41. Rationalism Of Spinoza And Leibniz (from Philosophy, History Of) --  Encyclopæ rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz (from philosophy, history of) Two philosophers of genius carried on the tradition of continental rationalism the Dutch http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-60954

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Nature of philosophy and the writing of its history Philosophy in the Western tradition General considerations The writing of the history of philosophy Ways of ordering the history Factors in writing the history of philosophy Shifts in the focus and concern of philosophy Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy The pre-Socratic philosophers Cosmology and the metaphysic of matter Monistic cosmologies Pluralistic cosmologies Epistemology of appearance ... Anthropology and relativism The seminal thinkers of Greek philosophy Socrates Plato Life Philosophy ... Jewish thought The age of the schoolmen Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon William of Auvergne Bonaventure Albertus Magnus ... Nicholas of Cusa Modern philosophy The Renaissance and early modern period Dominant strands of Renaissance philosophy Political theory Humanism ... Rationalism of Descartes changeTocNode('toc60945','img60945'); Rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz Literary forms and sociological conditions The Enlightenment Classical British Empiricism and its basic tasks ... Marxist thought Analytic philosophy Logical Positivism Linguistic Analysis Continental philosophy Phenomenology of Husserl and others ... Concluding comments Additional Reading General histories Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy Medieval philosophy Modern and contemporary philosophy ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.

42. Rationalism Of Descartes (from Philosophy, History Of) --  Encyclopædia Britan rationalism of Descartes (from philosophy, history of) But it was not their philosophy that was to dominate the last half of the 17th century but rather http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-60953

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction Nature of philosophy and the writing of its history Philosophy in the Western tradition General considerations The writing of the history of philosophy Ways of ordering the history Factors in writing the history of philosophy Shifts in the focus and concern of philosophy Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy The pre-Socratic philosophers Cosmology and the metaphysic of matter Monistic cosmologies Pluralistic cosmologies Epistemology of appearance ... Anthropology and relativism The seminal thinkers of Greek philosophy Socrates Plato Life Philosophy ... Jewish thought The age of the schoolmen Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon William of Auvergne Bonaventure Albertus Magnus ... Nicholas of Cusa Modern philosophy The Renaissance and early modern period Dominant strands of Renaissance philosophy Political theory Humanism ... The Materialism of Thomas Hobbes changeTocNode('toc60945','img60945'); Rationalism of Descartes Rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz Literary forms and sociological conditions The Enlightenment ... Marxist thought Analytic philosophy Logical Positivism Linguistic Analysis Continental philosophy Phenomenology of Husserl and others ... Concluding comments Additional Reading General histories Ancient Greek and Roman philosophy Medieval philosophy Modern and contemporary philosophy ... Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled.

43. Philosophical 'Isms' At Erratic Impact's Philosophy Research Base Continental rationalism. From the Internet Encyclopedia of philosophy The term rationalism traditionally refers to a 17th century philosophical http://www.erraticimpact.com/~topics/html/philosophical_isms_nz.htm

Major Topics Index New Book Search Used Book Search 20th Century Names ... Advertising Philosophical 'Isms' (Cont.) Online Resources Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' Texts: Philosophical 'Isms' ... Know of a Resource? A Contrarian's Dictionary: 2000 Damnable Definitions For The Year 2000 by Murray L. Bob and Wilhelm Busch A 200 page dictionary containing 2,000 definitions for contrarians, sceptics and realists. The viewpoint is iconoclastic and the style is satiric. The goal is to "define" terms, names, and euphemisms in an amusing, pithy way. Many of the entries are topical and quotable. All (with the exception, perhaps, of half-a-dozen) are original. Most of the entries are one-, two-, and three-liners, although a few are longer. Inspired by Ambrose Bierce's classic, "Devil's Dictionary," this is a book that will make the reader think - and smile. Topics covered include: politics, economics, religion, psychology, film, the theater, literature, philosophy, New Age, management, media, personalities, and entertainment. Many of the definitions are accompanied by marvelous illustrations by the greatest cartoonist- caricaturist who ever lived, Wilhelm Busch.

