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         Quebec History:     more books (100)
  1. The Big 'U'; A History of HMCS Uganda/Quebec
  2. The Quebec Name in History by Ancestry.com, 2007-06-26
  3. Dream of Nation: A Social and Intellectual History of Quebec by Susan Mann Trofimenkoff, 1982-11
  4. LA Prairie En Nouvelle-France, 1647-1760: Etude D'Histoire Sociale (Etudes D'histoire Du Quebec/Studies on the History of Quebec) by Louis Lavallee, 1993-01
  5. Tragedy of Quebec (The Social history of Canada) by Robert Sellar, 1974-09-25
  6. Dog Sled to Airplane: A History of the St. Lawrence North Shore by Louis Garnier, 1949
  7. Amassing Power: J. B. Duke and the Saguenay River, 1897-1927 (Studies on the History of Quebee / Etudes D'histoire Du Quebec) by David Massell, 2000-06
  8. Louisiana and Quebec: bilateral relations and comparative sociopolitical evolution.: An article from: Quebec Studies
  9. American Wars: A Pictorial History from Quebec to Korea, 1755-1953 by Roy Meredith, 1955
  10. Quebec: City of Light by Michel Lessard, 2004-02
  11. Arvida Au Saguenay: Naissance D'Une Ville Industrielle (Etudes D'Histoire Du Quebec = Studies on the History of Queb) by Jose E. Igartua, 1996-05
  12. Editor's note.: An article from: Quebec Studies by Robert Schwartzwald, 1999-03-22
  13. Caught in the blind spot: organized labour in revisionist explanations of the Quiet Revolution.: An article from: Quebec Studies by A. Brian Tanguay, 2002-09-22
  14. Construire le rite comme un objet historique: pour un usage pragmatique de 1'anthropologie en histoire religieuse du Quebec.: An article from: Historical Studies by Ollivier Hubert, 2001-01-01

81. Quebec WebQuest
The history of Early quebec, Canada, and its Explorers. Canada Informationat a Glance quebec Information at a Glance history of quebec and Canada
http://www.milton.k12.vt.us/WebQuests/SChristensen/quebec_webquest.htm
Les Voyageurs du Quebec. "The History of Early Quebec, Canada, and its Explorers." Introduction Flags of Canada Process Quests ... Maps Introduction The Voyageurs of Quebec were the first of many immigrants to Canada. These hardy pioneers came from France to live, hunt, and tame the forests and streams of a new world. To these French speaking immigrants, they were seeking to create a "New France", just like English colonists were seeking to create a "New England." These pioneers met many hardships such as hostile Indians, famine, and every conceivable danger that nature could throw at them. The Saint Lawrence River (St. Laurent in French) was the key to settling this new region of North America. "Quebecois" (French speaking pioneers and trappers) relied on the St. Lawrence and its tributaries to provide access to the rich interior of Quebec. Hunting beaver, fox, and other animals for their furs, these voyageurs traveled deeper into the region. In the process, the voyageurs helped develop a unique and different culture than the rest of North America. This culture was predominantly a French speaking, Catholic, and rural population that eventually was forced to survive in an increasing sea of Anglophones (English speakers). Understanding the history of these early voyageurs is essential to understanding the current realities Quebec faces today. You will be given a series of guiding questions and maps to focus your exploration of selected web sites. Sit back and explore the world of

