21. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Descartes, René rationalism (Latin ratio,”reason”), in philosophy, a system of thought that emphasizes the role of reason in obtaining knowledge, in contrast to http://encarta.msn.com/related_761555262_1/Rationalism_philosophy_emphasizing_re

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22. MSN Encarta - Related Items - Descartes, René rationalism, philosophy emphasizing reasoning Mind, philosophy of, branch of philosophy that considers mental phenomena such as sensation, perception, http://encarta.msn.com/related_761555262/Rene_Descartes.html

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23. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel his philosophising and criticised the “rationalism” of Hegel s philosophy. Many of Schelling s own criticisms of Hegel s rationalism found their way http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hegel/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A ... Z This document uses XHTML/Unicode to format the display. If you think special symbols are not displaying correctly, see our guide Displaying Special Characters last substantive content change MAY The Encyclopedia Now Needs Your Support Please Read How You Can Help Keep the Encyclopedia Free Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel 1. Life, Work, and Influence 2. Hegel's Philosophy 3. Hegel's Works 3.1 Phenomenology of Spirit ... Related Entries 1. Life, Work, and Influence The Difference between Fichte's and Schelling's System of Philosophy , and up until 1803 worked closely with Schelling, with whom he edited the Critical Journal of Philosophy Difference By late 1806 Hegel had completed his first major work, the Phenomenology of Spirit (published 1807), which showed a divergence from his earlier, seemingly more Schellingian, approach. Schelling, who had left Jena in 1803, interpreted a barbed criticism in the Phenomenology Science of Logic . In 1816 he managed to return to his university career by being appointed to a chair in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg. Then in 1818, he was offered and took up the chair of philosophy at the University of Berlin, the most prestigious position in the German philosophical world. While in Heidelberg he published the Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences , a systematic work in which an abbreviated version of the earlier Science of Logic Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit

24. Rationalism Glossary of Religion and philosophy rationalism. What are the different branches of philosophy - what s the difference between aestheitcs and ethics? http://atheism.about.com/library/glossary/general/bldef_rationalism.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Agnosticism / Atheism Atheism Essentials ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Agnosticism / Atheism newsletter! See Online Courses Search Agnosticism / Atheism rationalism Back to Last Page Glossary Index Related Terms knowledge empiricism Definition: The doctrine of rationalism holds that the source of knowledge is reason and logic. This is usually contrasted with the idea that faith, revelation and religion are also valid sources of knowlege and verification. Rationalism is often contrasted with empiricism , although it is possible to be both a rationalist and an empiricist. Also Known As: none Alternate Spellings: none Common Misspellings: none Related Resources: What is Epistemology? Epistemology is the investigation into the grounds and nature of knowledge itself. Epistemological studies are usually focused upon our means for acquiring knowledge, and as a consequence, modern epistemology generally involves a debate between rationalism and empiricism, or the question of whether knowledge can be acquired a priori or a posteriori What is Philosophy?

25. Rationalism Philosophical rationalism encompasses several strands of thought, Earlier forms of rationalism are found in Greek philosophy, most notably in Plato, http://mb-soft.com/believe/txn/rational.htm

Rationalism Advanced Information Philosophical rationalism encompasses several strands of thought, all of which usually share the conviction that reality is actually rational in nature and that making the proper deductions is essential to achieving knowledge. Such deductive logic and the use of mathematical processes provide the chief methodological tools. Thus, rationalism has often been held in contrast to empiricism. Earlier forms of rationalism are found in Greek philosophy, most notably in Plato, who held that the proper use of reasoning and mathematics was preferable to the methodology of natural science. The latter is not only in error on many occasions, but empiricism can only observe facts in this changing world. By deductive reason, Plato believed that one could extract the innate knowledge which is present at birth, derived from the realm of forms. However, rationalism is more often associated with Enlightenment philosophers such as Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz. It is this form of continental rationalism that is the chief concern of this article. BELIEVE Religious Information Source web-site Our List of 1,000 Religious Subjects

26. Rationalism - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia rationalism, also known as the rationalist movement, is a philosophical Modern rationalism has little in common with the historical philosophy of http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationalism

Rationalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is not about continental rationalism Rationalism , also known as the rationalist movement , is a philosophical doctrine that asserts that the truth can best be discovered by reason and factual analysis, rather than faith dogma or religious teaching. Rationalism has some similarities in ideology and intent to humanism and atheism , in that it aims to provide a framework for social and philosophical discourse outside of religious or supernatural beliefs; however, rationalism differs from both of these, in that: As its name suggests, humanism is centered around human society, well being, and achievements. Rationalism makes no claims that humans are more important than animals or any other part of nature . There are some rationalists who strongly oppose the anthropocentric philosophy. Atheism is the condition of being without theistic beliefs and alternatively the lack of belief in deities ; rationalism makes no statement either way regarding the actual existence of deities although it rejects any belief based on faith alone. Although there is a strong atheistic influence in modern rationalism, with all prominent rationalists, including scientists such as Richard Dawkins and activists such as Sanal Edamaruku holding atheistic views, not all historical rationalists were atheists.

27. Continental Rationalism - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Continental rationalism is an approach to philosophy based on the thesis that human reason Stanford Encyclopedia of philosophy entry on rationalism vs. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_rationalism

Continental rationalism From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A separate article deals with a different philosophical position called rationalism Continental rationalism is an approach to philosophy based on the thesis that human reason can in principle be the source of all knowledge . It originated with Ren© Descartes and spread during the and centuries, primarily in continental Europe . In contrast, the contemporary approach known as British Empiricism held that all ideas come to us through experience, and thus that knowledge (with the possible exception of mathematics) is essentially empirical. At issue is the fundamental source of human knowledge, and the proper techniques for verifying what we think we know (see Epistemology The distinction between Rationalists and Empiricists was drawn at a later period, and would not have been recognised by the philosophers involved. Also, the distinction wasn't as clear-cut as is sometimes suggested; for example, the three main Rationalists were all committed to the importance of empirical science, and in many respects the Empiricists were closer to Descartes in their methods and metaphysical theories than were Spinoza and Leibniz. Thus, although it can be useful when organising courses or writing books, the distinction is less useful philosophically. Rationalists typically argued that, starting with intuitively-understood basic principles, like the axioms of

28. Marcuse: From Philosophy To Social Theory Modern rationalism, as a result, had a tendency to pattern individual as well and Fichte) reconciled their philosophical rationalism with the flagrant http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/marcuse/works/reason/marcuse2.htm

Herbert Marcuse INTRODUCTION From Philosophy to Social Theory By the middle of the nineteenth century, the influence of Hegelianism was almost dead. It got its rebirth in the last decades of the century in British Hegelianism (Green, Bradley, Bosanquet) and, later still, gained a new political impetus in Italy, where the interpretation of Hegel was used as a preparation for Fascism. Before we attempt to show how the inner workings of Western philosophy necessitated the transition to the critical theory of society, we must indicate the way in which the historical efforts that distinguish the modern era entered into and shaped the philosophic interest. The social forces at work in this historical surge used philosophy in its predominantly rationalistic form, and the idea of reason might well serve again as the starting point for our discussion. Beginning with the seventeenth century, philosophy had quite definitely absorbed the principles of the rising middle class. Reason was the critical slogan of this class, with which it fought all who hampered its political and economic development. The term saw service in the war of science and philosophy against the Church, in the attack of the French Enlightenment on absolutism, and in the debate between liberalism and mercantilism. No clear-cut definition of reason, and no single meaning for it, ran through these periods. Its meaning changed with the changing position of the middle class. We shall try to gather up its essential elements and evaluate its varying historical impact.

