61. What's So Special About Relativity? Later to become known as the special Theory of relativity, its first postulate was that the speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/SpecialRel.html

Forward Back Up Map ... Information What's So Special About Relativity? Einstein's first theory of relativity, which he published in 1905, broke away from the Newtonian reliance on space and time as immutable frames of reference. This theory was immediately recognized by the scientific community as having profound implications for physics and cosmology. Einstein's main goal was to address the apparent inconsistencies in Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. No wonder Einstein named his paper The Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies Einstein's 1905 paper on Special Relativity Later to become known as the Special Theory of Relativity , its first postulate was that the speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion relative to the source of the light. The second postulate was that all observers moving at constant speed should observe the same physical laws. Putting these two ideas together, Einstein showed that the only way this can happen is if time intervals and/or lengths change according to the speed of the system relative to the observer's frame of reference. This flies against our everyday experience but has since been demonstrated to hold in a number of very solid experiments. For example, scientists have shown that an atomic clock travelling at high speed in a jet plane ticks more slowly than its stationary counterpart. JPEG Einstein's discovery of the relativity of space and time led to an equally revolutionary insight. Matter and energy are interrelated, even equivalent. The equivalence of matter and energy is summed up in the famous equation:

62. Space And Time Course based on Stephen Hawking's best selling book, A Brief History of Time . The course deals with topics in modern physics such as Einstein's special Theory of relativity, Quantum Theory, Black Holes and the Creation of the Universe. http://info.hartwick.edu/physics/spacetime.html

Welcome to the homepage for Physics 127: Space and Time. This course is based on Stephen Hawking's best selling book, "A Brief History of Time". The course deals with exciting topics in modern physics such as Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, Quantum Theory, Black Holes and the Creation of the Universe. Paul Hewitt's text "Conceptual Physics" is also used to fill in details about basic physics concepts such as energy, momentum, wave motion, atomic and nuclear physics that are necessary in order to understand the ideas in Hawking's book. You can read the syllabus by clicking here. A term project is required for this course. The purpose of the project is to help you to relate the ideas encountered in the course to your own interests, hobbies or professional goals. Details about this project can be obtained by clicking on the highlighted text. Here are some links to other web pages that may help you to learn about some of the ideas discussed in this course: Stonehenge This page contains several photos of the Stonehenge monument taken by Dr. Hickey in the Fall of 1999. Galileo's telescopes Pictures of the telescopes made by Galileo. Pictures taken by R. Hickey at the Science Museum in Florence, Italy

63. Unwinding The Clockwork Universe No experiments had demonstrated its existence. Einstein s special Theory of relativity was to dispense with the aether altogether. http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/Cyberia/NumRel/UnwindClockUni.html

Forward Up Map Glossary ... Information Unwinding the Clockwork Universe Between the 18th and 19th centuries, several problems arose in astronomy and physics that would later challenge Newton's universe. Mercury's Time-keeping The first problem concerned the planet Mercury. In the late 1800's, astronomers noted that there were slight differences between Mercury's observed orbit and that predicted by Newton's theory of gravitation. Mercury's elliptical path around the Sun shifts slightly forward with each orbit such that its closest point ("perihelion") advances by 5 arc minutes per century. Newton's theory could explain all but 42 arc seconds. No one could account for this tiny but significant discrepancy. Until Einstein. All's Not Well with the Aether The second area of theoretical disquiet concerned the brilliant new unified theory of electromagnetism, developed in the 1870's by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. His theory, which predicted the existence of electromagnetic waves moving at the speed of light, was highly successful in all experimental tests. But it seemed to require that such waves move through a fixed reference frame which, in contrast to Newton's empty space, was believed at that time to consist of an invisible substance known as the aether When describing systems at rest in absolute space, Maxwell's laws were simple and elegant, but when they were applied to moving systems, the mathematics grew much more complex and difficult to interpret. Scientists, particularly Einstein, began to explore Maxwell's laws further. Its equations turned out to be essentially correct, but Einstein attempted to explain

64. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Einstein Publishes The Special Theory Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity 1905. Like Max Planck, Albert Einstein first studied mathematics because he was told that everything http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dp05ei.html

Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity Like Max Planck Albert Einstein first studied mathematics because he was told that everything interesting in physics had already been discovered. But in 1905, Einstein, a young cleark at the Swiss patent office, published several ideas that led to a total rethinking of physics and shook the foundation of science. The publication that had the most profound effect was not the most ballyhooed at the time. Einstein received the Nobel Prize for one of the other ideas, but the special theory of relativity has since become the most well-known, perhaps of his career or even the entire field of physics! When first published, the article didn't include the now-famous equation E=mc , but later in 1905, he added it to another publication. The theory stated that the speed of light is constant and absolute it always goes the same speed, and nothing can go faster than that. In fact, as things travel at speeds approaching the speed of light, strange things happen to them. They get shorter in the direction of travel, their mass increases, and time passes more slowly for them. This was incredibly shocking to a world that saw Newton's laws of physics as sacrosanct. Everyone knew that space had three dimensions, and time only one. But Einstein put them together in one four-dimensional system where space and time cannot be separated or viewed independently. In that system, energy and mass are really the same. And that is the fundamental point of E=mc

65. Special Theory Of Relativity Einstein s Theory of special relativity. Static Electricity Note For Fermilab s Time Dilation Challenge and The relativity Game, you need Shockwave. http://www.glenbrook.k12.il.us/gbssci/phys/Class/relativity/reltoc.html

Table of Contents The Physics Classroom 1-D Kinematics Newton's Laws Vectors - Motion and Forces in Two Dimensions Momentum and Its Conservation ... Work, Energy, and Power Circular Motion and Planetary Motion Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity Static Electricity Current Electricity Waves Sound Waves and Music Light Waves and Color Reflection and the Ray Model of Light ... Refraction and the Ray Model of Light Lesson 1: Relativity - What is it? Fermilab's Time Dilation Challenge. The Basics of Relativity (6 seconds) The Relativity Game - Challenge what you know! Note: For Fermilab's Time Dilation Challenge and The Relativity Game, you need Shockwave. You may painlessly Download Shockwave here if you do not have it. Lesson 2: Time Dilation The equation. Where does that come from? I still don't get it! Give me the basketball analogy. So what? There's an equation. How do I use the equation in the game?

66. Frequently Asked Questions About Special Relativity Einstein s special Theory of relativity is the key to understanding this particular special relativity theory appears correct, in detail, even under the http://www.phys.vt.edu/~jhs/faq/sr.html

Frequently Asked Questions About Special Relativity Compiled by Dr. John Simonetti of the Department of Physics at Virginia Tech Back to Frequently Asked Astronomy and Physics Questions Can you give me information on why travelling at light speed is so impossible? DS, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1996 Is there a chance that we may be able to go the speed of light sometime in the future? DS, 8th grade, Blacksburg Middle School, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA. 1996 Einstein said that if something could travel at light speed its mass would duplicate. How could it be? JLR, UAM, Mexico City, Mexico. 1997 Please explain how the Twin Paradox works. Can you give me information on why travelling at light speed is so impossible? Now, every space ship, or other plane, etc., has traveled at a speed very small compared to light, so you might be wondering how we know the Special Relativity Theory is correct (why should we believe it without evidence?). Although, we have never made any large object (like a space ship) travel at a considerable fraction of light speed, experimental particle physicists are constantly making electrons and the like travel at speeds like 99% of the speed of light in particle accelerators. These accelerators only work properly because they are constructed obeying the laws of Special Relativity. To make the electrons accelerate, when they are already at 90% of the speed of light, does indeed take quite a bit more energy than would a comparable speed change when they are only moving at 10% of the speed of light. Special Relativity theory appears correct, in detail, even under the extreme speed conditions of a particle accelerator.

67. Special Relativity Generalizing Galilean relativity to Include Light special relativity This then is the entire content of the Theory of special relativity the Laws of http://www.phys.virginia.edu/classes/109N/lectures/spec_rel.html

Page not found on this server. Redirecting to our alternate server (Galileo.phys.Virginia.EDU) Click here if the redirection fails: http://Galileo.phys.Virginia.EDU/classes/109N/lectures/spec_rel.html

68. HOMOPOLAR - EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION The web page contains a movie and pictures of the experiment that ultimately shows that M hypothesis in electromagnetism is valid – not the N one. We can conclude that consequently Maxwell and Faraday equations should have total time derivation, which affects the special Theory of relativity. http://www.andrijar.com/homavi/index.html