82. The Quebec Act
The quebec Act was passed on June 22nd, 1774 by the British government, The quebec Act gave quebec control over much of what is now quebec, Ontario,
http://www.plpsd.mb.ca/amhs/history/quebec.html
The Quebec Act
The Quebec Act was passed on June 22nd, 1774 by the British government, and became effective May 1st, 1775. It was framed largely by Gov. Sir Guy Carleton, although not all of his policies were incorporated into it. The Quebec Act guaranteed the use of French civil law and British criminal law. It also guaranteed French Canadians the right to practice Roman Catholicism. The Act allowed the Catholic Church in Quebec to collect tax from it's members. Another part of the Quebec Act guaranteed the preservation of the landholding system at the time (the seigneural system). Under the Quebec Act, the colony would be governed by a governor and 17 to 23 appointed counsellors, but an elected assembly would not be provided. The Quebec Act gave Quebec control over much of what is now Quebec, Ontario, and the Midwestern United States. The American settlers became enraged when Quebec acquired Indian Territory, which they believed to be theirs by right. The Americans considered the Quebec Act to be one of the "Intolerable Acts", which may have cotributed to the outbreak of the American Revolution. The Quebec Act was passed to settle questions about the government and law for the French, but the British had a more selfish reason for passing the act. The British had a possible revolution in the Thirteen Colonies, and they wanted to have French support if the revoultion began. The British at least wanted to keep the French in Quebec from joining it.

83. Quebec City And Area : Quebec Heritage : Welcome!
Do you like history? How about the history of Québec City? Are you planning tovisit Québec City in the near future? Then you have come to the right place.
http://www.quebecheritage.com/
Accommodations Shopping Sports and Outdoor Activities ... Packages Learn about...
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Do you like history? How about the history of Québec City? Are you planning to visit Québec City in the near future? Then you have come to the right place. You can take an online tour to explore the city's hidden treasures - and this might give you the urge to visit us in person! In Québec City, you will find that the past is always present, and the present looks to the future!
next page >
Start your tour now or pick a topic below : History Architecture Archeology Military ... Packages

84. Welcome To Baptist Women
Baptist womens organization encouraging mission work and spiritual growth. Includes the current ministries, upcoming events, recommended readings and history.
http://www.baptistwomen.com/
SEE YOUR WORLD Baptist family with new eyes: Stories and photos from the Baptist World Alliance gatherings in Birmingham, England LEARN what forces are changing families around the world MEET Dorothy Selebano, the dynamic new president of the world's Baptist women FIND OUT how one woman is saving lives in Papua New Guinea TEACH YOUR CHILDREN how to make good decisions To subscribe to our award-winning magazine.... In order to meet our financial commitments to our mission partners and pay our bills this year, Baptist Women of Ontario and Quebec will need to receive $59,500 each month. Some of it will come from investment income, but for most of it we depend on the generosity of women like you. That's why we're encouraging you to join our MONTHLY AUTOMATED DONATIONS (M.A.D.) Plan... BAPTIST WOMEN OF ONTARIO AND QUEBEC APPOINT NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR
The Board of Directors of Baptist Women of Ontario and Quebec joyfully announces that Brenda Mann has accepted the call to become Executive Director of BWOQ. She succeeds Nancy Webb, who is retiring after more than eight years in this position.
Brenda is well-known throughout the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec, which she served as president in 2002-03. She has brought warmth, dedication, and enthusiasm to tasks from chairing the BCOQ Planning Committee through major changes in governance, to salving children's hurts at Christian camps. Baptist women know her as a speaker at many events, pastor's wife in three churches, coordinator of Elim Retreats, and "Bubbles" or "Heartly" the clown. She has modelled servant leadership through her ministry of foot-washing, whether at a Baptist Women's Convention workshop or at mission in downtown Peterborough, as well as through the footcare business she has run since 1992.

