61. Roman Empire - roman empire. Ancient roman society institutionalized the adoption of adults . He advanced rapidly in the army and government when Trajan became emperor http://famous.adoption.com/famous/roman-empire.html

@import url(/uni/adoption.com/rev6/styles/common.css); @import url(/uni/adoption.com/rev6/styles/screen.css); @import url(/uni/adoption.com/rev6/styles/tabs.css); @import url(/uni/adoption.com/rev6/styles/nav.css); Roman Empire Ancient Roman society institutionalized the adoption of adults. It was relatively common for a wealthy Roman couple to adopt an adult man, even a slave, as heir if they did not have any sons born to them, or their sons were unfit to inherit. This practice extended to the emperors, and there are a number of Roman emperors and other high officials who were adopted as adolescents or adults, usually by relatives, specifically to provide a suitable and reliable heir. Texas Looking to adopt? Pregnant? For other cultures where this kind of adoption was practiced, see Pomare Dynasty Chinese Qing Dynasty India (Princely States) , and Hawai'ian Royal Families Famous adopted Romans include: Antoninus Pius , 86-161 (Emperor, 138-61). Antoninus Pius (also known as Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Antoninus) was the son of Aurelius Fulvius and Arria Fadilla, from a second-ranking official family at Lanuvium. He became a senator, quaestor and consul (in 120). He was proconsul of Asia from 133 to 136 and gained the attention of the emperor Hadrian (see below), who adopted him and appointed him as his successor in 138. He became effective ruler of the empire during Hadrian's last illness and succeeded him in 138, only a few months after his adoption. He ruled well and was greatly respected by the people. Also in 138 he himself adopted his wife's nephew, Marcus Aurelius (see below), who succeeded him as emperor, and Lucius Verus (Lucius Ceionius Commodus II), 130-169, who became a consul under Marcus Aurelius.

62. Roman Empire - Definition Of Roman Empire In Encyclopedia The roman empire s influence on government, law, and monumental architecture, aswell as many other aspects of Western life remains inescapable. http://encyclopedia.laborlawtalk.com/Roman_Empire

Add to Favorites General Encyclopedia Legal ... Law forum Search Word: Visit our Law forums Labor Law Accidents Law Bankruptcy Law Business Law ... Tax Law The Roman Empire is not the Roman Empire between AD and with major cities. During this time only Dacia and Mesopotamia were added to the Empire but were lost before The Roman Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Caesar Augustus . Although Rome possessed a collection of tribute-states for centuries before the autocracy of Augustus, the pre-Augustan state is conventionally described as the Roman Republic . The difference between the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic lies primarily in the governing bodies and their relationship to each other. For many years, historians made a distinction between the Principate , the period from Augustus until the Crisis of the Third Century , and the Dominate , the period from Diocletian until the end of the Empire in the West. According to this theory, during the Principate, (from the Latin word princeps , meaning "the first", the only title Augustus would permit himself) the realities of dictatorship were cleverly hidden behind Republican forms; while during the Dominate, (from the word

63. PBS: The Roman Empire In The First Century - Classroom Resources Students will learn about the role of religion in the roman empire and This allowed him to pass many new laws and impose his values on the people. http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/classroom/lesson8.html

Timeline Special Features About the Film Classroom Resources ... Lesson 7: Making Decisions that Effect an Empire Lesson 8: Religion's Role in the Roman Empire Lesson 8: Religion's Role in the Roman Empire Printable Version Subject Areas: High School World History, Ancient History, Philosophy, Sociology, Religion, and Communication Arts Objectives Materials Needed Procedure Classroom Assessment ... National Standards I. Objective: Students will learn about the role of religion in the Roman Empire and research other leaders throughout history who have used religion and god-like status to rule their people. They will then present their research project to their classmates. II. Materials: Students will need to view selected sections of the series The Roman Empire in the First Century . In addition, they will also need to have access to the companion website and other internet/library resources, including this site's Literary Resources and Web Resources III. Procedures: 1. Begin by creating interest for students by handing out the Religion and Politics Survey . Ask students to complete it and be ready to discuss their opinions. 2. Facilitate a class discussion about the

64. PBS: The Roman Empire In The First Century - Life In Roman Times And certainly one of those has to do with circumcision and food laws. It became the official religion of the roman empire at the Council of Nicaea in http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/life/life5c.html

