41. From Jesus To Christ: A Portrait Of Jesus' World: Jews And The Roman Empire The roman empire grew over a long period of time from basically a In thefirst phase of the war, most of the military action was limited to the http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/portrait/jews.html

var loc = "../../../"; Holland Lee Hendrix: President of the Faculty, Union Theological Seminary The Roman Empire grew over a long period of time from basically a political unit in Italy to the entire Mediterranean basin, but it took a lot of time.... It really grew out of a number of different dynamics, certainly through invasion, through conquest, but also through invitation and one could be say bequest; certainly the eastern part of what became the empire actively solicited Rome's presence and were looking for, a firm, stable political authority and found, in Rome, that authority.... The spearhead, one could say, of Roman expansion I think most certainly was as much economically based as it was militarily based. We have a lot of evidence that tells us about Roman venture capitalists out there on the fringes of Roman economic spheres, beginning to build their small economic empires, and in some cases rather larger economic empires, that brought with [them] Roman rule. In fact, in some eastern Mediterranean cities Roman business men formed actual social units, political units within the Greek cities. These then became the networks by which political power then followed. So from economic and military activity spreading out from Italy, the empire spread through North Africa, through the West all the way through Great Britain, to the East all the way to eastern Syria, and that embraced all of Greece, all of Turkey, the Syral Palestinian area. The complete Mediterranean basin was effectively Roman.

42. PBS: The Roman Empire In The First Century - The Roman Empire Ronald Mellor At the time of Julius Caesar, the roman empire was a little Mind you, he had no military training. But, he was the heir of the greatest http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/empire/empire1a.html

Timeline Special Features About the Film Classroom Resources ... The Legend of Augustus Julius Caesar's Military Success and Murder Augustus Rises to Power Julius Caesar's Military Success and Murder When Augustus was just four years old, his father suddenly died; without a male mentor, the boy's future looked bleak. But in 49 BC, when he was thirteen, Augustus' fortunes took a dramatic turn for the better when his great uncle, Julius Caesar, gained the upper hand on the battlefield. Caesar openly defied the Senate as well as his former political ally, the formidable military leader Pompey. Together, Caesar, Pompey and Crassus had formed the First Triumvirate, a political union that dealt a deathblow to Rome's Republican system of government. Pompey's and Caesar's armies would duel for control of the Roman Empire. As Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River toward Rome, Pompey fled to Greece to prepare for war. Caesar declared himself master of Rome, and ruler of an empire still aspiring to greatness. Julius Caesar Ronald Mellor : At the time of Julius Caesar, the Roman Empire was a little bit like a boy who's reached six feet tall and yet he's only fourteen or fifteen years old. He's not yet a man. The externals of empire were there. The armies were there. The Romans governed most of the coast of the Mediterranean with the exception of Egypt. However, they had not yet learned to bring that into a functioning organism.

43. MSN Encarta - Holy Roman Empire Great books about your topic, Holy roman empire, selected by Encarta editors The extent and strength of the empire largely depended on the military and http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761558731/Holy_Roman_Empire.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Charlemagne, traditional founder of the Holy Roman Empire map of the Holy Roman Empire more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Holy Roman Empire Search for books and more related to Holy Roman Empire Encarta Search Search Encarta about Holy Roman Empire Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Holy Roman Empire ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Holy Roman Empire Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 4 items Article Outline Introduction Background The Carolingian Empire (800-912) The Ottonian Empire (936-1024) ... Legacy of the Empire I Introduction Print Preview of Section Holy Roman Empire , political entity of lands in western and central Europe, founded by Charlemagne in ad 800 and dissolved by Emperor Francis II in 1806. The extent and strength of the empire largely depended on the military and diplomatic skill of its emperors, both of which fluctuated considerably during the empire’s thousand-year lifetime. However, the principal area of the empire was the German states. From the 10th century, its leaders were German kings, who usually sought but did not always receive coronation as emperor by the popes in Rome. At its peak in the 12th century, the empire comprised most of the territory of modern-day Germany, Austria, Switzerland, eastern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, western Poland, the Czech Republic, and Italy. By the later middle ages, however, the emperors' power had become increasingly symbolic, with real legal and administrative power exercised at the territorial and municipal levels. When the last Holy Roman emperor resigned in 1806, the realm had long matched Voltaire's famous description of it as "neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire."