85. SABRC Homepage
Contacts, newsletter, discussion forum, schedule, history, junior team information, hall of fame and online store. Club fields men's, women's and junior teams.
http://www.ste-anne-rugby.com/
NEW ARTICLES POSTED INSIDE.......... Breaking News Discussion Page Schedule Club Info ... Merchandise Archives Letters Phone List Links Interested in joining Ste-Annes Rugby Teams? Please CONTACT US HERE SECOND XV GRIND OUT TOUGH WIN OVER BEACONSFIELD 24th September 2005 Every game of the 2006 season for the Ste-Anne's 2nd XV players will be remembered as a tough go. The division is full of quality teams and talented players. AJ probably said it best just before the game when he yelled out in the huddle. "This isn't a second team; we're playing a first team," and you could feel a new confidence surge into the tight circle.
Beaconsfield is without any doubt one of those top sides, but on this cool, sunny Saturday at their home field, Ste-Anne's came out on top 10 - 8. More END OF SEASON PRACTICE 22nd September 2005 With the end of the season and championships in sight, the Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue teams were training in force this evening. Under the lights at Harpell Park, and under the watchful eye of Gareth David (Phil's father) over from Kidwelly in Wales, the Club practice was intense and focused. All thoughts are now on Saturday's games: More STE-ANNES RETAINS NATIONAL RANKING IN CRN LIST 23rd September 2005 The ProRugby Canadian Club Top 10 has doubled in size growing to a top 20 list, and Ste-Anne's retains its ranking in the Top Clubs in the land.

86. Introduction
Test Modeling the history Process in an Alternative to the history of quebec themselves for the history of quebec and Canada (history 414) exam,
http://www.qesnrecit.qc.ca/reform/evaluation/altassess/index.php
breadCrumbs("www.qesnrecit.qc.ca/reform","","index.php","smallnotes","smallnotes","0"); Teaching to a Better Test - Modeling the History Process in an Alternative to the History of Quebec and Canada Exam Challenged with the need to help Grade 10 students better prepare themselves for the History of Quebec and Canada (History 414) exam, teachers Ralph Mason (now V.P. at D'Arcy McGee), Jeralyne Manweiler and Steve Altenberg, from Philemon Wright High School at the Western Quebec School Board, took action. Recognizing the paradigm shift that would be required to implement the QEP at the Secondary level, the teachers saw a need to develop a final exam that would more closely match the spirit of the upcoming curriculum. They applied and received funding for a pilot program inspired by the current ELA process exams and the actual practice of history. This led to the creation of materials used to supplement the workbook currently used by their students and a series of process-oriented alternatives to the History 414 final exam. The assessment tools were piloted with students and used for review purposes prior to the examination period. This website documents the teachers' process and in doing so, raises some of the broader issues related to evaluation and assessment in the education system.

87. Curriculum In Action: History 414
Review lessons for the quebec required course, The history of quebec and Canada .Includes a review of each of the seven modules, links to other web sites
http://www.qesnrecit.qc.ca/socialsciences/cycles45/history/hist414r.html
Updated on: Wednesday, January 28, 2004 History 414 Important Information - New Component in the History of Quebec and Canada (414) Uniform Examination The June 2004, August 2004, January 2005 History of Quebec and Canada (414) Uniform Examination Document has been released.
A new component has been added to the uniform examination. A 9 point essay question will now be included in the exam. For more information, please consult the Information Document.
Click on the links below to download the PDF files:
English version - http://www.meq.gouv.qc.ca/DGFJ/de/pdf/2004/hqc0405a.pdf
French version - http://www.meq.gouv.qc.ca/DGFJ/de/pdf/2004/hqc0405-2.pdf
http://www.meq.gouv.qc.ca/DGFJ/de/docinfosec.htm

http://fc.lbpsb.qc.ca/~history/
To help students prepare for the History of Quebec and Canada 414 Exam, members of the History and Geography Task Force - Michael Carley, Len Harney and Walter Baslyk - have developed study tips to accompany their activities and tutorials. Are you taking or teaching the History 414 course in French? Consult the links on the page to find resources developed in French.

