BATTLE OF FEHRBELLIN (June 28th 1675), Brandenburgian and Saxon troops defeated the Swedes; in alliance with the Danes, Swedish Pomerania including Stettin (1678), Stralsund (1678) and Greifswald were taken; the Brandenburgers even attacked the Swedes at Riga. However, Saxony turned sides; Brandenburg, frustrated by the lack of imperial support, was to give up most of her gains at the negotiation table.

70. New America Foundation : Article -878- "Is America The New Roman Empire?" "Is Am Is America the New roman empire? By Michael Lind Whitehead Senior Fellow The President declared, America has, and intends to keep, military strengths http://www.newamerica.net/index.cfm?pg=article&DocID=878

71. Is The EU The Revived Roman Empire The revived roman empire prophesied in the Bible was well on its way to the revived roman empire (ten kings are the 10 nation military alliance of the http://www.contenderministries.org/prophecy/romanempire.php

All Words Any Word APOLOGETICS Christian Apologetics A Course in Miracles Bahai Buddhism ... Wicca Google Ads are automatically placed based on the content of the page in which they appear. We do not have the option of choosing which ads appear on the site. This can result in the appearance of Ads we do not endorse and with which we seriously disagree. We filter these ads as we find them, but this takes time. Your patience is appreciated. BIBLE PROPHECY A Beginning of Global Governance - #1 in a series Prophetic Signs that we are in the End Times The Earth Charter's Spiritual Agenda - #2 in a Series The New Age Influence at the United Nations - #3 in a Series ... Contact Us Is the E.U. the Revived Roman Empire? Contender Ministries Printer Friendly Version More states were added to this growing union in 1973, 1981, and 1986, making up the 10 permanent member states of today’s European Union. In 2002, the Euro was introduced as the first step toward a unified single currency in Europe. Upon adopting the Euro, Portuguese Prime Minister Antonio Guterres raved, “As Peter was the rock on which the church was built, so the Euro is the rock on which the European Union will be built.” The EU today is made up of over 25 countries, however the ten nations of the Western European Alliance have a separate status as full members, while those nations who joined subsequent to the original 10 have only associate membership, or observer status. This 10 nation military wing of the EU may very well fulfill the prophecy of the beast with 10 horns from Daniel 7:7-8 and Revelations 13:1. On this beast’s back will ride the woman that symbolizes a global religious system that is to appear before Christ returns to set up His kingdom.

72. Christianity.html The Early roman empire emphasized order, stability and practical matters. 117038) — both experienced military and administrative leaders, http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/christianity.html

THE ROMAN EMPIRE AND EARLY CHRISTIANITY outline HE DIED UNDER TIBERIUS, THE 2 ND ROMAN EMPEROR.] THE ROMAN EMPIRE EARLY IMPERIAL POLITICS AND SOCIETY Caligula (reigned 37-41 AD, murdered mother), and Nero (reigned 54-68, killed mother, sister, and lover). The system Augustus installed was durable enough to handle occasional insanity at the top. During the early empire, the Roman world was a vast cosmopolitan collection of over 5,000 towns and their surrounding hinterlands. By the 2 nd century BC, the imperial succession had come to be based on the support of the army, and the accident of birth into the imperial family was replaced by a system in which each emperor selected and then legally adopted his own successor, usually a capable and experienced administrator or general. This system worked most efficiently during the reigns of Trajan (r. 98-117), and Hadrian After 180, the Roman Empire experienced a time of troubles. The era of imperial tranquility was over. Armed conflict among rivals for the Roman throne effectively militarized the civil authority of the emperor. Between 235-284, more than 20 emperors assumed power, and most were quickly deposed or murdered by the same mutinous legions that put them there in the first place. Rome also faced increasing defensive problems. The Persian empire under the Sasanid Dynasty was pushing them back in the east. The capture of the Emperor