44. MSN Encarta - Roman Empire Great books about your topic, roman empire, selected by Encarta editors The military anarchy of past regimes had caused economic collapse as rival http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_1741502785_9/Roman_Empire.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Sign In Web Search: Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade your Encarta Experience Search Encarta Upgrade your Encarta Experience Spend less time searching and more time learning. Learn more Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Related Items Ancient Rome Byzantine Empire, eastern part of the Roman Empire more... Further Reading Editors' picks for Roman Empire Search for books and more related to Roman Empire Encarta Search Search Encarta about Roman Empire Editors' Picks Great books about your topic, Roman Empire ... Click here Advertisement document.write(' Page 9 of 10 Roman Empire Encyclopedia Article Multimedia 70 items Article Outline Introduction The Foundations of Empire The Empire Under Augustus Expansion and Consolidation ... The Roman Legacy VI Disintegration of the Empire Print Preview of Section When Commodus became emperor in ad 180, the age of the good emperors came to an end, and soon the Roman Empire experienced far worse leadership. A century of turmoil began that caused a collapse of political institutions, a weakening of the army, and economic disaster. Even under such perverse emperors as Caligula, Nero, and Commodus, the government of the empire had continued its normal functions of collecting taxes, protecting the frontiers, and distributing food. Insane emperors persecuted the senatorial elite, but they had limited effect on the population outside Rome. However, after the murder of Commodus in ad a civil war between rival claimants to the imperial throne penetrated every corner of the empire and changed all aspects of Roman life.

45. Roman Empire - Military History - StrategyPage.com The Strategypage is a comprehensive summary of military news and affairs, includingbattlefield reports, arms sales, weapon tests, space programs, http://www.strategypage.com/messageboards/board548.asp

September 25, 2005 Home Prediction Market HTMW Wars ... Rules of Use Topic Topic Starter Last Date Resp Why Rome Fell? Commander 6/26/2005 7:40:28 PM Belisarius as Emperor of the West? Caesar Maximus 6/22/2005 11:30:38 PM History of the Roman Empire game theclapofonehand 5/31/2005 4:55:13 PM Return of the Romans? Caesar Maximus 4/30/2005 11:10:04 PM Why Didn't the Roman Principate Conquer and Hold Germany? CJH 4/2/2005 9:19:16 PM Roman Tactics Commander 3/31/2005 12:08:18 PM Wargames at Discount Prices Featured Game Gary Grigsby's World at War Top Sellers World at War Point of Attack 2 War in the Pacific Campaign Gettysburg ... Raging Tiger: The Second Korean War FREE OFFER! Subscribe now and try our daily newsletter for 14 days at no risk BONUS receive a FREE electronic copy of the Marine Warfighting Book Subscribe Today StrategyPage AD FREE sign-in Xango StrategyWorld.com StrategyWorld.com, StrategyPage.com, FYEO, For Your Eyes Only and Al Nofi's CIC are all trademarks of StrategyWorld.com

46. Holy Roman Empire - Military History - StrategyPage.com The Strategypage is a comprehensive summary of military news and affairs, includingbattlefield reports, arms sales, weapon tests, space programs, http://www.strategypage.com/messageboards/board562.asp

September 25, 2005 Home Prediction Market HTMW Wars ... Rules of Use Topic Topic Starter Last Date Resp Quote for Holy Roman Empire. Guess from who? ilpars 12/31/2004 1:23:27 AM Wargames at Discount Prices Featured Game Salerno '43: Anzio and Crete Top Sellers World at War Point of Attack 2 War in the Pacific Campaign Gettysburg ... Raging Tiger: The Second Korean War FREE OFFER! Subscribe now and try our daily newsletter for 14 days at no risk BONUS receive a FREE electronic copy of the Marine Warfighting Book Subscribe Today StrategyPage AD FREE sign-in Xango StrategyWorld.com StrategyWorld.com, StrategyPage.com, FYEO, For Your Eyes Only and Al Nofi's CIC are all trademarks of StrategyWorld.com

47. The Holy Roman Empire And The Habsburgs, 1400-1600 | Special Topics Page | Timel This act was seen as a revival, or transference, of the roman empire (translatioimperii) 962–73) who, by military conquest and astute political policy, http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/habs/hd_habs.htm