44. Bruce Hauptli (FIU PHILOSOPHY FACULTY) Areas of Interest Continental rationalism, British Empiricism, Epistemology, American philosophy, Ethics, and Wittgenstein Selected Publications http://www.fiu.edu/~philosop/cmp/r_hauptli.html

B RUCE H AUPTLI (Ph.D., W ASHINGTON U NIVERSITY Professor of Philosophy Fellow in The Honors College Department of Philosophy Florida International University Miami, FL 33199 Office: DM 341 D phone: (305) 348-3350 fax: (305) 348-1799 email: hauptli@fiu.edu website: http://www.fiu.edu/~hauptli/ Areas of Interest: Continental Rationalism, British Empiricism, Epistemology, American Philosophy, Ethics, and Wittgenstein Selected Publications: The Reasonableness of Reason: Explaining Rationality Naturalistically (Chicago: Open Court, 1995) "A Dilemma for W.W. Bartley's Pancritical Rationalism," Philosophy of the Social Sciences , v. 21 (1991) "Frankfurt on Descartes: Consistency or Validation of Reason?," International Studies in Philosophy , v. 15 (1983). "Quine's Theorizing About Theories," Synthese , v. 57 (1983). (A complete list of publications can be found here

45. Philosophy And The Quest For AJ Ustified World-View--A Review Of Kekes Kekes’ characterization of philosophy demands the rational justification of Cf., my A Dilemma for WW Bartley s Pancritical rationalism, philosophy of http://www.fiu.edu/~hauptli/PhilosophyandTheQuestForAJustifiedWorld-View--ARevie

Philosophy And The Quest For A Justified Worldview—A Review of Kekes In his The Nature of Philosophy John Kekes breathes new life into the characterization of philosophy as perennial argumentation which aims at the resolution of inevitable and enduring human problems. While some of our problems are removable in that their solution leads to their disappearance, others will not disappear and are termed enduring —here we must develop a policy which will allow us to cope (36). Some of these problems are not merely problems for particular individuals, they are externally and unavoidably forced upon us all given the sort of creatures we are and the sort of environment we inhabit. Failure to resolve such problems of life places our very lives in jeopardy. According to Kekes, philosophers should provide justified worldviews —systematic and comprehensive theories which combine a reliable account of the nature of reality with a system of ideals thus offering a systematic response to our enduring problems of life (56). Debates about the justifiability of or precise nature of our ideals are termed perennial arguments . In external perennial arguments disputants disagree as to the acceptability of an ideal, while in internal ones they accept the ideal but disagree as to its nature or specification.

46. Rationalism, Platonism And God: An All-day Symposium On Early Modern Philosophy rationalism, Platonism and God An allday Symposium on early modern philosophy relating them to the wider philosophical and theological tradition. http://www.lecturelist.org/content/view_lecture/584

T ext First time here? Find out more about how The Lecture List works. Do you organise talks? Register to tell us about them. The Lecture List is a great place to be listed, but it's also an easy place to upload your information to. It's very simple and costs nothing. Find out more Help! Find out what you can do to keep The Lecture List online List lectures in: arts business children leisure music politics religion science society sport academic Browse lectures by: region venue recently posted date speaker H ome c ontact us ... rilldown Search lectures Register (It's free) Login Password Help us create and keep for the future a reference to every public talk in the UK. Thank you. Like-minded folk: Neal Ascherson 24 Hour Museum MySociety.org Simon Singh ... About this site Who we are and what we do. Privacy Rationalism, Platonism and God: An all-day Symposium on early modern philosophy The Dawes Hicks symposium for 2004, hosted by the British Academy, will be on central themes in the thought of the three major 'rationalists', Descartes, Spinoza and Leibniz, relating them to the wider philosophical and theological tradition. The main speakers will be John Cottingham, Robert M. Adams and Michael Ayers. All three speakers will direct their papers towards the analysis of the philosophical positions and motives of the authors discussed, in the light of their intellectual context. There will also be contributions from prepared discussants: Dr Douglas Hedley, Cambridge University, Dr Sarah

47. Pancritical Rationalism Rather than seeing PCR as a component of Extropian philosophy, I suggest we the Extropian philosophy as a context, and pancritical rationalism as a http://www.maxmore.com/pcr.htm