Timeline Special Features About the Film Classroom Resources ... Jews in Roman Times Early Christians Early Christians After the death of Jesus, word of his teachings spread to Jewish communities outside Palestine, but soon Paul and other apostles and missionaries began to preach to non-Jews as well. Keith Bradley : It would've been very difficult for Christianity to spread as dramatically and quickly throughout the ancient world as it did had Paul not been able to draw on the framework of communications that was there as part of the Roman imperial system. It was possible to travel throughout the ancient world fairly quickly... And it was possible for Paul to follow Roman roads and to go to Roman towns and Greek towns and communicate his message in a way that was probably impossible under any other previous imperial system. Karen King : There was a lot of variety in the early Christian movement. There weren't just twelve men, but there were a wide variety of men and women who were responsible for the formation of Christianity. We can chart in some ways some of the issues that were central to the formation of this group. And certainly one of those has to do with circumcision and food laws. These are taken up very directly by the letters of Paul. What's at stake? What's at stake in the question of whether when you become a follower of Jesus the Messiah, the Jewish Christ, you should take up circumcision and food laws or not. As the movement began to accept non-Jewish members, and began to move farther away from the strict religious requirements of Judaism, it grew into a separate and distinct religion.

65. | Book Review | Law And History Review, 18.2 | The History Cooperative But were these also the judgments of the later roman empire? with itsassumptions about good government and the rule of law, is one further conclusion. http://www.historycooperative.org/journals/lhr/18.2/br_1.html

Book Review Law in the Crisis of Empire, 379-455 A.D.: The Theodosian Dynasty and Its Quaestors, New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. xii + 314 + two computer disks. Price $85.00 (ISBN 0-19-826078-4). Theodosian Code, a collection of imperial laws of the fourth and fifth centuries a.c. gathered (with subsequent additions) in a.d. 429-435 and thus prior to the more familiar, multi-part Justinianic Code. Tribonian Emperors and Lawyers (1981 and 1994), and Ulpian (1982): "in each of these [earlier works] the dissection of style and outlook shows that, behind the surface uniformity of the texts ... lies diversity" (p. viii). By rearranging here the laws of the Theodosian Code Theodosian Code is "more text-conservative" than the Justinianic Code (152), and the dating, probably performed by the commissioners themselves, was 89 percent accurate (150). Yet if there is some editing (even if not very much), and one in ten laws is incorrectly dated (and must be redated on the basis of style [p. x]), the certainties on which the stylistic analysis depends become a little less certain. Ninety percent of eighty-nine percent is eighty-one percent: for some, the chariot may be slowing on the back stretch. Theodosian Code considered their laws "brief" and "clear," even though these laws might seem "obscure and wordy" to us (127). The

66. Rome Language, Legions, Law empire to govern all with equal justice, roman law helped the government ruledifferent For law and language to extend throughout the roman empire, http://killeenroos.com/1/romelll.htm

Law Language Legions Legacy of Rome back to calendar Language Latin as a language is no longer spoken, but it endures now, as it has for centuries, through the writings of Roman historians and poets. Vergil's the Aeneid , an epic poem about the founding of Rome by refugees from Greek- destroyed Troy, effectively blends myth and fact. It became a standard handbook for every student in the empire. Today it is appreciated by scholars for its literary excellence and grandeur of scope. Much of what we know of early Rome, especially its military expeditions, has been learned by reading the historians Tacitus, Sallust, Julius Caesar, and others. These three, especially, created works which were written with keen observation, attention to detail, and often, with personal style and flair. Law Like the language of the Romans, Roman law also had a profound influence, Because it expanded with the empire to govern all with equal justice, Roman law helped the government rule different cultures and a variety of separate communities. Based upon tolerance and rationality, the law of the Romans reflected their genius for abstracting general principles from experience. The first code of law for Rome was called the Twelve Tables , and was written about 450 B.C. As the empire grew the law expanded, was rewritten to reflect the newer customs and the Stoic teachings, and took on a note of clarity and universality that would set a standard for the empire, its subjects, and the world of the future.