Related Timeline Content Timelines Anatolia and the Caucasus, 1600-1800 A.D. British Isles, 1600-1800 A.D. Central Europe (including Germany), 1400-1600 A.D. Central Europe (including Germany),1600-1800 A.D. Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, 1600-1800 A.D. Florence and Central Italy, 1400-1600 A.D. France, 1400-1600 A.D. Iberian Peninsula, 1400-1600 A.D. Italian Peninsula, 1000-1400 A.D. Low Countries, 1000-1400 A.D. Low Countries, 1400-1600 A.D. Mexico and Central America, 1600-1800 A.D. Rome and Southern Italy, 1400-1600 A.D. South America, 1600-1800 A.D. Venice and Northern Italy, 1400-1600 A.D. Special Topics Albrecht Durer Art of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries in Naples Burgundian Netherlands: Court Life Collecting and the Kunstkammer European Tapestry Production, 1400-1600 Famous Makers and Important Centers of European Arms and Armor Fashion in European Armor, 1000-1300 Fashion in European Armor, 1300-1400 Fontainebleau The Greater Ottoman Empire, 1600-1800 Patronage at the Early Valois Courts Patronage at the Later Valois Courts Prague during the Rule of Rudolph II (1576-1612) The Printed Image in the West: History and Techniques The Printed Image in the West: Woodcut The Reformation Woodcut Book Illustration: Florence in the 1490s Woodcut Book Illustration: The First Illustrated Books in Italy Maps World Map, 1400-1600 A.D.

48. First Europe Tutorial - Roman Territorial Expansion Expansion during the Late roman Republic (133 31 BCE). military glory was highlyprized in Expansion during the Early roman empire (31 BCE - CE 180) http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/roman.html

Territorial Expansion of the Roman World Hochdorf Bronze Celtic Lion Courtesy of Barbarians on the Greek Periphery? Origins of Celtic Art Expansion during the Early Roman Republic (509 - 265 B.C.E.) The Italian peninsula was inhabited principally by several native tribes before the Greeks settled there and the Etruscans rose to prominence sometime after 800 B.C.E. The Greeks founded several city-states in the south of the peninsula and in Sicily, and the Etruscans rose to power on the western coast where they brought their culture to the Latin peoples settled in small villages along the Tiber River. Here, three centuries later, a prosperous urban centre called Rome would emerge. Rome flourished under the Etruscans but the Latin population resented sovereign Etruscan rule and joined with other indigenous tribes in a rebellion. The revolution of 509 B.C.E., which dethroned the Etruscan king and drove his people from Rome, marks the beginning of the Roman Republic that would see Rome rise to dominance around the Mediterranean. The Roman Republic continued until 31 B.C.E. when it was replaced by the Roman Empire that would last well into the fifth century C.E. A Topographical Map of Italy Greek Colonisation of the Mediterranean 650 B.C.E.

49. Time Traveller's Guide To The Roman Empire with links to sites on warfare in the roman empire, military roads and weaponryand articles roman military Sites in Britain www.morgue.demon.co.uk/ http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide03/part04x.html

TV Listings Text Only Site A-Z FourDocs ... GAMES Find out more Back to main page Websites These websites are not under the control of and are not maintained by Channel 4 Television. Channel 4 is not responsible for the content of these sites and does not necessarily endorse the material on them. Imperium www.crystalinks.com/romanempire.html A concise history of the spread of the political system established by Augustus at the beginning of the Roman empire. Life in the Roman Army www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/ romanarmy.html Full descriptions of the different ranks and living conditions of soldiers dispersed throughout the empire. The site has many reconstructions of camps and military props. Military Resources www.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMil.html A gateway site with links to sites on warfare in the Roman empire, military roads and weaponry and articles about the legionaries. Roman Battles www.roman-emperors.org/assobd.htm# An excellent list of imperial battles with location maps and links to biographies of the chief military figures. Roman Military Sites in Britain www.morgue.demon.co.uk/

50. Rome: Military Resources The roman Army in the Late Republic and Early empire The following information Who s Who in roman military Studies In an attempt to aid roman military http://intranet.dalton.org/groups/Rome/RMil.html