Home Biography Writing Consulting ... Links Pancritical Rationalism: An Extropic Metacontext for Memetic Progress Max More more@extropy.org max@maxmore.com This paper was delivered at Extropy's Institute's 1994 conference, EXTRO-1, and published in the Proceedings of that event. The Importance of Epistemology to Extropian Living In the course of an interview in Extropy #11, Mark Miller expressed his view that "epistemological issues are the great missing piece in Extropian philosophy right now." Although, right from the outset, Extropian thought has taken a stand with regard to issues of knowledge, belief, and justification for instance, in the principles of Self-Transformation and Dynamic Optimism Mark's point can be supported by noting the absence, until now, of a fully fleshed out epistemological framework for the Extropian philosophy. This paper seeks to provide an outline of such a framework, to compare it to traditional theories of knowledge, and to relate it to the Extropian Principles. I want to thank Mark Miller at the outset not only for stressing the importance and urgency of this issue, but for recommending William Bartley's book, The Retreat to Commitment 1. My approach is deeply indebted to Bartley's.

48. Transhumanist Philosophy Pancritical rationalism An Extropic Metacontext for Memetic Progress by Max More (Proceedings Pancritical rationalism, memetics and philosophy links. http://www.aleph.se/Trans/Cultural/Philosophy/

Transhuman Page Cultural Sphere Philosophy Seek those who find your road agreeable, your personality and mind stimulating, your philosophy acceptable, and your experience helpful. Let whose who do not, seek their own kind. Henri Fabre Transhumanism is no dogmatic, rigid philosophy with a fixed system of thought or goals defined once and for all. Instead it is a conglomerate of different memes which fit rather well together and support each other without competing too much. This page makes an attempt to link to some of these memes, or to memes which transhumanists tend to support for various reasons. Sections Transhumanist Philosophy Introductions Definitions, Manifestos and Influential Texts Transhumanistic Ideas ... See Also Transhumanist Philosophy Introductions On Becoming Posthuman by Max More. Discusses the reasons to seek to transcend the current Human Condition to reach Posthumanity. Transhumanism by Greg Burch. A concise and readable introduction to the transhumanist way of thinking. Toward new ideologies by FM-2030.

49. SYLLABUS SPRING 1998 rationalism Empiricism philosophy 300*. California State University, Fullerton. Syllabus. Descartes Notes Most Recent Update 3/8/98 http://members.aol.com/LUFikeJr/re.html

California State University, Fullerton Syllabus Descartes Notes Most Recent Update: 3/8/98 "The Great Chain of Being" Instructor: Lawrence Udell Fike, Jr. Office: Education Classroom 479C Office Hours: W 11:00-11:50 F 11:00-11:50 F 12:00-12:50 Course Meeting Times: MW 13:00-14:15 Course Meeting Location: Education Classroom 124 Catalog Number: Cal State Fullerton Philosophy Club Link: Cal State University Fullerton Philosophy Club COURSE DESCRIPTION: in the thought of Descartes, Locke, Leibniz, Berkeley, and Hume. Some appreciation for the context in which these problems became central philosophical preoccupations will also be discussed. SHOULD YOU TAKE THIS COURSE? This is a reading- and discussion-intensive course that requires careful, patient analysis of sophisticated philosophical argumentation. The reading is intellectually demanding. I will attempt to moderate discussions sufficiently so that the material is accessible to those with minimal philosophical preparation, but will assume either a genuine interest in the problems and/or thinkers we are studying, or else at least one previous course in philosophy with an earned grade of A or B. See also the section titled, "Format" below. REQUIRED BOOKS (online links embedded in list): Rene Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy

50. An Essay On Philosophy By Blupete. In modern philosophy, it is a branch of logic in the art of reasoning and\or disputing. (For an exposition of the theories of rationalism see Descartes, http://www.blupete.com/Literature/Essays/BluePete/Phil.htm

Philosophy. By Peter Landry. ". . . That is a narrow way of putting it [misery dissolved in thought]: there is no subject to which man can more fitly give his attention, for it deals with the greatest problems that confront his soul, value, God, immortality and the meaning of life." W. Somerset Maugham TOC A Short Note: Quotes: Glossary. [UP] A Short Note On Philosophy. Boswell describes, in his biography of the English lexicographer, where Dr. Johnson , after a forty year absence meets an old class-fellow, Oliver Edwards. They had met by chance in the street. Edwards was at the time of the meeting living on a little farm of about sixty acres, seemingly, quite happy, from season to season, to see his grass, his corn, and his trees growing. He addressed his illustrious friend: "You are a philosopher, Dr. Johnson. I have tried too, in my time, to be a philosopher; but, I don't know how, cheerfulness was always breaking in." Then there is the story of David Hume , who, when he began to be known in the world as a philosopher, was admonished by a Mr. White, a decent rich merchant of London: "I am surprised, Mr. Hume, that a man of your good sense should think of being a philosopher. Why, I did take it into my head to be a philosopher for some time, but tired of it most confoundedly, and very soon gave it up." "Pray, sir", said Mr. Hume, "in what branch of philosophy did you employ your researches? What books did you read? "Books?" said Mr. White; "nay sir, I read no books, but I used to sit whole forenoons a-yawning and poking the fire."

