81. Renal Disease Specific dietary interventions Diabetes, Osteoporosis, renal disease. Prim Care. 1994;21175189. Rohrich B, von Herrath D, Asmus G, Shaefer K. The elderly http://www.fiu.edu/~nutreldr/SubjectList/R/Renal_Disease.htm

Renal Disease Research and Reports Resources Web Links 2002 and earlier ... 2002 and earlier Research and Reports Fox CS, Larson MG, Leip EP, Culleton B, Wilson PWF, Levy D. Predictors of new-onset kidney disease in a community-based population. JAMA. Lamb EJ, Webb MC, Simpson DE, Coakley AJ, Newman DJ, O'Riordan SE. Estimation of glomerular filtration rate in older patients with chronic renal insufficiency: is the modification of diet in renal disease formula an improvement? J Am Geriatr Soc. ... Arch Intern Med 2002 and earlier Badzek L, Hines SC, Moss AH: Inadequate self-care knowledge among elderly hemodialysis patients: Assessing its prevalence and potential causes. ANNA J. Burrowes JD, Cockram DB, Dwyer JT, Larive B, Paranandi L, Bergen C, Poole D. Cross-sectional relationship between dietary protein and energy intake, nutritional status, functional status, and comorbidity in older versus younger hemodialysis patients. J Ren Nutr.

82. Webdietitian: Nutrition And Kidneys Health Users have access to an interactive Dietary Sodium counter and a renal dictionary. ENDSTAGE renal disease (ESRD). (Refer to renal Dictionary for an http://www.webdietitian.com/document/RLTopic/topic/genrlesrd

Search Free Brochures Sitemap Shopping Catalog Home ... FoodBorne Illness Information Center Select a Topic General Dictionary Kidney Function Kidney Disorders Kidney Stones Kidney Disease and Diet Kidney Tranplantation Renal Disease in Diabetes Renal Disease in HIV Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephritis Acute Renal Failure Chrome Renal Failure End Stage Renal Disease Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Dining Out Tips END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE (ESRD) (Refer to Renal Dictionary for an explanation of medical terms) The condition of total or nearly total and permanent kidney failure is called end-stage renal disease (ESRD). People with ESRD must undergo dialysis or transplantation to stay alive. Treatment Choices: Hemodialysis Hemodialysis is a procedure that cleans and filters your blood. It rids your body of harmful wastes and extra salt and fluids. It also controls blood pressure and helps your body keep the proper balance of chemicals such as potassium, sodium, and chloride. Hemodialysis uses a dialyzer, or special filter, to clean your blood. The dialyzer connects to a machine. During treatment, your blood travels through tubes into the dialyzer. The dialyzer filters out wastes and extra fluids. Then the newly cleaned blood flows through another set of tubes and back into your body. Hemodialysis usually is done three times a week. Each treatment lasts from 2 to 4 hours. During treatment, you can read, write, sleep, talk, or watch TV.

83. Webdietitian: Nutrition And Kidneys Health Users have access to an interactive Dietary Sodium counter and a renal dictionary. The condition can lead to endstage renal disease, as well as hearing http://www.webdietitian.com/document/RLTopic/topic/genrldictionary

Search Free Brochures Sitemap Shopping Catalog Home ... FoodBorne Illness Information Center Select a Topic General Dictionary Kidney Function Kidney Disorders Kidney Stones Kidney Disease and Diet Kidney Tranplantation Renal Disease in Diabetes Renal Disease in HIV Nephrotic Syndrome in Adults Nephritis Acute Renal Failure Chrome Renal Failure End Stage Renal Disease Hemodialysis Peritoneal Dialysis Dining Out Tips RENAL DISEASES DICTIONARY Prepared by: National Kidney and Urologic Diseases Information Clearinghouse National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases National Institutes of Health 3 Information Way Bethesda, MD 20892-3580 NIH Publication No. 00-4359 December 1999 e-text posted: February 2000 A acute (uh-KYOOT) Acute often means urgent. An acute disease happens suddenly. It lasts a short time. Acute is the opposite of chronic , or long lasting. acute renal (REE-nul) failure: A condition in which the kidneys suddenly stop working. In most cases, kidneys can recover from almost complete loss of function. acute tubular (TOO-byoo-lur) necrosis (neh-KRO-sis) (ATN): A severe form of acute renal failure that develops in people with severe illnesses like infections or with low blood pressure. Patients may need

84. Who Gets End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)? - DaVita End stage renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD) when dialysis or a transplant is needed to stay alive. But who gets ESRD? http://www.davita.com/articles/ckd/index.shtml?id=206