88. Quebec - Enpsychlopedia
Main article history of quebec. The name quebec, which comes from the history made quebec a place where cultures meet, where people from all over the
http://psychcentral.com/psypsych/Quebec
home resource directory disorders quizzes ... support forums Advertisement (
Quebec
This article describes the Canadian province. For other usages, see Quebec (disambiguation)
Québec
Quebec
Flag of Québec Coat of Arms of Québec Motto Je me souviens (I remember) Other Canadian provinces and territories Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Lieutenant Governor Lise Thibault Premier ... Area nd Land Water Population ( Population nd Density th Admittance into Confederation Date July 1 Order st Time zone UTC Parliamentary representation House seats ... Senate seats Abbreviations Postal QC ISO 3166-2 CA-QC Postal Code Prefix G H J Web site www.gouv.qc.ca
Quebec pronounced or French Québec , pronounced ) is the largest province in Canada geographically, and the second most populous, after Ontario , with a population of 7,568,640 (Statistics Canada, January 2005). This represents about 24% of the Canadian population. Quebec's primary and only official language is French , making up the bulk of the Francophone population in North America . Quebec is the only Canadian province where English is not an official language, and it is one of only two Canadian provinces where French is an official language (the other one being New Brunswick ). The capital is

89. Quebec - Art History Online Reference And Guide
ArthistoryClub Information Site on quebec Art history, Art history Search history made quebec a place where cultures meet, where people from all over
http://www.arthistoryclub.com/art_history/Quebec

90. Quebec Report - Kevin Kee
Towards a New World history and Citizenship Course in quebec. Return to Columns In quebec, history is a mandatory subject until Grade 11.
http://www.quasar.ualberta.ca/css/Css_38_2/CLquebec_report_kevin_kee.htm
CANADIAN SOCIAL STUDIES
VOLUME 38 NUMBER 2, WINTER 2004
www.quasar.ualberta.ca/css
Quebec Report
Kevin Kee
Towards a New World History and Citizenship Course in Quebec

Return to Columns
Several years ago, cultural commentators lamented the apparent death of Canadian history. Whatever the state of the subject in English-speaking Canadian schools, history has been alive and well in Québec for some time. The development of a new curriculum is testament to this fact - once the "Réforme" is in place, students in Québec schools will study more history than their counterparts in other provinces. But if history in Québec is healthy, it is also hotly contested. The recent release of a new Grade 7 and 8 world history and citizenship course raises interesting questions about why and how we teach history and citizenship, questions that educators in the rest of the country may also be facing in the years to come. In Quebec, history is a mandatory subject until Grade 11. Within the curriculum as a whole, the Québec Education Program (QEP) highlights "Geography, History and Citizenship Education" as one of five core "Subject Areas". As the title indicates, the creators of the QEP consider teaching about one's past to be central to an understanding of one's civic identity in the present. The connection is not unique to Québec – educators across the country agree that, while students can learn to become good citizens in a variety of contexts, history can play a special role in providing young people with a sense of place in the world.

91. Brennan / Lachance Family Of Ottawa, Canada, The Ottawa Valley, Ontario And Gati
The Brennan / Lachance Family of Ottawa, Canada, the Ottawa Valley, Ontario andGatineau Valley, quebec history is being compiled by Bob Ranger
http://web.syr.edu/~rcranger/brennan.htm
Brennan - The Brennan / Lachance Family of Ottawa, Canada, the Ottawa Valley, Ontario and Gatineau Valley, Quebec - History is being compiled by Bob Ranger - - - Syracuse, New York, USA. Updated: August 8, 2005. Pictured at right is Robert Alexander Brennan (1892-1975) with Victor Milks, his step-brother (seated), about 1912. Towns mentioned often in early conversations (c1950): Gracefield, Wakefield, Masson, Maniwaki, Ile des Alumettes, Moose Creek, Ont., Gatineau, Brennan's Hill, Brunelle Hill, Buckingham. The Ottawa and Gatineau Valleys are English/French bicultural. Usually, in a linguistically mixed marriage, the language of the mother becomes that of the household. It has been suggested that Brennan was francicized to Brunelle in some families, because of the difficulty of pronouncing Brennan in French.
Our own Brennan family goes back to:
James Brennan (about 1868-1900), Wakefield, Gracefield, Ottawa, timberjack, wagon driver; married Julia Kenny (about 1890) (center of photo); Siblings: unknown.
Their son:
Robert Alexander Brennan (1892-1975) (far left in group photo), Gracefield, Quebec, Ottawa, iron worker, steeplejack; m