51. Article From PHILOSOPHY PATHWAYS Issue 48 philosophy is often called useless. Not seldom in circles of exact science. Since Descartes the influence of rationalism only grew. http://www.philosophos.com/philosophy_article_37.html

Philo Sophos philosophy is for everyone and not just philosophers philosophers should know lots of things besides philosophy Feature articles PhiloSophos knowledge base Pathways to Philosophy programs Pathways web sites ... PhiloSophos home The Inevitability of Philosophy by Henk Tuten Philosophy is often called useless. Not seldom in circles of 'exact' science. This observation is completely opposite to my 'intuition'. Therefore I wrote this article. Splitting mental processes in understanding and reasoning is quite artificial, but for Kant this was necessary to distinguish knowledge based on experience, and judgements based on reason alone. In Kant's view: In science we try to understand, while reason gives us metaphysics. Or science was considered as objective mind-modeling of reality using concepts, and metaphysics seen subjectively as pure reasoning. The border between physics and metaphysics became common sense, but in fact it is nothing but a since long outdated concept. This border was quite useful in an ever more rational world, but it is merely a rational invention by thinkers like Descartes and Hume. Splitting presumed objective experiences from so called subjective thought fits perfectly in a 100 per cent rational view. It's like calling somebody a terrorist, when this person sees themself as fighting for life.

52. Philosophical Dictionary: Ramsey-Reification Rand introduced the philosophy of objectivism in Introduction to Objectivist In the most general application, rationalism offers a naturalistic http://www.philosophypages.com/dy/r.htm

Philosophy Pages F A Q Dictionary ... Locke Ramsey, Frank Plumpton British mathematician and philosopher who contributed to the second edition of Russell and Whitehead 's Principia Mathematica . Ramsey's "Truth and Probability" (1926) and Foundations of Mathematics (1931) clarified the nature of semantic paradox, developed modern applications of the probability calculus , and introduced the redundancy theory of truth . He was an early admirer of Wittgenstein ,whose Tractatus Ramsey translated into English and whose return to England in 1929 he helped to arrange. Recommended Reading: Frank Plumpton Ramsey, Philosophical Papers at Amazon.com The Philosophy of F. P. Ramsey at Amazon.com Also see MMT Ramus, Petrus French logician. In his Dialecticae Partitiones The Structure of Dialectic ) (1543), Ramus attacked the influence of Aristotelean thinking on education and philosophy, proposing an alternative method of reasoning that emphasized the invention of rhetorical dichotomies. This work was a significant influence on that of Bacon and Hobbes Recommended Reading: Arguments in Rhetoric Against Quintilian: Translation and Text of Peter Ramus's Rhetoricae Distinctiones in Quintilianum at Amazon.com

53. People Faculty Of Philosophy, Oxford University Faculty of philosophy, University of Oxford. This website is intended as a major metaphysics, Continental rationalism, philosophy of religion http://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/faculty/faculty_members_info.shtml

54. Compare Prices And Read Reviews On Philosophy Philosophy-Movements / Rationalism We found 9 results for philosophy philosophyMovements / rationalism Books History of the Rise Influence of the Spirit of rationalism in Europe 1882 http://www.epinions.com/Books-Philosophy-subcategory-Philosophy-Movements_and_Ra