85. Chronic Kidney Failure Halitosis is a useful indication of renal disease however, A number of diets designed to manage cats with chronic renal failure are available both as http://www.fabcats.org/crf.html

Feline Advisory Bureau About FAB Membership Make a donation Boarding Catteries ... PKD scheme Chronic kidney (renal) failure in cats What are the signs of CRF ? Although the loss of the kidney's functional ability is a slow and gradual process, some cats seem to present with a very sudden onset of signs. It is likely that these cats have been coping (compensating) by an increase in fluid throughput, enabling them to excrete their waste products over a larger volume as they are no longer able to concentrate their urine adequately. Eventually a threshold is reached when they are no longer able to compensate and clinical signs appear suddenly. The deterioration may be triggered by a relatively minor event such as a short period of starvation or vomiting which causes mild dehydration and the diseased kidneys are unable to cope. How is CFR diagnosed ?

86. CPD - Q & A - April Questions on management of renal disease. 1. Prescription renal diets are commonly prescribed for cats with chronic renal failure (CRF). http://www.fabcats.org/cpd_qa_apr.html

Feline Advisory Bureau About FAB Membership Make a donation Boarding Catteries ... PKD scheme Questions and answers Feline Advisory Bureau CPD - April 19, 2005 Questions on diagnosis of renal disease Which of the following would be an unlikely differential diagnosis for bilateral renomegaly? Chronic interstitial nephritis Perinephric pseudocysts Polycystic kidney disease Renal amyloidosis Renal lymphoma 2.) Which of the following statements is false Chronic renal failure is a common cause of systemic hypertension in cats Chronic renal failure is most common in middle-aged and elderly cats Hypokalaemia can be seen as a consequence of chronic renal failure in cats The clinical pathology hallmarks of chronic renal failure are azotaemia and poorly concentrated urine The most common clinical signs of chronic renal failure in cats are weight loss, polyuria and polydipsia

87. Early Renal Disease And ACE-Inhibitors EARLY DETECTION OF OCCULT renal disease IS ESSENTIAL !!! Dietary Modification It is clear that phosphorus restriction is beneficial in the treatment of http://www.newmanveterinary.com/early.html

This page is still under construction; Please see qualifier statement R ecent data in the veterinary and human literature concur regarding the beneficial effects of Angiotensinogen Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in the management of various stages of renal disease and renal failure. ACE inhibitors, such as enalapril, benazepril, linisopril...and others...are readily employed adjuncts in the management of some cardiomyopathies and congestive heart failure. These indications are independent of that which is to be discussed here for slowing the progression of renal disease and putting off the onset of renal failure. References for portions of this discussion can be found in the Veterinary Forum Compendium for Continuing Education , pp279, March, 1996; Clinics of North America, ( Small Animal), November, 1996; and Hospital Medicine pp11, 1997. A partially altered text version of the latter, which discusses this subject in humans, is available here The ensuing discussion represents the opinion of the author only. Diagnostic and treatment options for veterinary patients remain solely the responsibility of the attending veterinaria n.

88. WSAVA 2001 - Selected Diseases Of The Feline Kidney The clinical significance of polycystic renal disease depends on whether it is unilateral or Dietary Management of Chronic renal Failure in Cats http://www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00121.htm

Selected Diseases of the Feline Kidney Stephen DiBartola United States POLYCYSTIC RENAL DISEASE PYELONEPHRITIS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS AMYLOIDOSIS CHRONIC INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS Initial treatment requires rehydration over 24–72 hours. Renal function should be evaluated after rehydration before judgment is made about the ultimate disposition of the cat. Long term medical management is begun after the cat has been rehydrated and stabilized. This therapy includes dietary restriction of protein (3.5-4.0 g/kg q24) and phosphorus; supplementation with vitamins, taurine, and potassium; endocrine replacement therapy including calcitriol and erythropoietin; management of hypertension; and subcutaneous administration of fluids at home by the owner. Protein restriction should be considered when moderate azotemia persists in the well-hydrated state. Effective use of a low protein diet is indicated by reduction in BUN, stable body weight, and stable serum albumin concentration on serial measurements. Fresh water should be provided ad libitum FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS RENAL LYMPHOSARCOMA POTASSIUM DEPLETION NEPHROPATHY REFERENCES ARE AVAILABLE ON REQUEST Alternative Medicine Anesthesia Animal Welfare Behaviour ... Feline Gastroenterology Feline Urology/Nephrology Diseases of the Feline Kidney Managing Feline Renal Failure Hypercalcemia in Cats Dietary Management of Chronic Renal Failure in Cats ... WSAVA Contact Information WSAVA