92. Quebec Family History Society - Genealogy And Family History
A web site for anyone interested primarily in the genealogy of quebec.
http://www.cam.org/~qfhs/
Welcome to the
Quebec Family History Society
The Quebec Family History Society is a Canadian non-profit organization founded in 1977, incorporated in 1988, to foster the study of genealogy among the English speaking peoples of Quebec. OUR AIMS
  • Promote the study of genealogy in Quebec. Foster original genealogical research. Collect and preserve books, manuscripts and other related material. Maintain a reference library of materials related to the study of genealogy and family history. Publish a quarterly journal, Connections Conduct workshops and seminars, and public lectures on topics of interest to members. Sponsor projects to further the availability of genealogical knowledge, e.g. transcriptions, and indexing. Organize field trips to various research centres, such as the Archives and the National Library.
While the majority of our members are researching in Quebec, the following areas are also highly rated in our member's interest areas:
  • England, Ireland, Scotland Ontario, North Eastern United States, and France.

93. A Social History Of The Dutch In Quebec
A genealogy site for the Lowenstein family and a comprehensive look on the Dutchpopulation of quebec.
http://www.lowensteyn.com/dutchque/
Family Genealogy Humanities Education ... Site Map " + "" + "Email" + "" + ""); // >
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Thesis
by Johanna H. Lowensteyn
An "Up-date", covering the period from 1986 to the present, will be forthcoming. Peter Lowensteyn
Society for Netherlandic History

94. The History Of Canada And Canadians Quebec Act Of 1774
quebec Act of 1774 history of Canada and Canadians.
http://www.linksnorth.com/canada-history/thequebecact.html
THE HISTORY OF CANADA The Quebec Act of 1774 The loyalty of the new province was soon put to the test. Within a year of the passing of the Quebec Act, the rebelling 13 Atlantic colonies sent two armies north to capture the "fourteenth colony." Sir Guy Carleton, the British governor of Canada, narrowly escaped capture when one of these armies, under Richard Montgomery, took Montreal. Carleton reached Quebec in time to organize its small garrison against the forces of Benedict Arnold. Arnold began a siege of the fortress, in which he was soon joined by Montgomery. In the midwinter fighting that followed, Montgomery was killed and Arnold wounded. When spring came, the attacking forces retreated. During the rest of the American Revolutionary War, there was no further fighting on Canadian soil. Discovery of Canada Rediscovery and Exploration Cartier's Explorations End of the First Colonizing Effort ...
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95. The History Of Canada And Canadians - Quebec Separatism
The history of Canada and Canadians. The quebec government opposed the 1982constitution, which included a provision for freedom of language in
http://www.linksnorth.com/canada-history/quebecsep.html
THE HISTORY OF CANADA Quebec Separatism Beginning in the 1960s Quebec was the center of militant agitation to separate it from Canada and establish a French-speaking nation. In 1969 French and English were both declared the official languages of Canada. In 1970 terrorist acts by alleged separatists were climaxed by the kidnapping and murder of Quebec's minister of labor and immigration, Pierre Laporte. The federal government sent in troops and temporarily suspended civil liberties. In 1974 French became the official language of the province. A party pledged to Quebec separatism won the 1976 provincial election and passed several measures to strengthen the movement. Under a controversial law adopted in 1977, education in English-language schools was greatly restricted. The charter also changed English place-names and imposed French as the language of business, court judgments, laws, government regulations, and public institutions. Although the separatist party retained power, a referendum to make the province an independent country was rejected by the Quebec voters in 1980. The Quebec government opposed the 1982 constitution, which included a provision for freedom of language in education, and unsuccessfully sought a veto over constitutional change. In 1984 the Supreme Court ruled against Quebec's schooling restrictions. In 1987 the Meech Lake constitutional accord recognized Quebec as a "distinct society" and transferred extensive new powers to all the provinces. Quebec promised that it would accept the 1982 constitution if the accord was approved by all the rest of the provinces. The House of Commons ratified the Meech Lake accord on June 22, 1988, but the accord died on June 23, 1990, after Newfoundland and Manitoba withheld their support. A new set of constitutional proposals hammered out by a parliamentary committee was agreed upon in 1992. They called for decentralization of federal powers, an elected Senate, and special recognition of Quebec as a distinct society. In a referendum held in October 1992, Canadians decisively turned down the constitutional changes. Quebec voters narrowly rejected secession from Canada in a 1995 referendum.