73. Rome - Indo-European Immigrants Slowly Inhabit Italy By Way Of The Because Sulla grants full control of the roman empire to the aristocracy, the chaotic military exchange of rule, his easternization of the roman empire http://eawc.evansville.edu/chronology/ropage.htm

1000 BCE : Rome - Indo-European immigrants slowly inhabit Italy by way of the Alps. They bring the horse, the wheeled cart, and artistic knowledge of bronze work to the Italian peninsula. Two different groups, the Greeks and the Etruscans, occupy different regions of the peninsula during the eighth century. 753 BCE : Rome - Archeological research indicates that the founders of Rome itself are Italic people who occupy the area south of the Tiber River. By the sixth century BCE, Rome will have become the dominant power of most of its surrounding area. Their conservative government consists of a kingship, resembling the traditional values of the patriarchal family; an assembly, composed of male citizens of military age; and a Senate, comprised of elders who serve as the heads of different community sects. 600 BCE : Rome - The Etruscans, believed to be natives of Asia Minor, establish cities stretching from northern to central Italy. Their major contributions to the Romans are the arch and the vault, gladiatorial combat for entertainment and the study of animals to predict future events. The Greeks establish city-states along the southern coast of Italy and the island of Sicily. Their contributions to the Romans are the basis of the Roman alphabet, many religious concepts and artistic talent as well as mythology. 509 BCE : Rome - The Roman monarchy is overthrown and replaced with a republic. For more than two centuries following the establishment of the Roman Republic, Rome is constantly at war with the other inhabitants of Italy (the Etruscans and the Greeks).

74. EefyWiki - What Makes An Empire Great? The roman military was a group that instilled fear wherever it went. There aremany theories on the alleged fall of the roman empire. http://eefy.editme.com/2slkEssayFour

EefyWiki Menu Home GEP 397 Our Pages USA ... Links What makes an empire great?       What makes an empire great? One can argue whether it’s the ruler, military, or societal values. Nevertheless, all great empires throughout history have had one similarity—a kick-ass military. The militaries were powerful due to their technology, tactics, strategies, and size. A country cannot be powerful without having something to throw around. Alexander the Great was a brilliant military leader who was persistent yet tolerant in his position and created the Macedonian Empire. Britain is a small island, yet its leaders were able to utilize the Royal Navy to expand its empire to almost every continent. The United States started out as a group of colonists to emerge as today’s last remaining superpower. The Romans developed their empire from a small, inconspicuous town located on the Tiber River to one of the most significant empires in history. Yet, without a powerful military, these empires would not have existed.         The Roman military was a group that instilled fear wherever it went. With armor, javelins, and shields, the soldiers looked and were threatening and deadly. There are three factors that create the framework of a colossal military power: technology, strategy, and tactics. Technology is defined as "development and application of tools, machines, materials and processes that help to solve human problems." When fighting the Carthaginians at sea, the Romans modeled their ships after the Carthaginians but made some modifications, such as a boarding plank to storm the enemy’s ship. The Romans also created the

75. EefyWiki - The New Roman Empire? Finally, many people believe that the military positions of the roman This isvery similar to Rome s military before their empire began to crumble. http://eefy.editme.com/smlAssignment4

EefyWiki Menu Home GEP 397 Our Pages USA ... Links The New Roman Empire? Though the Roman Empire reached its peak thousands of years ago, some comparisons can be made between its rise to power, and the similar rise to power of our own country, the United States Of America . Some people believe that our empire is destined to fall, just like the Roman Empire did. But does our country's history really follow the history of Rome that closely? Here I will attempt to compare and contrast Rome and the United States, during their beginnings up to their fall (which hopefully will not happen to us). In the beginning, Rome was a Monarchy , ruled by kings. This form of government held up until 509 BC with the last [king] , L. Tarquinius Superbus. After his son, Sextus , allegedly raped the wife of a nobleman, King Superbus was overthrown in a revolt led by Brutus . This was the beginning of the Republic form of government. This is very similar to the history of the United States. Once ruled by kings, we revolted against the monarchy and became more self-governed nation. After revolting against a monarchy, both Rome and the US seemed to have a great fear of their new form of government producing a single ruler, or another king. The new forms of government were heavily influenced by this, as seen in similarities between the two. First of all, elected officials represent the interests of the citizens. Also, these representatives had time limits on their terms, so that they could be held responsible for their decisions once in power. In both of our countries, the