67. Rome: The Republic These traditions and laws were based on the institution of a monarchy, The roman empire was an accident, so to speak; it was formed in the pursuit of http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/ROME/REPUBLIC.HTM

Republic , in which Rome is ruled by its Senate and its assembly, which were institutions formed at the beginning of the monarchy. The history of the Republic is a history of continuous warfare; all of the historical stories which the Romans will use as stories of Roman virtue and values date from this tumultuous period of defense and invasion. consuls , who were two patricians elected to the office for one year. These patricians exercised imperium in much the same way the kings had in the Roman monarchy. These consuls initiated legislation, served as the head of the judiciary and the military, and served as chief priests to the nation. They even dressed as monarchs, by wearing purple robes and sitting on the seat traditionally reserved for the monarch: the ivory chair. imperium but their power was severely hamstrung by the circumstances of their office. As a result, the consuls did not exercise much initiative or creativity, so Roman government tended to be highly conservative and cautious. This, however, was the intent of the consular system. In 325 BC, however, the consul system was changed to allow for proconsuls , who were consuls whose terms in office were extended because of military campaigns.

68. Florida Holocaust Museum - Antisemitism - Roman Empire Constantine the Great, Emporer of Rome, ruled the roman empire as Emperor In 534 CE, the Emperor Justinian codified laws that regulated the lives of http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/roman_empire.cfm

Arts Drama Literature Music ... Site Map Roman Empire Topics: Early Christianity Constantine Fall of the Roman Empire Carolingian Empire Early Christianity Hatred of Jews intensified in the first and second century of Christianity. Jesus was born a Jew and considered himself part of the Jewish community in the Galilean village of Nazareth on the border of the Roman Empire. He and his followers adhered to the Jewish way of life; Jesus preached a gospel that accepted the fundamental concepts of the Law and the Prophets. See also PBS' Frontline series, " From Jesus to Christ: The First Christians ." The separation between Jesus and his followers on the one hand, and Jews on the other hand, sharpened when the followers of Jesus claimed that he was the Messiah of Israel. This led to the foundation of communities of Jews not conforming to the Laws of Moses. Within a short time the non-conforming Jews formed a majority, and by the year 70 C.E., the schism was more marked. Image: Arch of Titus in Rome. This detail depicts the destruction of the second Beit HaMikdash (Temple) in 70 Common Era (C.E.).

69. The Byzantine Empire During The Crusades Within the empire, government rested on four main pillars the army, Its political structure and its law were roman, and indeed its emperors called http://crusades.boisestate.edu/Byzantium/02.shtml

History of the Crusades Syllabus Classroom Discussion The Byzantine Empire Structure of the Empire The Byzantine emperor ( basileus in Greek; imperator in Latin) was a much more effective monarch than any of his counterparts in the West. His theoretical powers were greater, and most of the time he was able to turn theory into practice. He had most of the expectations and responsibilities of a Western king, but he was also more influential in religious matters. But the emperor could not rule alone. His effective power was limited, and during the crusading centuries he could intervene in a particular area for a certain length of time only, or else risk losses on another front. A hallmark of this period in the Empire was the constant need for alliances and subtle diplomacy; we will see the emperors making temporary friends with enemies on every front. Within the Empire, government rested on four main pillars: the army, the Greek Orthodox Church, the imperial bureaucracy, and a handful of noble families. From the latter came the emperors themselves. From the great nobles, too, came much of the top level of imperial governmentmilitary commanders, provincial governors, and so on. From their estates came men for the army and money for governing, and from them, too, came plots and rivals. Every emperor had to court the great nobles while at the same time being careful not to let any of them grow too powerful. As with any government, the army was of vital importance, but in the Empire it held a particular political significance. In the Western monarchies, armies existed only for the duration of a war and so did not become a political force. The Empire, however, had a standing army of professional soldiers. An emperor needed victory in the field to enhance his prestige and fend off rivals, so he needed the loyalty of the army and especially of its officer corps. Moreover, the most prestigious posting was at Constantinople itself, or nearby, making it tempting for the army to meddle in imperial politics. If the army's loyalty should go to a rival, an emperor was doomed.

70. Twentieth Century Atlas - 21st Century Predictions - American Empire They built their government buildings to look roman. They named the principlelawmaking body roman procurators enforced the law throughout the empire. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/us_rome.htm

Wars of the 21st Century Predictions American Empire: The recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have proven that the military might of the United States vastly overshadows anything else the world has to offer. Not only can the Americans clobber countries that have stood up to the Soviets and the Iranians, but they can do so with an almost trivial sacrifice in lives. American soldiers face more risk from friendly fire and accidents than they do from the enemy. In fact, during the 21st Century, America has probably lost more secretaries than soldiers to enemy action. Barring alien invasion or a devastating plague that passes through fast-food beef patties, American hegemony will remain unbroken for the next generation or two. That's a given. There will obviously be small setbacks here and there, like Mogadishu or Lebanon, where a sudden upturn in the body count makes the US reconsider the wisdom of getting involved overseas, but these will be mere insults to national dignity rather than defeats that shake the foundations of the empire. Wherever America decides to project its power can be conquered. The New Rome Making comparisons of America to Rome have become trendy nowadays, almost cliche, definitely controversial. The similarities are eagerly listed and stubbornly denied by people who obviously don't know the first thing about ancient history. In fact, listening to these people has made me realize how little I know about Roman history, but now, after spending nearly three days of intense study, drinking and napping, I'm all set to properly pontificate in the debate.