GUESTS BOOK LIST OF PUBLISHED ARTICLES Jorge Guala-Valverde Active Member of the Academy of Sciences of New York His experimental and theoretical work is very important in disclosure of present dogma in physics. He was born in 1950 and he is a member of Academy of Sciences of New York. The main goal of the work is to show that the main mistake is done early at the very beginning of science and techniques we have today. The main mistake was done by misunderstanding of Faraday’s homopolar generator that directly led to Lorentz transformations and consequently to Einstein Theory of relativity. Resent experiments have clearly showed that things are not as most us take them for grant: Bumerang Project, resent Microwave experiments performed by Hartwig W. Thim that was approved by IEEE, etc. Misunderstanding of such important things like electromagnetism prevents further progress in science and techniques and that must be surpassed by immediate, strong and fast rejecting to litter all bed premises and theories that are wrong. The theories must be rejected to enable further progress. Experimental Setup Figures show an annular (25 mm inner radius, 75 mm outer radius), ceramic-type, axially magnetized, permanent magnet

69. PSIgate - Physical Sciences Information Gateway Search/Browse Results Classical and special relativity, and spacetime are briefly described and illustrated as It contains information on both special relativity and general http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psisearch.pl?term1=relativity&subject=All

70. Introduction To Special Relativity A simple, straightforward introduction to Einstein s Theory of special relativity aimed at anyone who has completed the sixth grade. http://members.tripod.com/conduit9SR/

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Tripod Movie Clips Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Next Welcome to The Dog School of Mathematics presentation of The Dummies' Guide to Special Relativity The Special Relativity pages Chapter 0: The normal way Chapter 1: Operational Definitions Chapter 2: Einsteins Postulates Chapter 3: Space Trains ... Chapter 12: Relativity and the Focal-Plane Shutter Send any comments, criticisms or reactions to: dogschool@dogmail.com This site is owned by Arfur Dogfrey Ringmaster: Umeet Singh Want to join the Skip Prev Prev Next Skip Next ... List Sites This site is a member of WebRing. To browse visit Here This Math Online International site owned by Arfur Dogfrey Previous 5 Sites Previous Next ... List Sites

71. Handbook Of Space Astronomy And Astrophysics - Relativity A collection of equations important to both special relativity and general relativity. http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/chap10.html

72. The Physics Classroom One of the peculiar aspects of Einstein s theory of special relativity is that the length of objects moving at relativistic speeds undergo a contraction http://www.physicsclassroom.com/mmedia/specrel/lc.html

Multimedia Physics Studio Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity Relativistic Length Contraction Einstein's Theory of Special Relativity Relativistic Length Contraction One of the peculiar aspects of Einstein's theory of special relativity is that the length of objects moving at relativistic speeds undergo a contraction along the dimension of motion. An observer at rest (relative to the moving object) would observe the moving object to be shorter in length. That is to say, that an object at rest might have be measured to be 200 feet long; yet the same object when moving at relativistic speeds relative to the observer/measurer would have a measured length which is less than 200 ft. This phenomenon is not due to actual errors in measurement or faulty observations; the object is actually contracted in length as seen from the stationary reference frame . The amount of contraction of the object is dependent upon the object's speed relative to the observer. The animations below depict this phenomena of length contraction. In each animation a spaceship is moving past Earth at a high speed. The spaceship would be measured to be 200 feet in length when at rest relative to the observer. Spaceship Moving at the 10 % the Speed of Light Spaceship Moving at the 86.5 % the Speed of Light

73. Relativity Tutorial This led to the theory of special relativity. In special relativity, the velocity of light is special. Anything moving at the speed of light in one http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/relatvty.htm

Relativity Tutorial Galilean Relativity Relativity can be described using space-time diagrams . Contrary to popular opinion, Einstein did not invent relativity. Galileo preceded him. Aristotle had proposed that moving objects (on the Earth) had a natural tendency to slow down and stop. This is shown in the space-time diagram below. Note the curved worldline above. This shows a variable velocity, or an acceleration . Galileo objected to Aristotle's hypothesis, and asked what happened to an object moving on a moving ship. Now it is still moving in its final state. Galileo proposed that it is only relative velocities that matter. Thus a space-time diagram can be transformed by painting it on the side of a deck of cards, and then skewing the deck to one side but keeping the edges along a straight line: Straight worldlines (unaccelerated particles) remain straight in this process. Thus Newton's First Law is preserved, and non-accelerated worldlines are special. This Galilean transformation does not affect the time. Thus two observers moving with respect to each other can still agree on the time, and thus the distance between two objects, which is the difference in their positions measured at equal times, can be defined. This allowed Newton to describe an inverse square law for gravity. But Galilean transformations do not preserve velocity. Thus the statement "The speed limit is 70 mph" does not make sense but don't try this in court. According to relativity, this must be re-expressed as "The magnitude of the relative velocity between your car and the pavement must be less than 70 mph". Relative velocities are OK.