Military Resources SAMH: The Society for Ancient Military Historians The Society of Ancient Military Historians is an organization dedicated to the promotion of the study of warfare in the Ancient World. Members sponsor and contribute to the publication of our newsletter, Res Militares. Our leadership works with and within the American Philological Association to arrange contact between our members and within the larger academic community. Annotated Chronology of Military Events Warfare in the Roman World "Many of these sites will provide useful tools into. Some currently have descriptions and some do not. The lack of descriptions does not reflect on the quality of the site, only the time constraints that I have in creating the descriptions." Courtesy of the De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors Imperial Battle Description Index by Hugh Elton Courtesy of the De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors The Roman Army: A Bibliography A listing of works relevant to the study of Roman warfare provided by John Paul Adams California State University Northridge The Ancient Warfare Articles of Smith's Dictionary The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire "The following information is intended to give a generic picture of military organization, armor, weaponry, etc. during the late Republic and early Empire." Courtesy of Barbara F. McManus, The College of New Rochelle.

51. UNF Core I: Section 12: Late Antiquity Explain why the roman empire continued to be strong in the East. Why did theempire become a military monarchy in the third century? http://www.unf.edu/classes/freshmancore/halsall/core1-12.htm

University of North Florida History Dept Freshman Core Page Halsall Homepage Section Contents Readings Discussion Search ... Music UNF Core I: Western Civilization to 1715 Section : Late Antiquity Introduction: This Section's Goals Text Multimedia Outline ... Discussion Questions Introduction: This Section's Goals By the end of this section students should be able to: Know that the Roman Empire did not "fall" in 476. Explain the concept of "late antiquity" Identify three theories for collapse of Roman rule in the West, and give the arguments for and against them: Roman decadence the effects of Christianity Barbarian invasions Explain the "economic argument." Explain why the Roman Empire continued to be strong in the East. Text Sherman 159-63, 170-79 Diocletian and Constantine. Efforts to Stabilize the Economy [web] Supplementary Reading Procopius: Alaric's Sack of Rome Additional Reading Late Antiquity [Ancient History Sourcebook] End of the Classical World [Medieval Sourcebook] Multimedia Music See Blackboard for MP3 files Pictures: History Map: The Mediterranean World on Eve of Germanic Invasions Bust of the Emperor Gallienus Bust of Numerian Bust of Diocletian ... Statue of the Tetrarchs in Venice;

52. Nemesis Of Roman Empire Game - Download And Play Your Free Version! Nemesis of the roman empire. Nemesis is a roman era military strategy game thatis inspired by real battles fought throughout a fascinating time in roman http://www.download-free-games.com/war_game_download/nemesis.htm

Home Nemesis Become a military hero commanding forces from Rome to the Iberian Peninsula in this Epic drama paralleling real Roman history! Send us your thoughts on this game! You could win 2 FREE FULL VERSION GAMES ($40-$50 value) by telling us what you think about this game! Congrats to Jerry Thomas our July winner! Stay tuned for our August winner! Nemesis Game Info: Free Version: 2 hours of play Full Version: Non-US Price Currency converter Download Size: 497 MB OS: Win 98/2000/ME/XP Publisher - Enlight How to Get the Full Version of This Game: Click on the order link on this page or from within the trial version to be taken to a secure online order form handled by TryMedia's ActiveMARK Technology. Fill out the secure order form and purchase the game with any major credit card. Immediately after you fill out the order form and your card is approved, you will be taken to a page to download your full version license code that will automatically unlock the game . You could be playing in minutes! All games come with a free trial time to make sure you like the game and it works on your computer before you buy the game. Top War Games: Risk 2 Civilization III Beach Head 2002 Smugglers 3 ... Wolfenstein Enemy Territory Free Membership to the DFG War Game Club!

53. Is America The New Roman Empire? By Michael Lind - The Globalist > > Global Poli Is America the New roman empire? By Michael Lind Wednesday, June 19, 2002 Yes, America spends more on the military than most other great powers http://www.theglobalist.com/DBWeb/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=2526

54. Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.07.08 In Chapter 1 P. observes that the disposition of roman military forces in Syria was In Chapter 2 P. notes that conditions of the later roman empire were http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/2001/2001-07-08.html

Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2001.07.08 Nigel Pollard, Soldiers, Cities, and Civilians in Roman Syria . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000. Pp. 349. ISBN 0-472-11155-8. $49.50. Reviewed by Gary Forsythe, Texas Tech University (gforsyth@ttacs.ttu.edu) Word count: 1186 words Over the past few decades studying the Roman imperial army within the larger context of society has resulted in the publication of several major monographs, beginning with Ramsay MacMullen's pioneering work, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge, MA 1963), and continued inter alia with books by Alston, Isaac, Millar, and Whittaker. This book by Nigel Pollard (hereafter P.), the product of a dissertation from the University of Michigan, clearly stands in this tradition and in fact draws extensively upon this earlier work in attempting to study the nature and degree of social, economic, and cultural interaction and separatism between soldiers and civilians of the principate and the later Roman empire in the region defined by the Roman provinces of Syria, Mesopotamia, and Osrhoene. Feriale Duranum , embodies traditional Roman religion, whereas private dedications by soldiers involve a much wider range of divinities, many of whom were indigenous to this region of the Roman empire.

55. The "Decline And Fall" Of The Rorman Empire The idea that the roman empire fell to the savage, barbarian hordes has been The military rejuvenation of 260300 AD improved roman administration and http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/cmrs/0221002.html

The "Decline and Fall" of the Roman Empire. Introduction: Problems of Perspective: Gibbon, Rostovsteff, Toynbee I. Internal Weaknesses a) Political b) economic c) military II. External Pressures a) Climate and migration b) "The Barbarians Speak" (book review) b) Barbarian Invasions (map) c) Assimilation d) End of the world? III. Characteristics of the new medieval world GIBBON ROSTOVSTEFF TOYNBEE VALERIAN DIOCLETIAN ADRIANOPLE HUNS ... FRANKS CLOVIS CIVITAS DEI All of these historians, however, looked at the history of Rome in the years 250-500 from a point of view that geographically was very narrow. These historians lived, after all, in a world where the center of European civilization was no longer the Mediterranean sea, but Northwestern Europe. They focused, then, on what France and Britain looked like in the 6th century AD, and assumed that Northwest Europe was the natural heir to classical antiquity. In fact, only in the Latin West was there anything like a decline and fall, and even there, the collapse was administrative. It was not an immediate or huge catastrophe, but a gradual ebb of Roman influence over those areas that had begun in the 3rd century. I. Internal Weaknesses of the Latin West

56. Sharp Blue: The Later Roman Empire But in fact the empire survived, saved by a series of military emperors that Cover of The Later roman empire The empire that emerged from this trials is http://www.theculture.org/rich/sharpblue/archives/000079.html

Share Price: $ Rich Sharp Blue Archives The Later Roman Empire History Reviews Genes, Peoples and Languages Lost Civilisations of the Stone Age The Later Roman Empire A History of Medieval Europe Heaven's Command In the middle parts of the third century, the Roman Empire suffered from what is often characterised as a "crisis" or a period of " military anarchy " that lasted from the death of Alexander Severus until the reign of Diocletian . During this time, the Empire suffered from a rapid turnover of emperors, near constant warfare (both civil and against Sassanian Persia in the east and various Germanic tribes in the north), and a debasement of its silver coinage and subsequent recourse to exaction in kind. For many living through this turbulent era, the dissolution of the Roman state must have appeared imminent. But in fact the Empire survived, saved by a series of military emperors that Gibbon called the " Restorers of the Roman World The Empire that emerged from this trials is often characterised as a very different entity to that of the period up until the Severan dynasty . However, in her

57. The Roman Legions Collapse of the roman empire military Aspects (ORB Online Encyclopedia) Onlinetext. The Late roman Army (ORB Online Encyclopedia) Online text. http://www.culturalresources.com/Romleg.html

The Contextual Guide and Internet Index to Western Civilization The Roman Legion Roman (753 B.C.-400 A.D.) Historical Essay Caesar Exhorts His Troops Ridpath illustration) Ever since Julius Caesar led his army into Rome and made himself military dictator, Roman emperors have relied on the military to secure their position and enforce their will. Not one to hide his light under a bushel, the 76-year old Caesar Augustus (Julius Caesar's adopted son) boasted of having used the military to impose a pax Romana (Roman peace) on much of the Western world. The whole of Italy of its own free will swore allegiance to me and...Africa, Sicily and Sardinia swore the same oath of allegiance....I brought peace to the Gallic and Spanish provinces as well as to Germany....I secured the pacification of the Alps from the district nearest the Adriatic to the Tuscan sea....I added Egypt to the empire....I recovered all the provinces beyond the Adriatic Sea towards the east....I formed colonies of soldiers in Africa, Sicily and Macedonia. Augustus' grandson Claudius extended the Empire to Britain and granted Roman citizenship to qualified persons from any part of the Empire, an Empire that reached its height during the reigns of the "five good emperors" (i.e.