29. Notre Dame Archives Index FOM003 rationalism philosophy of rationalism The philosophy of Aristotle and St. Problem of rationalism The Development of British philosophy Through http://archives.nd.edu/findaids/ead/index/FOM003.htm

Archives Notre Dame Archives FOM Previous : FOM002 CFOM Francis J. O' Malley: Manuscripts CFOM 4/27 Folder : "The Theology of 'The Wreck of the Deutschland,'" speech delivered at St. Mary's College "The Wreck of the Deutschland," Parts II, IV, and V (pp. 14-39, 58-68, 79-82) of a thesis on Hopkins, author unidentified. CFOM 4/28 Folder : "A Note on G.M. Hopkins' The Wreck" CFOM 4/29 Folder : G.M. Hopkins Centenary lecture material Unidentified student paper re: "The Wreck of the Deutschland" Pasquale Di Pasquale, "The Influence of Duns Scotus on G.M. Hopkins," B.A. Thesis, 1955. CFOM 4/30 Folder : "The Humanist Reaction Against Naturalistic Values," philosophy of literature lecture CFOM 4/31 Folder : "Values and A. Huxley," lecture CFOM 5/01 Folder : Impressionism Lecture material, chapter XI, pp. 1-16, of larger work; and Bibliography CFOM 5/02 Folder : Individualism "The God We Left Behind Us," pp. 1-20 of longer work including prologue poem, "The Catholic Men," (Filed in folder labeled "Talk on Individualism and its Perversions in Society") CFOM 5/03 Folder : "The Frustration of Human Nature in James, Conrad, and George Moore (with a note on Romares)," lecture

30. English Deism [Internet Encyclopedia Of Philosophy] The entire apparatus of rationalism is here to be found, limited only in its He thus overthrow the Deistic philosophy of religion while lie developed http://www.iep.utm.edu/d/deismeng.htm

English Deism Table of Contents (Clicking on the links below will take you to that part of this article) Lord Herbert of Cherbury Hobbes and Others Charles Blount John Locke ... Hume's Influence Lord Herbert of Cherbury The beginnings of English Deism appear in the seventeenth century. Its main principles are to be found in the writings of Lord Herbert of Cherbury (d. 1648), who devoted the latter part of a life spent in a military and diplomatic career to a search for a standard and a guide in the conflicts of creeds and systems. He was a friend of Grotius, Casaubon, and Gassendi, and during a long sojourn in France made himself acquainted with the thought of Montaigne, of Bodin, and especially of Charron. His works are: De Veritate (Paris, 1624); Cherbury. De religions Gentilium errorumque apud eos causes (London, 1645); and two minor treatises, De cause errorum and De religions laici . The first work advances a theory of knowledge based upon the recognition of innate universal characteristics on the object perceived, and rigidly opposed to knowledge supernatural in its origin and determinable in only by strife and conflict. The second work lays down the common marks by which religious truth is recognized. These are (1) a belief in the existence of the Deity, (2) the obligation to reverence such a power, (3) the identification of worship with practical morality, (4) the obligation to repent of sin and to abandon it, and, (5) divine recompense in this world and the next. These five essentials (the so-called "Five Articles" of the English Deists) constitute the nucleus of all religions and of Christianity in its primitive, uncorrupted form. The variations between positive religions are explained as due partly to the allegorization of nature, partly to self-deception, the workings of imagination, and priestly guile.

31. "The Obdurate Persistence Of Rationalism", By Norman Swartz, Dept. Of Philosophy rationalism persists, not in the declared allegiances of philosophers, In contrast, it is difficult to imagine philosophy instructors teaching a logical http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/swartz/obdurate.htm

This paper was originally published in the Festschrift Vicinae Deviae: Essays in Honour of Raymond Earl Jennings , ed. Martin Hahn, Burnaby, B.C., Simon Fraser University, 1993, pp. 125-141. Norman Swartz URL http://www.sfu.ca/philosophy/swartz/obdurate.htm This revision: January 4, 1995 Department of Philosophy Simon Fraser University The Obdurate Persistence of Rationalism Marcus J. is a mathematician extraordinaire. Because it is no longer politically correct to use ivory, the tower in which he is hermetically sealed is made of recycled plastics. In his tower, walled off from the rest of the world, he pursues mathematics. Having started out modestly with theorizing that flipping two coins will yield two heads with a probability of 25%, he has lately gone on to more ambitious projects. Most recently he has published a paper, earning wide acclaim, in which he has theorized that, since there are exactly four possible pairings (female-female; male-male; female-male; and male-female) of adult human beings, there is, then, a 25% probability that a household is headed by two women; a 25% probability that a household is headed by two men; and a 50% probability that a household is headed by one man and one woman. Rationalism is the thesis that there are some contingencies [ Note 1 ] which are knowable by human beings without their having recourse to experience. Put another way, Rationalism is the thesis that there are some truths about the world, truths which logically `could have been otherwise', i.e. whose supposed falsity would not be self-contradictory, which can be known without one's experiencing the world.

32. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rationalism As such, the rationalistic tendency has always existed in philosophy, runs the deeper and more thoughtful current of criticalphilosophical rationalism, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12652a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... R > Rationalism A B C D ... CICDC - Home of the Catholic Lifetime Reading Plan Rationalism (Latin, ratio reason, the faculty of the mind which forms the ground of calculation, i. e. discursive reason. See APOLOGETICS: ATHEISM ; BIBLE; DEISM; EMPIRICISM; ETHICS; BIBLICAL EXEGESIS; FAITH; MATERIALISM; MIRACLE ; REVELATION). The term is used: (1) in an exact sense, to designate a particular moment in the development of Protestant thought in Germany; (2) in a broader, and more usual, sense to cover the view (in relation to which many schools may he classed as rationalistic) that the human reason, or understanding, is the sole source and final test of all truth. It has further: (3) occasionally been applied to the method of treating revealed truth theologically, by casting it into a reasoned form, and employing philosophical Categories in its elaboration. These three uses of the term will be discussed in the present article. The German school of theological Rationalism formed a part of the more general movement of the eighteenth-century "Enlightenment". It may be said to owe its immediate origin to the philosophical system of Christian Wolff (1679-1754), which was a modification, with Aristotelean Lutherans miracles recorded in, and the authenticity of the Holy Scriptures. Nevertheless, the distinction between Rationalism and Naturalism still obtained. The great Biblical critic Semler (1725-91), who is one of the principal representatives of the school, was a strong opponent of the latter; in company with Teller (1734-1804) and others he endeavoured to show that the records of the Bible have no more than a local and temporary character, thus attempting to safeguard the deeper revelation, while sacrificing to the critics its superficial vehicle. He makes the distinction between theology and religion (by which he signifies ethics).

33. Lecture Summaries Index Course History of Greek philosophy Semestre 1 Lecturer Dr. Menahem Luz. Summary of Lectures on rationalism, philosophy and Medicine http://research.haifa.ac.il/~mluz/Access/hippocrates/acc_hipp.html

Philosophy Dept., University of Haifa Course: History of Greek Philosophy Semestre 1 Lecturer: Dr. Menahem Luz Summary of Lectures on Rationalism, Philosophy and Medicine The following files are merely notes and outlines for the above course that are expanded and redefined in the class context. These files are intended to replace neither a reading of the texts, nor actual attendance. Note that the summary numbers do not necessarily correspond with the number of the lecture in class e.g., Summary 1-2 = Class Lecture 1. If you have any questions about this material, you may also email me to the following address: mluz@research.haifa.ac.il Index of Summary on Rationalism, Philosophy and Medicine Summary 1 Introduction to Hippocrates last updated 2-11-1999 Summary 2 Hippocrates' Law and Oath last updated 2-11-1999 Summary 3 Cult Practice and the Medical Art - last updated 1-2-2000 Return to general index of courses in summary return to top this page visited no. of times since 3-11-1999

34. The Ism Book: R Sometimes, especially outside of philosophy proper, rationalism is still used in its basic sense of respect for reason or to refer to the idea that reason http://www.saint-andre.com/ismbook/R.html

