1. The Roman Army at the military disasters of Trebia and Cannae where he learnt the lesson that the Roman army subjects of the empire and now stood to the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. The Roman Empire Illustrated History of the Roman Empire http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

3. The Roman Army Page The Roman fleet and frontier policy (in German) Roman empire net army page. The Roman legions Roman military cults. History of Legio XIV http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. The Roman Army In The Late Republic And Early Empire The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire Relief of Military Standards. Reconstructed Legionary Eagles http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. The Transition Of The Roman Empire And Its Military They change their appearance." The barbarian invasions of the Roman empire for the first four centuries Roman military strategy changed to the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

6. New Technology Unveils Hidden Data In Images in Greek, is a military communications tactic that originated more than three millenniums ago. During the era of the Roman Empire, military http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. MADDEN Roman Slavery Slavery in the Roman Empire Numbers and Origins The effect on slave numbers of these various military episodes though significant was yet more http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

8. NM's Creative Impulse..Rome Collapse of the Roman Empire Military Aspects ORB Encyclopedia presents a very informational one page text by Hugh Elton - links at the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Best Of Gibbon's DECLINE FALL The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Chapter 1 The Extent and Military Force of the Empire in the Age of the Antonines http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. ORB Online EncyclopediaCollapse Of The Roman Empire The Collapse of the Roman EmpireMilitary Aspects Hugh Elton http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

11. The Fall Of Rome? and the Decline of Rome (Princeton 1968). Arther Ferrill, The Fall of theroman empire the military Explanation (London Thames Hudson 1986). http://www.csun.edu/~hcfll004/fallrome.html

The Fall of the Roman Empire: Some (Sometimes Silly) Explanations Strategy and Tactics Magazine #39 (1973), p. 21 (characterizations added)] PLAGUES reduced the population, and the fertility of the survivors. [Medical archaeology] LEAD PIPES and utensils poisoned the aristocracy, lowering their birth-rate and intelligence level of this most important class (S. Colum Gilfillan) [Eugenics] The admission of INFERIOR RACES to the citizenship lowered the vigor of the Pure Roman Stock. [Racism] CHRISTIANITY made people less concerned with this world. (Edward Gibbon) [Religious Bigotry, Enlightenment] Augustus’ jury-rigged apparatus of state was unable to cope with certain types of crisis. [Systems Analysis] CIVIL WARS sapped the strength of the Empire. [The Military Theory] The People praciticed BIRTH CONTROL without restraint, thus causing a loss of population. [Medical/Religious] Failure to establish a workable CONSTITUTION. [Legal/Systems Analysis] ‘Bread and Circuses’: the people became LAZY. [The Welfare Argument] The ARMY got out of hand due to lowering of standards of discipline [Military Theory, Part II; moral] God turned his favor from Rome because of its sins [Religious Explanation, Old Testament, St. Augustine; Moral]

12. Bibliography Of Printed Sources For Classical Studies 373 The Fall of the roman empire the military Explanation W. Goffart. Rome s Falland After. collection of his articles . http://arts.uwaterloo.ca/~lneuru/courses/cl373bib.html

Bibliography for Classical Studies 373 The Fall of the Roman Empire Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography Primary Sources: The Greek and Latin Authors Sourcebooks Dictionaries, Encyclopedias and Reference Works ... Journals Introduction: How to Use This Bibliography This Bibliography is offered in support of Classical Studies 373, The Fall of the Roman Empire, an undergraduate course taught at the University of Waterloo both oncampus and in the distance mode. Not all books listed here will be available at the University of Waterloo Library; most will, but the list is meant to give a wide range of choices to those students using a variety of other libraries, and to those who are able to read this notice, a variety of online resources. Instructions on how to consult and use the University of Waterloo Library as a Distance Education student are addressed in the course packet and the Distance Education Calendar . If you wish you may consult the University of Waterloo Library online, and click on Watcat, the Online Catalogue to search for a particular title at Waterloo and you can also search library catalogues elsewhere in Canada. If you need more help at Waterloo you may consult Christine Jewell, the representative for Classical Studies. There is an increasing amount of material coming online which is not readily available elsewhere; hopefully those who can will take advantage of it. I discuss the Online Resources generally and for the individual lectures at

13. The Roman Empire A. Ferrill, The Fall of the roman empire the military Explanation. London Thamesand Hudson, 1986. Duncan Fishwick, Imperial Cult in the Latin West. http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/empire.html

14. Edward Gibbon (part 2) FERRILL, Arther 1983 The Fall of the roman empire the military Explanation.London Thames Hudson. FUGLUM, Per 1953 Edward Gibbon His View of Life http://www.his.com/~z/gibho2.html