76. AllRefer.com - Rulers Of The Roman Empire (table) - Encyclopedia Diocletian, military commander, divided the empire; ruled jointly with More articles from AllRefer Reference on Rulers of the roman empire (table) http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/R/RomEmpTABLE.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 25, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia Ancient History, Rome ... Rulers of the Roman Empire (table) By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z R Rulers of the Roman Empire (table), Ancient History, Rome Related Category: Ancient History, Rome including dates of reign Augustus, grandnephew of Julius Caesar, 27 B.C. A.D. Tiberius, stepson of Augustus, A.D. A.D. Caligula, grandnephew of Tiberius, 3741 Claudius, uncle of Caligula, 4154 Nero, stepson of Claudius, 5468 Galba, proclaimed emperor by his soldiers, 6869 Otho, military commander, 69 Vespasian, military commander, 6979 Vitellius, military commander, 69 Titus, son of Vespasian, 7981 Domitian, son of Vespasian, 8196 Nerva, elected interim ruler, 9698 Trajan, adopted son of Nerva, 98117 Hadrian, ward of Trajan, 11738 Antoninus Pius, adopted by Hadrian, 13861 Marcus Aurelius, adopted by Antoninus Pius, 16180 Lucius Verus, adopted by Antoninus Pius; ruled jointly Marcus Aurelius, 16169 Commodus, son of Marcus Aurelius, 18092

77. AllRefer.com - Germany-East - The End Of The Holy Roman Empire And The Rise Of P The End of the Holy roman empire and the Rise of Prussia After the defeat,the reform of the Prussian military was undertaken by Gerhard von Scharnhorst http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/germany-east/germany-east21.ht

You are here allRefer Reference Germany [East] History ... Germany (East) East Germany The End of the Holy Roman Empire and the Rise of Prussia Data as of July 1987 Germany [East] - TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction EARLY HISTORY Ancient Period ... Tenth Party Congress Country Guide See Other Countries SEARCH : Information Courtesy: The Library of Congress - Country Studies Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities. About Us Contact Us Privacy Links Directory ... allRefer

78. Fall Of The Roman Empire: Should The U.S. Beware? - US News Classroom Students compile reasons why the roman empire fell, then determine to what extent freedom of speech, investment in the military, and long work hours. http://www.usnewsclassroom.com/resources/activities/act030505.html

This Week's Teacher's Guide Guide Archives Resource Kits Interactive Activities ... USNews.com Quiz for this issue: PDF or RTF format. What's the difference between PDF and RTF? Password-protected for subscribers. ( Adobe Acrobat plugin required for PDF) Comprehension Questions NCSS Standards Ways to Use U.S. News Fall of the Roman Empire: Should the U.S. Beware? Companion Article: A Sense of Proportion From Issue: SARS Hits Home , 5-05-03. Page(s) 70 World history, U.S. history Students will learn factors that contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire, and Copies of the U.S. News Article Internet access World history textbooks Library resources This activity should take two 45-minute class periods or one 90-minute class period. It should be used to reinforce concepts and to complete a unit on Roman civilization; therefore, students should have studied the Roman Empire prior to this lesson. Direct students to think about and answer the discussion questions. When they are finished, discuss their responses. (Factors that have brought the United States to power will most likely include abundant natural resources, a democratic republic instead of a monarchy or dictatorship, a free market instead of state-owned businesses, freedom of speech, investment in the military, and long work hours. Factors that have negatively impacted the U.S. position in the world will most likely include spending too much on military conquest and policing of the world, lack of understanding of other cultures, recent economic recession, importing too many of our goods, including fuel, and the rise of the European Union).