Buy Books at Amazon.com Join Epinions Help Sign In All Categories Beauty Books Computer Hardware Education Electronics Games Gourmet Health Movies Music Musical Equipment Outdoor Gear Personal Finance Pets Software Sporting Goods Related Deals Home Media Books We found 9 results for Philosophy Philosophy-Movements / Rationalism Books Search Results Showing 1-9 of 9 items Hide photos Sort by Name or Rating Sort by Price Compare No image available. Bridging the Gap: Empirical Research in Simultaneous Interpretation Moser-Mercer, Barbara Lowest price: Compare The Ethics of Economic Rationalism Wright Jr. , John Lowest price: Compare No image available. Shackles of the Supernatural 1938 Fielding, William J. Lowest price: Compare No image available. Lecky, W. E. H. Lowest price: Compare Explanation and Deduction: A Defence of Deductive Chauvinism Hallsten, Henrik Lowest price: Compare No image available. Reading Bayle Lennon, Thomas M. Lowest price: Compare No image available. An Introduction to the Objectivist Community Yoke, James H. Lowest price: Compare No image available. History of Freethought in the Nineteenth Century 1929 Robertson, J. M. Lowest price: Compare Martin Buber's I and Thou: Practicing Living Dialogue Lowest price: Showing 1-9 of 9 items

55. Rationalism -- Facts, Info, And Encyclopedia Article rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical Modern rationalism has little in common with the historical philosophy of (Click http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/encyclopedia/r/ra/rationalism.htm

Rationalism [Categories: Epistemology] This article is not about (Click link for more info and facts about continental rationalism) continental rationalism Rationalism , also known as the rationalist movement , is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth should be determined by reason and factual analysis, rather than (Loyalty or allegiance to a cause or a person) faith (A religious doctrine that is proclaimed as true without proof) dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to (The doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural) secular humanism and (The doctrine or belief that there is no God) atheism , in that it aims to provide a framework for social and philosophical discourse outside of religious or supernatural beliefs; however, rationalism differs from both of these, in that: As its name suggests, (The doctrine emphasizing a person's capacity for self-realization through reason; rejects religion and the supernatural) humanism is centered around (Any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae) human society and achievements. Rationalism makes no claims that humans are more important than

56. Humanism Philosophy Ethics Rationalism Caribbean Trinidad Tobago Humanist Associ Humanism and humanist theory, philosophy, ethics, rationalism, human rights and responsibilities, realist, non religious thinking in secular society. http://www.caribscape.com/website/humanist/default.html

//Top Nav Bar I v2.1- By Constantin Kuznetsov Jr.//Modified by Dynamic Drive for various improvements//Visit http://www.dynamicdrive.com for this script Trinidad and Tobago Humanist Association www.humanist.org.tt Description Humanism and humanist theory, philosophy, ethics, rationalism, human rights and responsibilities, realist, non religious thinking in a secular society. Solutions through, awarenes, discussion, enquiry and reason, to meet challenges in governance, public administration, education, parenting, health, environment, gender, sexuality, arts, culture in Trinidad and Tobago, Caribbean Keywords humanism, humanist, philosophy, ethics, rationalism, rationalist, realist, realism, atheism, atheist, agnostic, secularism, censorship, freedom of speech, free expression, alternative thinking, enquiry, reason, human rights, civic responsibilities, trinidad, tobago, caribbean, non religious, non believer, belief, religion, deism, theism, faith based ideology, clerical authoritarianism, governance, public administration, education, parenting, health, environment, gender, sexuality, arts, culture Editorial Interrupting censorship and interference of freedom of speech, expression and thought, from belief institutions, faith based ideology and clerical authoritarianism of religion.

57. A Level Philosophy The material listed below is set out according to the AQA philosophy, rationalism Plato (The readings which this worksheet is based on are indicated in http://www.faithnet.org.uk/philosophy.htm

www.faithnet.org.uk GCSE Religious Studies A Level Religious Studies A Level Philosophy Theology ... One Hundred and Fifty Words On... Exclusive Content Search Home Email (This website is not affiliated to www.faithnet.org) Nothing here A Level Philosophy Table of Contents Information (Module 1: AS Philosophy: Theory of Knowledge) AS Philosophy: Theory of Knowledge AS Philosophy: Philosophy of Religion AS Philosophy: The Republic (Plato) A2 Philosophy: Philosophy of Science A2 Philosophy: Language, Truth and Logic (A yer) A2 Philosophy: Synoptic Study Essay (AQA) AS Philosophy: Theory of Knowledge Please note that these pages are work in progress. For regular information on updates, and new pages being added, see the homepage Information The material listed below is set out according to the AQA GCE in Philosophy, and has been specifically written for the following unit: Unit 1: Theory of Knowledge (PLY1). Most A Level philosophy textbooks tend to follow a thematic approach to philosophical topics. However, this section explores philosophical topics within a historical context. The value of doing this is that one begins to understand the relationship between different philosophers/philosophies. This will also help one begin to see areas where philosophers have built on other people's ideas, and where there is fundamental disagreement between them. I t is expected that , where indicated, the 'Further Reading' will be undertaken in order to gain a full