Edward Gibbon, Historian of the Roman Empire Part II: A Closer Look at the Decline and Fall by Eugene Y. C. Ho, Hong Kong Tragic News: Mr. Ho died in July 1997, at the age of 37, after an accident in his home. See his home page at the Karl Popper web site. See also Two Part Invention in D Minor by the late Eugene Ho - duration ~1 minute, Mr. Ho playing his own composition, first performed at the Hong Kong Arts Centre on 9 September 1994 ... for 14.4 kb/s modem: ... for 56 kb/s (streaming): RealPlayer , or Microsoft Media The following is in Eugene's own words: Author's Note: Originally published in Issue 31 (Jul - Sep 1994) of the Hong Kong intellectual journal Intellectus, the following essay the first of a two-part instalment was written to commemorate the bicentennial of the death of Edward Gibbon (1737-1794), author of A History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Click here for the first instalment . Readers who wish to read some specimens of Gibbon's masterpiece may visit either Dr. Zimmermann's web page ( The "Best of" Edward Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ) or mine ( Passages from Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Some Major Themes of the Decline and Fall As noted in the first part of this essay, Gibbon feels, thinks, and writes as a Republican Roman. When he praises or criticises someone or something, it is always from the standpoint of a contemporary Roman citizen. The following Table of Opposites will help us understand what Gibbon's likes and dislikes are:

15. The Roman Army Describes roman military organisation from the early Republican period throughto the late Byzantine period. http://www.roman-empire.net/army/army.html

16. UNRV History - Roman Empire Provides information about the roman empire, its governments, military, culture and economy. Archaeological news and discussions can be found in the online forum. http://www.unrv.com/

Home Forum Empire Government ... Newsletter What's new on UNRV Roman History - the 170 MB Roman Mega-Source September 22, 2005 Titus' Reign posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) Titus' Reign September 15, 2005 Second Letter of Pliny posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) Second Letter of Pliny Continuing Pliny's letters to Tacitus regarding the eruption of Vesuvius... "My uncle having left us, I spent such time as was left on my studies (it was on their account indeed that I had stopped behind), till it was time for my bath. After which I went to supper, and then fell into a short and uneasy sleep..." September 09, 2005 Vesuvius and the Destruction of Pompeii posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) Vesuvius and the Destruction of Pompeii September 06, 2005 Woman of Stone posted by primuspilus PingBack (0) Woman of Stone by Debra Tash Book review by forum member 'Skarr'. In 148 BC, the praetor or Roman governor assigned to Macedonia, Quintus Caecilius Metellus, crushes the revolt in that province, putting to bed any dreams of Macedonian independence inspired by Andriscus, a pretender to the throne, who claimed to be the son of the famous Perseus. While Metellus was busy with his new army, later honored by the senate on his return to Italy in 146 BC with the cognomen Macedonicus, the Greeks sought to lead a semi-revolt against Rome, appointing Critolaus, one of their pro-independence leaders as a dictator in Corinth... August 30, 2005

17. Roman Army Part I Covers the roman army from about 70BC to 30AD, includes descriptions of key officer ranks, formations and military buildings/fortifications. http://www.vroma.org/~bmcmanus/romanarmy.html

The Roman Army in the Late Republic and Early Empire NB: Over the centuries, the Roman army changed and developed, and conditions often differed somewhat depending on the provinces where the troops were fighting and stationed. The following information is intended to give a generic picture of military organization, armor, weaponry, etc. during the late Republic and early Empire. LEGIONS legio The legion was the basic unit of Rome's standing army of career soldiers, the legionaries, who were all Roman citizens and fought primarily as foot-soldiers (infantry). The number of legions under arms varied in different time periods (there were, for example, 28 legions under Augustus in 25 BCE), and each legion had both a number and a title , though some numbers were duplicated (we know, for example, of III Augusta, III Cyrenaica, III Gallica, III Italica, III Parthica). Though the exact numbers of men in a legion varied, the basic pattern of organization remained the same. The smallest unit was the tent group contubernium ), composed of 8 men who shared a tent, a mule, and eating equipment. These were organized into a disciplinary unit called a

18. Illustrated History Of The Roman Empire Extensive site dedicated to ancient Rome. Biographies on emperors, timelines, interactive maps, and sections on roman society and the military. http://www.roman-empire.net/

19. Art.I.G - Historical Miniatures For Collectors Producers of a collection of white metal historical military miniatures including Napoleon, roman empire, Russian Army, and American Civil War periods that come prepainted for collectors. http://www.gjuss.lv/

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20. Reasons For The Fall Of The Roman Empire military spending left few resources for other vital activities, such as providingpublic Frustrated Romans lost their desire to defend the empire. http://killeenroos.com/1/Romefall.htm

Christianity Decline in morals Public heath issues Political Corruption ... Increased Military spending Reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire All left Rome open to outside invaders adapted from History Alive material There were many reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire. Each one intertwined with the next. Many even blame the introduction of Christianity for the decline. Christianity made many Roman citizens into pacifists, making it more difficult to defend against the barbarian attackers. Also money used to build churches could have been used to maintain the empire. Although some argue that Christianity may have provided some morals and values for a declining civilization and therefore may have actually prolonged the imperial era. Decline in Morals and Values Those morals and values that kept together the Roman legions and thus the empire could not be maintained towards the end of the empire. Crimes of violence made the streets of the larger cities unsafe. Even during PaxRomana there were 32,000 prostitutes in Rome. Emperors like Nero and Caligula became infamous for wasting money on lavish parties where guests ate and drank until they became ill. The most popular amusement was watching the gladiatorial combats in the Colosseum. These were attended by the poor, the rich, and frequently the emperor himself. As gladiators fought, vicious cries and curses were heard from the audience. One contest after another was staged in the course of a single day. Should the ground become too soaked with blood, it was covered over with a fresh layer of sand and the performance went on.

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