The Ism Book: R Randianism , who also called her philosophy Objectivism (with a capital 'O'). In addition to the standard objectivist idea that reality is what it is despite any emotions and beliefs one might hold to the contrary, Rand further specified the objective in her philosophy and especially in her epistemology by drawing a contrast between the intrinsic, the subjective, and the objective. Intrinsicism holds that abstractions such as truth and good and beauty exist in reality, utterly divorced from human activity and evaluation; we discover what is true or good or beautiful by means of direct intuition or non-rational insight regarding these instrinsic abstractions. Subjectivism relativism individualism with naturalism . [References from objectivism Rationalism scholasticism , their arguments often showed little improvement over those of their opposition. For example, Descartes' defense of science consisted of a dualism from which philosophy is still recovering, and his arguments for dualism were models of rationalism: technical, deductive, and extremely abstract. Spinoza's Ethics (which often seems to have little to do with ethics) is the high-point of rationalism in philosophy: it is totally deductive and modeled on the geometric system of Euclid's Elements. Rationalism, in its deductive and abstract way of reasoning, tends to prefer the "harder" branches of philosophy (such as epistemology) almost totally ignores ethical and political concerns. The word rationalism is often used to refer to such an overly deductive way of thinking and to the molding of reality to fit one's theoretical understanding, but this is more of a psychological characterization than a philosophical definition. Sometimes, especially outside of philosophy proper, rationalism is still used in its basic sense of respect for reason or to refer to the idea that reason should play a large role in human life (in contrast, say, to

35. A Companion To Rationalism - Book Information rationalism in Jewish philosophy Steven Nadler (University of Wisconsin) rationalism in the philosophy of Donald Davidson Richard N. Manning (Carleton http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/book.asp?ref=1405109092

36. PHIL 3022001—MODERN PHILOSOPHY DR rationalism is one of the two great traditions characterizing what has come to GW Leibniz Philosophical Essays, trans. Roger Ariew and Dan Garber (PE) http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~cshelby/RationalismSyllabus.htm

RATIONALISM DR. CANDICE SHELBY M-W 11:30a.m. - 12:45p.m. OFFICE: ROOM: PL 131 PHONE: 556-3223 email: cshelby@carbon.cudenver.edu SYLLABUS Rationalism is one of the two great traditions characterizing what has come to be known as the Modern period in philosophy (despite the fact that convincing arguments have been made that the rationalism/empiricism distinction cannot coherently be made). This course undertakes the in-depth analysis of the work of three highly influential rationalist thinkers of 17 th century, attempting to elucidate several themes which not only characterize these writers as rationalists, but which continue to inspire philosophers and others who attempt to come to terms with the nature of the world and human existence. Through focusing our attention upon the writing of Renee Descartes, Baruch Spinoza, and Wilhelm Gottfried von Leibniz, we will consider such issues as the mind/body distinction, and the questions that distinction raises about the common experience of a unified “self”, as well as about the possibility and source(s) of our knowledge; the nature of causality and the implications of that notion for science; and finally, the possibility of human freedom.

37. Rationalism Defined Within the context of philosophy, rationalism is often contrasted with empiricism, the view that knowledge can only be derived from observation. http://progressiveliving.org/rationalism_defined.htm

The Progressive Living Glossary Definition:Rationalism Domain: Philosophy Context: World views, justification for our beliefs and values 'Rationalism' is the view that reason aided by observation should serve preeminently as the ground of all of our convictions. Outside of the context of philosophy, rationalism is sometimes said to stand in opposition to romanticism, with its preference for emotion over reason, and also in opposition to the notion of 'revelation' as an adequate ground for (usually religious) beliefs. However, perhaps most of all, and most justly, rationalism stands in contrast to authoritarianism, the view that convictions should be grounded in respect for the views of the powerful, influential, or charismatic. Rationalists accord their respect instead to logic and evidence, and are suspicious not only of would-be authorities, but also of 'visions', drug-induced revelations, and any form of mysticism that asserts the existence of what cannot be observed, or at least reasoned to from observation. To characterize rationalism in this way

38. Empiricism And Rationalism Modern philosophy The Enlightenment. Dr. C. George Boeree. The 1600 s were among the most exciting times for philosophy since ancient Athens. http://www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/empvsrat.html