89. WSAVA 2001 - Current Guidelines For Managing Feline Renal Failure Although current feline renal diets are generally potassium supplemented, Dow S, Fettman M. renal disease in cats The potassium connection In R. Kirk http://www.vin.com/VINDBPub/SearchPB/Proceedings/PR05000/PR00122.htm

Current Guidelines for Managing Feline Renal Failure David Polzin United States Ideally, management guidelines for feline renal failure should be based on randomized, controlled clinical trials that document the efficacy and safety of therapeutic recommendations. However, many forms of therapy recommended for cats with chronic renal failure have never been examined in an appropriate and systematic fashion in cats with spontaneous disease. Often, these treatments are recommended based on expert opinion, pathophysiologic rationale, or studies performed in other species or in cats with artificial disease. In deciding which treatment to recommend, as clinicians, we must examine the quality of data supporting a recommendation to use (or not use) a given form of therapy. Because of the very nature of cats, over-treatment can be just as deleterious as under-treatment in sustaining an acceptable quality of life for our patients. Diet therapy Phosphate binding agents Phosphorus is retained in CRF eventually resulting in hyperphosphatemia, which in turn promotes renal secondary hyperparathyroidism. Hyperphosphatemia has been reported to be a reliable clinical index of hyperparathyroidism in cats with CRF.(3,4) Hyperphosphatemia has been detected in approximately 60% of cats with CRF with the prevalence increasing as renal function declines.(4,5) In one study, the prevalence of renal secondary hyperparathyroidism in cats with CRF has been reported to be 84%.(4) In this study, all cats with end-stage CRF, 87% of cats with some clinical signs of CRF, and 47% of clinically normal cats with only biochemical evidence of CRF had hyperparathyroidism. Hyperparathyroidism was even detected in nine cats with CRF having normal serum calcium and phosphorus concentrations.

90. Care Of The Patient With End-Stage Renal Disease The most common cause of endstage renal disease is diabetic nephropathy, Increased caloric intake should be coupled with reduced dietary protein (in http://www.rashaduniversity.com/mrashad/caofpawienre.html

Chronic renal failure (CRF) may result from any major cause of renal dysfunction. The most common cause of end-stage renal disease is diabetic nephropathy, followed by hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis and various primary and secondary glomerulopathies. The functional effects of CRF can be categorized as diminished renal reserve, renal insufficiency (failure), and uremia. The concept of renal functional adaptation explains why a loss of 75% of renal tissue produces a fall in GFR to only 50% of normal. With diminished renal reserve, there is a measurable loss of renal function, but homeostasis is preserved at the expense of some hormonal adaptations (eg, secondary hyperparathyroidism, intrarenal changes in glomerulotubular balance). Plasma concentrations of creatinine and urea (which are highly dependent on glomerular filtration) begin a nonlinear rise as the GFR diminishes. Changes in creatinine and urea concentrations are minimal early on; when the GFR falls below 6 mL/min/m2, levels increase rapidly and are usually associated with systemic manifestations (uremia). For substances that are excreted mainly through distal nephron secretion (eg, K), adaptation usually produces a normal plasma concentration until advanced failure occurs. Despite a diminishing GFR, Na and water balance is well maintained by increased fractional excretion of Na and a normal response to thirst. Thus, the plasma Na concentration is typically normal and hypervolemia is infrequent despite unmodified dietary intake of Na. However, imbalances may occur if Na and water intakes are very restricted or excessive.

91. Login To BioOne We hypothesize that dietary protein levels did not induce the renal disease but In the bird with renal disease that survived, plasma uric acid rose to http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-document&issn=1082-6742&volume=017&iss

92. Renal Disease In Captive Swift Parrots ( We hypothesize that dietary protein levels did not induce the renal disease but Keywords hyperuricemia, protein requirements, uric acid, renal disease, http://www.bioone.org/bioone/?request=get-abstract&issn=1082-6742&volume=017&iss

93. Active Skim View Of: 7 Renal Disease renal disease is marked by a decrease in the ability of the kidney to excrete Dietary protein restriction and the progression of chronic renal disease http://www.nap.edu/nap-cgi/skimit.cgi?isbn=0309068460&chap=132-151

94. TEXAS FOOD AND FIBERS COMMISSION This is a good model of renal disease, and it is expected that effects of that the cottonseed oil diets may both reduce renal disease progression as http://www.tffc.state.tx.us/TWUNUTRITION/PROGRESS/1998-1999/cotkidney.html