74. Special Relativity Univ of Hertfordshire Astronomy. 1.5 special relativity. The purpose of special relativity is to provide a mathematical description of the observable http://www.herts.ac.uk/astro_ub/a07_ub.html

Astronomy SPECIAL RELATIVITY The purpose of special relativity is to provide a mathematical description of the observable properties of the universe. Those properties must be the same for any observer regardless of whether or not he is stationary or in motion. In special relativity, however, the motion of the observer is restricted to the special case of being uniform i.e. unaccelerated. If the observer is changing his velocity, there must be an external force acting upon him and this cannot be dealt with by special relativity. It was dealt with by Einstein in his general theory, however. There is no experiment in existence which can tell the person who is performing it what his absolute motion through space is. A person could conduct an experiment in the back of a lorry, moving with a constant velocity, and then re-perform the experiment in a laboratory and would get exactly the same results. There would be no way to determine from the results which experiment had been carried out where. The universality of the speed of light is the second guiding postulate of the special theory of relativity. It simply states the proven fact that the speed of light

75. DMOZ : Science : Physics : Relativity : Special Relativity DMOZ Science Physics relativity special relativity. http://katalog.logosms.7net.pl/Science/Physics/Relativity/Special_Relativity

Special Relativity DMOZ Science Physics Relativity : Special Relativity 37 pages found in Special Relativity: Beneath the Foundations of Spacetime Special relativity can be derived with moving rulers in such a way that the astonishing connection between space and time can be clearly understood. [PDF] http://www.everythingimportant.org/relativity/special.pdf C-Ship A short overview of special relativity, filled with relativistic ray traced images. Explains relativistic effects using a theoretical spaceship. http://www.fourmilab.ch/cship/ Einstein Light A multimedia tutorial on Special Relativity. The introductory level takes 10 minutes, but has links to over 40 explanatory pages giving greater depth and breadth. http://www.phys.unsw.edu.au/einsteinlight/ http://www-cosmosaf.iap.fr/Poincare-RR3A.htm http://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0408077 How Did Einstein Discover Special Relativity? Dr. John Stachel speculates on how Einstein arrived at SRT. Dr. Stachel is Professor of Physics Emeritus and Director of the Center of Einstein Studies at Boston University. http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay-einstein-relativity.htm

76. Relativity: The Special And General Theory Experience and the special Theory of relativity 17. Minkowski s Fourdimensial Space. Part II The General Theory of relativity. 18. special and General http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/einstein/works/1910s/relative/

Albert Einstein Reference Archive Relativity The Special and General Theory Written: Source: Publisher: First Published: December, 1916 Translated: Robert W. Lawson (Authorised translation) Transcription/Markup: Brian Basgen Copyleft: Einstein Reference Archive (marxists.org) 1999, 2002. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License Download HTML Download PDF Preface Part I: The Special Theory of Relativity Physical Meaning of Geometrical Propositions The System of Co-ordinates Space and Time in Classical Mechanics The Galileian System of Co-ordinates ... Minkowski's Four-dimensial Space Part II: The General Theory of Relativity Special and General Principle of Relativity The Gravitational Field The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity In What Respects are the Foundations of Classical Mechanics and of the Special Theory of Relativity Unsatisfactory? ... The Solution of the Problem of Gravitation on the Basis of the General Principle of Relativity Part III: Considerations on the Universe as a Whole Cosmological Difficulties of Newton's Theory The Possibility of a "Finite" and yet "Unbounded" Universe The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity Appendices: Simple Derivation of the Lorentz Transformation (sup. ch. 11)

77. Special Relativity Theory Made Intuitive Explanation of the deep geometrical meaning of special relativity theory, to understand it like theoricians do. http://spoirier.lautre.net/en/relativity.htm

Special Relativity theory made intuitive Short abstract: Starting from a philosophical introduction on theoretical physics and its understanding, we will express Special Relativity theory by a work on geometrical intuition. This gives a powerful method to solve problems without ever using any Lorentz transformation formula. A few more comments: The traditional presentation of Special Relativity can roughly be qualified as a way to let one get used to some formulas that can produce the right results in a computational (but possibly tedious) way, and then wait until one gets really familiar with their properties, to finally grasp the meaning of the theory and go further. Instead, we propose here a way to make the effort necessary to really understand the core of the theory more directly and deeply like theorician physicists do, according to the mathematical terms in which Special Relativity is involved as a base for further developments of mathematical physics. (It was first written in French in 2002 with further parts written in 2003, then this translation into English of some beginning of the text was done in august 2004).