58. Philosophy Graduate Schools Friendly To Continental Philosophy Veronique Foti, Associate Professor of philosophy continental philosophy, phenomenology, continental rationalism, ancient philosophy, philosophy of art, http://www.earlham.edu/~phil/gradsch.htm

Philosophy Graduate Schools Friendly to Continental Philosophy Last Updated: September 2, 2005 Philosophy Department Earlham College Graduate Programs in Continental Philosophy." let me know "Continental philosophy" means the serious, non-analytic study of the history of philosophy. I do not believe that continental philosophy is best studied in analytic departments. The following list includes the exciting departments in the US, which offer compelling and thought-provoking philosophy. I do not list non-philosophy departments or programs, because, if I were to do that, the list would be much more difficult to maintain and I do not have the knowledge to maintain such a list. So I am restricting myself to philosophy departments. The schools are in alphabetical order. This is not a ranking. Of course these schools are not equal in quality or in friendliness to Continental philosophy. I provide more information about some graduate programs (a very brief description and the list of the faculty). I only list those faculty members who concentrate on some aspect of continental philosophy. I do not list the other members of such departments, you can find them by visiting their webpages. Hopefully, there will be soon some information for all departments. Any input in this effort is appreciated. Yet, it is becoming increasingly difficult to keep this page current, so please be patient with the suggested updates. If you are looking for a Continental graduate program, you need to get current information on these schools (from their catalogues, from their web sites, or from their current students) and make your decision in that light. This list provides these links in order to make that job a little easier.

59. Peter Suber, Links For "Rationalism & Empiricism" rationalism Empiricism CourseRelated Links. Peter Suber, philosophy Department, Earlham College. Since 1996 I ve made link pages like this one for each http://www.earlham.edu/~peters/courses/re/relinks.htm

Course-Related Links Peter Suber Philosophy Department Earlham College Since 1996 I've made link pages like this one for each of my courses. In the meantime, the size of the web and the power of search engines have both leaped forward. The growth of the web has made representative or comprehensive link pages more difficult to produce, and the improvement of search engines has made them less necessary. Link pages can still be very useful, but to make them more useful than the best search engines takes more work than they are usually worth. So I won't be updating this link page (from the previous iteration of the course) but I leave it online in case it has any remaining utility. When I know of specific web pages helpful for a class discussion, then I'll mail out the URLs to the class email list during the semester (and I encourage you to do the same). For general online research on the many topics of the course, I recommend Google Our Six Philosophers Descartes Descartes as a mathematician . From W.W. Rouse Ball's History of Mathematics. The Descartes Project Discourse on Method . Scanned by librarians, but they didn't think to tell us which English translation they used.

60. 1) Philosophy Background: Brief philosophy overview the standard story and some counterhegemonic asides. Part 1 rationalism and empiricism. I. Rationalists logic provides the http://www.rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.dir/cult_inq/phil1.htm

Brief Philosophy overview the standard story and some counter-hegemonic asides Part 1: rationalism and empiricism I. Rationalists: logic provides the unshakable grounds for Truth A. Presocratic philosophers: The discovery of irrational numbers like sqrt 2, which could not be expressed as whole number ratios (probably first discovered through an attempt to analyze the diagonals of a pentagon) was extremely disturbing. Solution to this dilemma, offered by Plato, is often referred to as the "Platonic Reform." B.Socrates /Plato: our world is flux, but ultimate Truth is in god's static realm of Forms 1. Political implications: Plato concludes that philosopher-king is preferable to democracy, but not clear that is a result of rationalism (empiricism could also be basis for authoritarian conclusions, as we will see in Shapin and Schaffer). 2. Politics of gender, body, and nature: Merchant and others draw ecofeminist conclusions (critique of dualist thought, etc.). 3. For contemporary discussions, greatest implications in idea of pre-existing reality, typically objects of mathematics. Did circles and triangles exist before people existed? Did the Mandelbrot set? C.Rene

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