TEXAS FOOD AND FIBERS COMMISSION e-98-99-2 Project Title: Effects of Dietary Cottonseed Oil on the Kidney Investigator: Harold Aukema University/Department: Project Scope: Several studies have shown that diets high in linoleic acid help preserve renal function in animal models. In a study using an animal model of polycystic kidney disease, animals given dietary safflower oil had delayed progression of renal disease compared to animals given a fish oil based diet. Since cottonseed oil has a high level of linoleic acid, it may also promote optimal kidney health. Although the palmitic acid content of the oil has given it somewhat of a tarnished image in the past, recent emphasis on monounsaturated fatty acids may put cottonseed oil in a much better light. Method of Research: In the first year of this proposal, animals with renal disease were given diets that varied only in their source of dietary lipid. Dietary lipids included cottonseed oil, cottonseed/peanut oil blend, beef tallow, palm oil, soybean oil (the lipid source used in the American Institute of Nutrition diet for laboratory rodents), or fish oil. The animal used was a mouse model of polycystic kidney disease. This is a good model of renal disease, and it is expected that effects of diet on the kidney will be exaggerated by using this model. In the second year of the study, using another animal model of renal disease, animals were given diets containing fish oil, soybean oil, or cottonseed oil. Critical Findings: Results of the first study suggest that the cottonseed oil diets may both reduce renal disease progression as well as prevent fatty liver compared to the other diets utilized in this study (fish oil, soybean oil, palm oil, and beef tallow). The other diets either increased kidney weights (indicating increased disease progression) or increased liver weights (indicating possible fatty livers) relative to the diets containing cottonseed oil. The results of the second study indicate that while fish oil appears to retard disease progression compared to both cottonseed and soybean oil, it increases the liver weights, raising the possibility that it may contribute to fatty livers in these animals. These studies illustrate that more than one animal model must be utilized before conclusions can be made regarding the potential health benefits/risks of a particular functional food or nutriceutical.

95. Clinician's Approach To Renal Disease In Lizards Clinician s Approach to renal disease in Lizards In cases of chronic renal disease, there will often be nutritional (high protein diets, excess vitamin http://www.anapsid.org/diverskidney.html

Melissa Kaplan's Herp Care Collection Last updated August 17, 2002 Clinician's Approach to Renal Disease in Lizards Proceedings of the ARAV , October 24-27, Sacramento CA Abstract Renal disease is a major cause of mortality in captive lizards. Captive husbandry and diet are the most common predisposing causes of chronic renal failure, typically seen in the adult lizard, while acute renal disease is often infectious or toxic in nature and appears to be more sporadic. Historical and clinical presentation can vary and the clinician must often rely on hematology and biochemistry, urine analysis, radiography, and biopsy for a definitive diagnosis. Diagnostic and treatment regimes are outlined. Key words: renal failure, kidney disease, lizard, squamata, green iguana, radiography, urography, endoscopy, fluid therapy Introduction Urine produced by the kidneys flows down a ureter-like mesonephric duct to the urodeum of the cloaca, where it then passes into the bladder (if present) or cranially into the distal colon for storage prior to evacuation. Variable changes in urine concentration and electrolyte composition can occur within the bladder or distal colon. This means that bladder urine is not sterile and may not be a true osmotic/electrolyte representation of renal urine. A renal portal system is anatomically present but its functional significance is questionable. Nevertheless all potentially nephrotoxic or renally excreted drugs should be injected into the cranial part of the lizard.

96. ARS | Publication Request: Protective Effects Of Dietary Phytoestrogens In Chron of dietary soybean and flaxseed in various forms of chronic renal diseases In several animal models of experimental renal disease, both soy protein http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=119243

97. CTF Full Text Review: Dipstick Proteinuria Screening And Renal Disease Present nonspecific treatment in all forms of renal diseases to prevent progression to ESRD focuses on dietary protein restriction. http://www.ctfphc.org/Full_Text/Ch38full.htm

Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Full Text Review Dipstick Proteinuria Screening of Asymptomatic Adults to Prevent Progressive Renal Disease Prepared by Ryuta Nagai, MD, FRCPC, Research Associate, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Elaine E.L. Wang, MD, FRCPC, Associate Professor of Pediatrics and of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, and William Feldman, MD, FRCPC, Professor of Pediatrics and of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, University of Toronto, Ontario These recommendations were finalized by the Task Force in June 1993 Contents Overview Burden of Suffering Maneuver Effectiveness of Prevention and Treatment ... Figure 1 Overview Although the cost of screening the general adult population would be equivalent to the cost of caring for 5 hemodialysis patients for one year, effective nontoxic therapy is not available for most renal diseases detected by dipstick urine testing. Thus, screening is not advocated except in those patients with IDDM. Burden of Suffering Over 3,000 patients are on ESRD programs (dialysis and transplantation) in Canada. An additional 2,000 patients enter dialysis programs every year, an annual increase of 7%.