Modern Philosophy: The Enlightenment Dr. C. George Boeree The 1600's were among the most exciting times for philosophy since ancient Athens. Although the power of religion was still immense, we begin to see pockets of tolerance in different places and at different times, where a great mind could really fly. England was fairly tolerant, if only because of its diversity. Holland was the best place to be. A small country fighting off attacks, military and economic, from every side, needed all the support it could get, whatever your religion, denomination, or even heresy. The central issues were the same as those of the ancient Greeks: What is the world made of? How do we know anything for certain? What is the difference between good and evil? But they are now informed with centuries of science, literature, history, multicultural experiences, and, of course, written philosophy. Perhaps we have to admit that the modern philosophers are only elaborating on the ancient Greeks, but what elaboration! Was Rembrandt only doodling? I will approach this era philosopher-by-philosopher, showing, I hope, the "battles" between materialism (e.g. Hobbes) and idealism (Berkeley), between empiricism (Locke) and rationalism (Spinoza), and between faith (Leibniz) and atheism (Bayle).

39. Continental Rationalism Syllabus Part of the OhioLINK history of philosophy instructional website, developed by the philosophy 31003/001 Continental rationalism. 850940 am M/W/F http://karn.ohiolink.edu/philosophy/31003/br_f96_syl.html

OhioLINK History of Philosophy Website Philosophy 31003/001 Continental Rationalism 8:50-9:40 a.m. M/W/F 203 Bowman Hall Fall 1996 Professor Brian Rosmaita 320-N Bowman Hall Office Hours: 10:00 a.m-12:00 p.m. M/W/F and by appointment. The aim of our studies should be to direct the mind with a view to forming true and sound judgements about whatever comes before it. Rules for the Direction of the Mind , Rule One Contents Aim of the Course Texts Requirements grading ... Academic Complaints Aim of the Course The subject of this course is a European philosophical movement of the 17th and early 18th centuries which maintains the adequacy of a priori reason as a means of obtaining substantial truths about the world. Rationalism takes the term 'world' in a broad sense, holding that unaided reason can settle all issues in metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics, in addition to being the proper approach to developing the natural sciences. Our study of continental rationalism will be organized around a "figure" approach, as we carefully examine the writings of Descartes, Leibniz, and Spinoza. Not only are these philosophers interesting in themselves, but they have exerted enormous influence upon subsequent developments in Western philosophy. The first half of the semester will be devoted entirely to Descartes. Among the works we will read (and approximately in this order) are the

40. Continental Rationalism: Additional Search Terms Additional search terms for Continental rationalism. Part of the OhioLINK history of OhioLINK History of philosophy Website. Continental rationalism http://karn.ohiolink.edu/philosophy/keywords/ast31003.html

OhioLINK History of Philosophy Website Continental Rationalism: Additional Search Terms Contents Figures Titles Terms Search Tools ... About Additional Search Terms Figures Click here to begin an OhioLINK search Click here to begin a KentLINK search Use your "back button" to return to these pages. ANSELM ARNAULD Antoine BERKELEY George BODIN Jean BOULAINVILLIERS Henri Comte de BOURDIN Pierre CATERUS Johannes CLARKE Samuel CONDORCET CORDEMOY Geraud de COUTURAT Louis CUDWORTH Ralph DESCARTES Rene FOUCHER Simon FREGE Gottlob GALILEO GASSENDI Pierre GEULINEX Arnold GOETHE Johann Wolfgan von HARVEY William HOBBES Hobbes HOBBES Thomas HUET Pierre-Daniel JACOBI Friedrich Heinrich LAMBERT Johann Heinrich LEIBNIZ Gottfried Wilhelm LESSING Gotthold Ephraim LOCKE John LULL Ramon MALEBRANCHE Nicolas de MERSENNE Marin MONTAINGNE Michel de MORE Henry PASCAL Blaise SANCHES Francis SOLOVYOV Vladimir SPINOZA Baruch SUAREZ Francisco SWEDENBORG Emanuel VICO Giambattista WOLFF Christian Back to the Table of Contents Titles Click here to begin an OhioLINK search Click here to begin a KentLINK search Use your "back button" to return to these pages.

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