71. Roman Law Home Free Essays Book Reports government roman Law In his administrationof the roman empire, the disaster that upset Augustus the most took http://www.freeessays.cc/db/24/gqc157.shtml

Home Free Essays Listing Book Reports Search Paper Writing ... Top 25 Sites Our free essays, book reports and paper writing database is supported with a powerful search engine. American History Art Essays Book Reports Business Essays ... Home > Government > Roman Law Roman Law Browse essays using search option Access free essay links resource page Need help with paper writing services? var lnk = "http://www.freeessays.cc/"; var dsc = "FreeEssays.cc - free essays, paper writing, book reports"; var str = "Bookmark our site for future reference"; document.write(str) Bibliography Ancient Timeline. “100 BC- 100AD.” www.exouedate.com 99. Nov. 11. Tour Egypt. “The Roman Empire.” www.touregypr.net. 99. Nov. 11. “Ancient Rome.” Compton’s 96 Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. “Augustus Caesar.” Compton's 96 Encyclopedia. 1996 ed. “Civil Law.” Compton’s 99 Encyclopedia. 1999 ed. “Common Law.” Compton’s 99 Encyclopedia. 1999 ed. Words: 2520 Resources: Can`t Find Your Essay?

72. Ancient Roman Civilization Roman Life Other Famous People empire Beyond Rome; The Military - General Resources -government Law http//www.roman-empire.net/children/index.html http://www.archaeolink.com/ancient_roman_civilization_roman.htm

Rome Civilization Page 2 Home Home Roman Archaeology Roman Pottery ... Roman Houses - To Ancient Roman Civilization Page 1 Ancient Civilizations Ancient Africa Aztec ByzantineEmpire Cambodia ... Ancient Civilizations Lesson Plans On this page - Empire Beyond Rome; The Military General Resources On page 1 - Architecture, Places, Virtual Tours - Daily Life Emperors Augustus: Images of Power Images of power as projected by Octavian Augustus. "These images are based on the Mausoleum of Augustus which rivaled that of Mausolus, at Halicarnassus." - illustrated - From University of Virginia - http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/users/morford/augimage.html Diocletian the Builder and the Decline of Architecture "According to Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire," Diocletian was one of the bad guys." http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Experimental/split/builder.html Marcus Tullius Cicero Considered to be the most brilliant orator of his day - biography - http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cicero.htm

73. 'Necessary Evils': Taxation And Social Welfare In The Late Roman Empire Necessary Evils Taxation and Social Welfare in the Late roman empire Using selected laws from the Codex Theodosianus and the Corpus Iuris Civilis, http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/lateantique/gradconference/mckenzie.html

'Necessary Evils': Taxation and Social Welfare in the Late Roman Empire Alicia McKenzie - University of Toronto Taxation has played a major role in the formulation of the traditional narrative of Late Roman social history. The imperial government has been criticized by historians such as A.H.M. Jones and others for establishing an indiscriminate system of taxation and damaging the Empire's civic institutions by 'downloading' tax-collecting responsibilities onto the curial class. Despite the pervasive nature of this image, the legal sources of the Late Empire tell a more complex story, revealing numerous measures taken by the imperial government to encourage fairness and maintain administrative integrity in the taxation system. In this paper, I will examine the imperial government's attempts to curb taxation-related abuses. Using selected laws from the Codex Theodosianus and the Corpus Iuris Civilis , I will illustrate that the imperial government perceived that fundamental inequities in power relationships within the civitas challenged the ideal of fair tax collection. Consequently, it enlisted the provincial governor (who was, notably, accountable to the imperial government, not the municipal) to compensate for these inequities. Governors were required to supervise the preparation of tax assessments, to undertake duties that municipal officials could no longer be trusted to correctly perform, to appoint and supervise tax collectors, and to receive and relay to the imperial government any complaints regarding tax collection from their provincials.