78. Einstein's Discovery Of Relativity - John Stachel Dr. John Stachel speculates on how Einstein arrived at SRT. Dr. Stachel is Professor of Physics Emeritus and Director of the Center of Einstein Studies at http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/essay-einstein-relativity.htm

Exhibit Contents Exhibit HOME Formative Years The Great Works - 1905 World Fame Public Concerns Quantum and Cosmos Nuclear Age Science and Philosophy "The World As I See It" More About Einstein Site Contents Printable PDF Download the free Acrobat PDF reader This reprints an essay written ca. 1983, "'What Song the Syrens Sang': How Did Einstein Discover Special Relativity?" in John Stachel, Einstein from "B" to "Z" I f you have read Edgar Allen Poe's "The Murders in the Rue Morgue," perhaps you remember the epigraph that Poe chose for this pioneer detective story: What song the Syrens sang, or what name Achilles assumed when he hid himself among women, though puzzling questions, are not beyond all conjecture. I believe that the problem of how Einstein discovered the special theory of relativity (SRT) falls into this category of "puzzling questions," that "are not beyond all conjecture."

79. Was Einstein Right When He Said He Was Wrong? You are all wrong on special relativity. special relativity says nothing about zero That s why it s called special relativity it s the theory of http://www.physorg.com/news3405.html

bookmark PhysOrg.com HOME FORUM WEBLOG ... homework help last post by ApolloTJ Rational trigonometry? last post by Number of dimensions last post by Zephir Entanglement and reference frames last post by Zephir How slow was the beginning? last post by Zephir Researchers say hydrogen powered cars would need 100,000 wind turbines or 100 nuclear plants last post by last post by Zephir Space Elevator in Production Now last post by Justavian PhysOrg Acquires HMnews.org last post by PhysOrg promotes Internet Insecurity! last post by All today's posts News archive Search Help us make our site better! ... Take PhysOrg.com Survey The survey takes less than two minutes, there's nothing to identify you personally, and you won't receive any email or other sales pitches by participating. Was Einstein right when he said he was wrong? March 16, 2005 Why is the universe expanding at an accelerating rate, spreading its contents over ever greater dimensions of space? An original solution to this puzzle, certainly the most fascinating question in modern cosmology, was put forward by four theoretical physicists, Edward W. Kolb of the U.S. Department of Energy's Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Chicago (USA): Sabino Matarrese of the University of Padova; Alessio Notari from the University of Montreal (Canada); and Antonio Riotto of INFN (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare) of Padova (Italy). Their study was submitted yesterday to the journal Physical Review Letters Today's news: Electronic Devices LG and Kineto announce UMA-enabled cellular/WI-FI mobile phone NEC Aims at Moto RAZR with World's Thinnest Fold-Type Mobile Phone Toshiba Develops 30Gb Dual-Layer HD DVD-R Discs ... What is antimatter and why does it matter?

80. Relativity : The Special And General Theory By Albert Einstein - Project Gutenbe Start here to download the Project Gutenberg eBook of relativity the special and General Theory by Albert Einstein. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/5001

Project Gutenberg Online Book Catalog Quick Search Author: Title Word(s): EText-No.: Advanced Search Recent Books Top 100 Offline Catalogs ... In Depth Information Relativity : the Special and General Theory by Albert Einstein Read online Help on this page New Search Bibliographic Record Creator Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955 Title Relativity : the Special and General Theory Language English LoC Class QC: Science: Physics Subject Relativity (Physics) EText-No. Release Date No Formats Available For Download Edition Format Encoding ¹ Compression Size Download Links ² HTML iso-8859-1 zip 164 KB main site mirror sites Plain text us-ascii none 201 KB main site mirror sites Plain text us-ascii zip 111 KB main site mirror sites ¹ If you need a special character set, try our online recoding service ² If you are located outside the U.S. you may want to download from a mirror site located near you to improve performance. Click on mirror sites to select a mirror site. If you have P2P software installed that understands magnetlinks click on Most recently updated: 2005-09-23 08:14:00

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