98. Healthopedia.com - Atheroembolic Renal Disease (Atherosclerotic Renal Vascular D Alternate Names Atherosclerotic renal Vascular disease, renal Artery Embolism Atheroembolic renal disease is one in which the kidneys fail because the http://www.healthopedia.com/atheroembolic-renal-disease/

Set Homepage Email Page Favorites Home Health Centers Medical Encyclopedia Medical Symptoms ... Special Topics Related Resources Health Centers Abdominal Distress Allergic Reaction to a Medication Arrhythmias Atherosclerosis ... Anesthesia Other Topics Cholesterol Heart Disease and Diet You are here : Healthopedia.com Medical Encyclopedia Diseases and Conditions Atheroembolic Renal Disease Category : Health Centers Atheroembolic Renal Disease Alternate Names : Atherosclerotic Renal Vascular Disease, Renal Artery Embolism, Cholesterol Embolism, Renal Artery Aneurysm Pictures and Images Attribution Atheroembolic renal disease is one in which the kidneys fail because the arteries that supply them become blocked. The kidney is then deprived of oxygen-carrying blood. What is going on in the body? Blockage in the renal arteries can be caused by these conditions: an aneurysm, or bulging in the wall of the blood vessel atherosclerosis , which causes a buildup of a fatty substance called plaque an embolism, which is a blood or cholesterol clot that travels from some other place in the body What are the causes and risks of the disease?

99. VM 552 Small Animal Medicine II, Urogenital System Canine renal disease. written by a lay person who has compiled a comprehensive site of resources with an emphasis on congenital renal diseases. http://courses.vetmed.wsu.edu/vm552/urogenital/

UG Home Notes Cases Glossary ... CVM Home Instructor: Dr. Cheryl R. Dhein crd@vetmed.wsu.edu ADBF 1029 Objectives Schedule BEFORE YOU PRINT: Follow the Print Version link before printing to remove the gray navigation bar. Announcements and additions/changes to notes Sept. 23, 2005 Links to papers on Urinary Relative SuperSaturation (RSS) values Cats: http://www.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/128/12/2763S Dogs Royal Canin Information on struvite/oxalate diet for dogs Sept. 19, 2005 Key to urine protein cases Sept. 12, 2005 Key to azotemic lab data Recommended Reference: Clinical Nephrology and Urology. Veterinary Clinics of North America, Small Animal Practice. Volume 34 (4). July 2004 Links to other Veterinary Urology/Nephrology Web Sites. Uro-radiology by Dr. Jeryl C. Jones, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Canine Renal Disease . written by a lay person who has compiled a comprehensive site of resources with an emphasis on congenital renal diseases. . An EXCELLENT reference written by Carol and David DiFiori,

100. Pets With Diabetes: Chronic Renal Failure And Diabetes Kidney inflammation; Congenital renal diseases; renal lesions However, both sides concur with one aspect of the CRF diet it must be low in phosphorus. http://www.petdiabetes.org/chronic_renal_failure.htm

Chronic Renal Failure and Diabetes What is CRF? Causes Signs Diagnosis ... Author What is Chronic Renal Failure? Chronic renal failure (CRF) occurs when 70% of kidney function is irreversibly destroyed. The kidneys consist of tiny units called nephrons, which are responsible for filtering out toxins and wastes from the blood. These toxins and wastes become concentrated in the urine and eliminated from the body. When the kidneys no longer have enough functioning nephrons to effectively rid the body of toxins, uremic poisoning results. Causes As one of the most common causes of death in the geriatric cat, CRF can occur as a result of: Kidney inflammation Congenital renal diseases Renal lesions Unresolved pyelonephritis (bacterial infection of the kidney) Feline leukemia Feline infectious peritonitis Hypertension (high blood pressure) Toxins Chronic immune stimulation including chronic oral and skin infections, inflammatory bowel disease, pancreatitis, diabetes Unknown causes Signs The normally functioning kidney is able to rid the body of toxins and wastes by storing them in the bladder as concentrated urine. However, the failing kidney is unable to use a small amount of water for the toxins (concentrated urine), and because of this failure in water conservation, more water is needed to flush the toxins from the body. Consequently, the most common symptoms of CRF are

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