79. Chapter 1D THE roman empire. THE CIRCUS MAXIMUS. The Furious Circle of the Ancient Horse Race roman chariots sped military personnel and important civil officials http://www.imh.org/imh/kyhpl1d.html

Chapter 1D A Chronological History of Humans and Their Relationship With the Horse Table of Contents 55 MILLION B.C. - 450 A.D. THE FIRST HORSES - ATTILA THE HUN THE FIRST HORSES Hyracotherium (eohippus) - 55 Million Years Ago Mesohippus - 40 Million Years Ago Merychippus - 25 Millions Years Ago Pliohippus - 10 Million Years Ago EARLY CIVILIZATION, 30,000 B.C. Prehistoric Equine Art The Cave Horses Resemble Today's Przewalski Horse THE DOMESTICATION OF THE HORSE The Horse: Prehistoric Prey The Horse: Cow of the Steppes Pack Animal for a People on the Move THE WHEEL Early Man Has the Cart Before the Horse Horse and Wagon: Speed and Power The Yoke, 800 B.C. Anatomy of on Ancient Wheel - 1,500 B.C. Harnessing the Horse's Power Kikulli, 1,350 B.C: "The Care and Feeding of the Chariot Horse" THE RELUCTANT RIDER, 1,350 B.C. Early Attempts at Riding Early Controling Devices The Mysterious Grandeur of the Etruscan Horsemen, 1,000-509 B.C. The Sythians: Mastering the Art of War on Horseback - 800 B.C.

80. SparkNotes: The Roman Empire (60 BCE-160 CE): Context This exposes another paradigmatic dilemma of the roman empire still relevant today . Part of this was due to the close Emperormilitary relationship. http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/rome3/context.html

saveBookmark("", "", ""); Home History Study Guides European The Roman Empire (60 BCE-160 CE) : Context - Navigate Here - General Summary Context Important Terms, People, and Events Timeline From Republic to Dictatorship: Caesar to Octavian (5030 BCE) The Early Principate: Augustus and Tiberius (30 BCE37 CE) Caligula and Claudius (37-54): The Pitfalls and Regularization of Personal Rule Nero and the 'Year of the Four Emperors' (54-69) The Short-Lived Flavian Dynasty: 69-96 CE Rome's Halcyon Days: 96-161 CE Study Questions Review Test Further Reading Context The study of Roman imperial historywhich in practical terms began from the 60s BCEpresents the modern reader with certain paradigmatic issues relevant to governments and societies today. In broadest terms, the persistent dilemma was how to modify government structures and ethos as state and society expanded geographically and demographically. The republican ideal of Rome had somewhat made sense in a time when the state was little more than the preeminent city in a Mediterranean peninsular area, and needed to ensure its own survival and domination of surrounding locales. By the middle of the final century BCE, however, Rome had become the center of a multi-continent empire stretching from Spain to Iraq. Thus, one can present the continuing civil unrest from 80 to 30 BCE as the inability of an expanded city government to cope with the needs of an empire's administration. In terms of the society, social enfranchisement, and elite circulation, the imperial era from 40 BCE to 161 CE was a dynamic period. While Rome-based patrician families dominated Roman society at the beginning through control of the Senate and urban wealth, from the 40s BCE, starting with measures under Caesar and picking up speed in the 40s and 80s CE, bourgeoisie and wealthier elements from the regions of Italy and certain provinces such as southern Gaul and Iberia began to enter the elite arena. Many of them were of equestrian origin: knights-turned-businessmen with financial interests in the capital. By the early part of the first century, growing numbers of this new class were being enrolled in the Senate on the Princeps' initiative. By the time of Vespasianus (70 CE), emperors could emerge from that class. Thus, an enfranchisement of people beyond Rome's gates was well under way.

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