74. Outlines Of Roman History, Chapter 8 With all their professed love of equal laws, they still hated the plebeians and used The old government was restored. Two new consuls were elected, http://www.forumromanum.org/history/morey08.html

Home Who we are Contributions Collaborations ... Contact Contents INTRODUCTION ROMAN KINGDOM Beginnings of Rome Institutions of Early Rome Etruscan Kings of Rome Reorganization of Kingdom ROMAN REPUBLIC Struggle against Kingship Struggle for Economic Rights Struggle for Equal Laws Struggle for Political Equality ... Times of Antony and Octavius ROMAN EMPIRE Reign of Augustus Julian Emperors Flavian Emperors Five Good Emperors ... Extinction of Western Empire Outlines of Roman History by William C. Morey, Ph.D., D.C.L. New York, Cincinnati, Chicago: American Book Company (1901). Previous Table of contents Next CHAPTER VIII THE STRUGGLE FOR EQUAL LAWS The Demand for Written Laws, I. Decemvirs and the XII. Tables, II. Second Secession and Its Results, III. I. THE DEMAND FOR WRITTEN LAWS Proposals of Terentilius Harsa (B.C. 462) Concessions to the Plebeians Compromise between the Orders II. DECEMVIRS AND THE XII. TABLES The Commission to Greece Formation of the XII. Tables (B.C. 450) Tyranny of the Second Decemvirate fasces III. SECOND SECESSION AND ITS RESULTS Second Secession of the Plebs The Valerio-Horatian Laws (B.C. 448)

75. Religious Holidays And The U.S. Government The people of the roman empire were accustomed to celebrating the birth of a bullet, The law had a secular purpose in that it gave a day off work for http://www.religioustolerance.org/sch_holy.htm

RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS RECOGNIZED BY U.S. GOVERNMENTS Click Here to Visit our Sponsors. Quote: " To evaluate (this) claim ... we must venture into the often-dreaded and certainly murky area of Establishment Clause jurisprudence... " 4 th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals, Koenick vs. Felton. Overview: The Establishment Clause of the 1st Amendment of the U.S. constitution , as interpreted by the U.S. Supreme Court, requires a wall of separation between church and state. This means that federal, state and local governments cannot establish an official religion; they cannot impede religious expression; they cannot promote religion as superior to secularism or vice-versa. However, one of the functions of the federal, state and local governments and the public school systems is to declare holidays. Three of them have significant religious connotations: Easter, Thanksgiving, and Christmas. Although Thanksgiving has been essentially secularized, Christmas and Easter have retained much of their religious meaning. Thus, we find the term "C & E Christian" in common use. It refers to a person who attends church only on Christmas and Easter. Some attempts have been made to have the declaration of these holidays declared unconstitutional. So far, results have been mixed.

76. The Following Work Was Written By Charles Casassa, Department Of When, upon the reestablishment of the roman empire in the West by the Peter Stein, Vacarius and the Civil Law from _Church and government in the http://eserver.org/history/dissemination-of-law.txt

77. Canadian Embassy In Germany: About Canada - Parliament, Government & Law While our government systems may differ, our common approach to foreign policy and of Quebec s civil law date back even further, to the roman empire, http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canadaeuropa/germany/aboutcanada08-en.asp

Français Contact Us Help Search ... News from Canada The Government ... Canada and Europe share a long and distinguished history of similar democratic values, institutions and rights. While our government systems may differ, our common approach to foreign policy and security issues, as well as our history together of promoting peace, stability and democracy, continues to serve as a model for many countries throughout the world. (Visit Canada Europa for more about a number of legal agreements currently in place between Canada and the countries of Europe.) Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic system of government. The Parliament of Canada, in Ottawa, consists of the House of Commons, whose 301 members are elected, and the Senate, whose 105members are appointed. On average, Members of Parliament are elected every four years. The Prime Minister, who normally is the leader of the party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons, is the head of Parliament. The Prime Minister appoints some 25 members of Parliament as ministers who make up the Cabinet. The Cabinet develops government policy and is responsible to the House of Commons. Headed by Cabinet, the Government of Canada performs its duties through the intermediary of the federal departments and agencies, boards, commissions and state-owned corporations. Rights and Freedoms ...