58. The Roman Empire And Its Germanic Peoples as they invaded, settled in, and ultimately transformed the roman empire.As Germanic military kings and their fighting bands created kingdoms, http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/6269.html

@import "style.css"; 379 pages, 6 x 9 inches, 11 Published November 1997 Available worldwide Entire Site Books Journals E-Editions The Press Herwig Wolfram The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples Translated by Thomas Dunlap. In stockships in 2-3 days In stockships in 2-3 days Categories: Classics Ancient History Medieval History European History ... MORE INFO AND CHOICES Email: Description About the Author Related Books "[Wolfram's] detailed survey makes clear the breathtaking transformation wrought by the Germanic tribes." Kirkus Reviews "[A] classic work. . . . This clever and subtle text . . . comes over clearly, unravelling the kaleidoscopic hybridity of the world of Goths, Vandals, Huns, Burgundians, Franks and Lombards." Times Literary Supplement "[Wolfram] explores the high points in the history of a number of closely related Germanic societies as they faced the power of the Roman Empire and Roman imperial society. . . . This is a learned, sophisticated, and valuable bookone which can address the interests of people on all levels of erudition."Robert L. Benson, co-editor of Renaissance and Renewal in the Twelfth Century DESCRIPTION (back to top) The names of early Germanic warrior tribes and leaders resound in songs and legends; the real story of the part they played in reshaping the ancient world is no less gripping. Herwig Wolfram's panoramic history spans the great migrations of the Germanic peoples and the rise and fall of their kingdoms between the third and eighth centuries, as they invaded, settled in, and ultimately transformed the Roman Empire.

59. The Later Roman Empire Made the provinces smaller and appointed both a civil and military governor overeach. By 396, it had become the state religion of the roman empire, http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/late_roman_empire.html

The Later Roman Empire Dictionary and Thesaurus The reforms of Diocletian and Constantine "preserved" the empire, but changed it radically. The Reforms of Diocletian (284-305 d. 311) Before you plunge into a consideration of Diocletian's reign, you might be interested to know that much of the great palace he built for himself in ex-Yugoslavia is still sufficiently intact to provide one with a good idea of how the rulers of the Roman empire lived. You might want to visit it and look around. Political a. He divided the empire into two independent parts, leaving an impoverished and vulnerable western empire. Note that the Western empire had by far the longer frontier to defend, and a much smaller tax base with which to pay for its defense. b. Established the Augustus-Caesar policy of succession. Under this system, there were two emperors ( Augusti ), each of whom appointed a Caesar to defend the frontiers. When an emperor died, his Caesar was supposed to succeed him, take over his administration, and appoint a Caesar to defend the frontiers and eventually succeed to the emperorship. This was an attempt to create a stable form of succession which had been the weakness of the original empire but it failed. c. Made the provinces smaller and appointed both a civil and military governor over each. This generally increased government interference at local level and took affairs out of the hands of the middle classes of the provinces. Once they no longer had an important role in the governing of the empire, the imperial administration was able to tax the urban middle classes to the point of destroying them, at least in the western empire.

60. Library Of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handboo Holy roman empire Enduring from AD 800 to 1806, official successor under After rapid decline of military power and influence in the fifteenth century http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/poland/pl_glos.html

Glossary Poland Bolsheviks Members of the radical political faction that, under the leadership of Vladimir I. Lenin, staged the Bolshevik Revolution and in 1918 formed the Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik), precursor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Byzantine Medieval Christian civilization that combined European and Asian cultures on an ancient Greco-Roman foundation. Centered at Byzantium (known as Constantinople 330-1930, and later called Istanbul), the Byzantine Empire occupied western Turkey and the Balkans and, as the center of Orthodox Christianity, exerted strong influence on many of the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) Loose arrangement of Western governments formed in 1949 to prevent the transfer of military-useful (dual-use) technology from the West to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe; the group (whose membership was almost identical to that of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, q.v. ) operated on the basis of informal agreements covering items having military or nuclear applications. Comecon (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) A multilateral economic alliance headquartered in Moscow; it existed from 1949-91. Members in 1990 included Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, the Soviet Union, and Vietnam. Also referred to as CMEA and CEMA.

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