78. Canadian Embassy In France: About Canada - Parliament, Government & Law Parliament, government Law. Changing of the guard Parliament Hill The principles of Quebec s civil law date back even further, to the roman empire, http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/canadaeuropa/france/canadaaz/aboutcanada8-en.asp

Français Contact Us Help Search ... Useful Links Government Canada and Europe share a long and distinguished history of similar democratic values, institutions and rights. While our government systems may differ, our common approach to foreign policy and security issues, as well as our history together of promoting peace, stability and democracy, continues to serve as a model for many countries throughout the world. (Visit Canada Europa for more about a number of legal agreements currently in place between Canada and the countries of Europe.) Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a federal state with a democratic system of government. The Parliament of Canada, in Ottawa, consists of the House of Commons, whose 308 members are elected, and the Senate, whose 105 members are appointed. On average, Members of Parliament are elected every four years. The Prime Minister, who normally is the leader of the party with the largest number of seats in the House of Commons, is the head of government. The Prime Minister appoints some 25 members of Parliament as ministers who make up the Cabinet. The Cabinet develops government policy and is responsible to the House of Commons. Headed by Cabinet, the Government of Canada performs its duties through the intermediary of the federal departments and agencies, boards, commissions and state-owned corporations ... more Canada is a world leader in guaranteeing the rights of its citizens. and Canadians have been strong defenders of human rights throughout the world. In fact, John Humphrey, a law professor at McGill University, was one of the drafters of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and was the first director of the human rights program at the United Nations. In Canada, our rights and freedoms are protected by the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which came into effect on April 17, 1982. The Charter sets out those rights and freedoms that Canadians believe are necessary in a free and democratic society. The rights and freedoms contained in the Charter include: freedom of expression: the right to a democratic government: Aboriginal peoples' rights: the right to equality, including the equality of men and women: the right to use either of Canada's official languages: and the protection of Canada's multicultural heritage ...

79. DD Units - Guide Govt & Law - Ch 1 - Who Rules? Later, all of Greece became part of an even larger empire, the roman empire. He thought a mixed government, which combined the three methods and guarded http://www.curriculum.edu.au/democracy/ddunits/guide/g1a_whorules.htm

Who Rules? How much do you believe in democracy? The ancient Greeks who invented democracy really did believe in it. In their democracies the citizens themselves gathered in huge open-air meetings to pass laws and decide policy on everything, from taxation to the conduct of wars. They did not simply vote for a government every three or four years; they were the government. They held their meetings every nine days, and more often if required. Greek democracy Of course in our large societies it would be impossible for the citizens to meet together in one place. The Greeks managed this because their societies were tiny and most adults were not citizens. Women were not citizens, nor were slaves who did most of the work, nor were migrants. Democracy was a club for native-born, free men. Still it was a very large number of male citizens who were eligible to come to meetings. At Athens, where democracy operated in the fourth and fifth centuries BC, there were over 20,000 citizens. An important meeting could only begin when 6,000 showed up. It came to an end because Athens and the other tiny Greek states were incorporated in 338 BC into an empire run by Philip of Macedon and then his son, Alexander the Great. Later, all of Greece became part of an even larger empire, the Roman Empire. Democracy was snuffed out and did not reappear for two thousand years.

80. DD Units - Guide Govt & Law - Ch 3 - Law & Rights A Guide to government Law in Australia In the later roman empire courtprocedure changed. The judge, a servant of the emperor, was in full charge. http://www.curriculum.edu.au/democracy/ddunits/guide/g3a_lawrights.htm

Law and Rights How does democracy relate to law? In Athens the citizens were directly involved not only in the making of law but in running the courts. Their normal court consisted of 501 citizens, chosen at random. This was not an enormous jury; they were the judges and the jury. In our courts the jury decides what happened: did the accused commit the deed (the facts of the case)? The judge decides on the law: whether the law has been broken; what evidence can be given to establish the facts; what penalty the guilty should suffer. Athenian courts In the Athenian courts, the citizens decided on the facts and the law and did not worry much about the distinction. The courts heard the evidence and then voted on whether the accused was guilty or not. The number of citizens making up the court had to be an odd number so there would not be a tie. You could be found guilty by 251 votes to 250. There were no lawyers in the court. No experts of any sort. The citizens brought and defended their own cases against each other. The man who presided over the court was simply the chairman of the meeting. The accusing citizen spoke; the defending citizen spoke; they each had a right of reply and then the vote was taken. If the accused were found guilty, the court then decided the penalty. Elected judges Rome was never a democracy. It began as a small city-state like the Greek city-states. There were popular assemblies, but the controlling body was the Senate, made up of men from old noble families and new wealthy families. The Greek city-states stayed small and wanted to stay small. Rome expanded to include all of Italy and then countries all around the Mediterranean Sea.

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