96. Quebec, Province, Canada: History And Politics
history and Politics. Early history. Since many continental explorations began in quebec became known as Lower Canada, and in 1791 the first elective
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/world/A0860604.html
  • Home U.S. People Word Wise ... Homework Center Fact Monster Favorites Reference Desk Sponsored Links TripAdvisor Encyclopedia Quebec, province, Canada
    History and Politics
    Early History
    The long struggle to protect the colony and the fur trade from the Iroquois (other tribes were allies of the French) and the British was effectively lost in 1759, when the British defeated the French on the Plains of Abraham (see Abraham, Plains of ). By the Treaty of Paris of 1763, Great Britain acquired New France. In an attempt to conciliate the French inhabitants, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, under which the colony was allowed to continue its semifeudal system of land tenure and to retain its language, religion, legal system, and customs. After the American Revolution, many British Loyalists came to settle in Quebec. By the Constitutional Act of 1791 the British separated the area west of the Ottawa River and created the colony of Upper Canada (now Ontario) there. Quebec became known as Lower Canada, and in 1791 the first elective assembly was introduced. The resentment of leaders of the French community toward the British precipitated a revolt in 1837 led by Louis Papineau . Although the rebellion was crushed, the disturbances in Upper and Lower Canada caused the British to send the Earl of Durham (see

97. Musée Des Anciens Canadiens - Saint-Jean-Port-Joli - Quebec - Canada - Welcome
The most prestigious woodcarving museum in North America. Come relive the art history of SaintJean-Port-Joli. You will discover, along with its history, an impressive collection of original wood carvings.
http://www.quebecweb.com/ancienscanadiens/introang.html
Version française The most prestigious woodcarving museum in North America
Come relive the art history of
Saint-Jean-Port-Joli

Ecce homo
Médard
Bourgault,
hauteur:
You will discover, along with its history, an impressive collection of original wood carvings. The museum includes artists such as the Bourgault brothers , Pier Cloutier «Clout», Roger-André Bourgault, Jacques Bourgault, P.E. Caron, H. Raby, Fernand Bourgault, etc. Unique pieces like "Naissance virginale" a 8 x 15 piece ... (Visits are in French, German, English or Spanish). Près de l'étang
Pier Cloutier
«Clout»,
height: 4' After your visit, you'll can watch and talk with a woodcarver (high season) and buy a wood carved piece to keep an unforgetable moment of your visit. Exhibit of Norman Rockwell in woodcarving interpretation center of woodcarving. Special rates for groups (Guided Tours)
For a stay, we suggest the Auberge du Faubourg Photo Album Français Musée des anciens canadiens 332, avenue de Gaspé Ouest C.P. 66, Saint-Jean-Port-Joli

98. Magog & Lake Memphremagog
Provides a history of the area, tourist information, human interest stories, links and photos of this lovely city in southeastern quebec.
http://magogquebec.homestead.com/

99. Le Francais Quebecois
Histoire du francais au quebec. It is not a shame, but the result of ourpeople s history and soul. Jacques Renaud publishes the first novel written
http://www.republiquelibre.org/cousture/FRANC2.HTM
The French that is spoken in Québec is very different from all the other varieties of French that exist in the world. Nevertheless, it is still French and not a creole, a dialect or a patois. It is not a regional French either, since this term only applies to a variety of French spoken in a region of France. Québécois French is nothing else than a national French. When the first contacts occur, a French speaker from outside of Québec may have some difficulties with the accent or certain local expressions, but he should get accustomed without great difficulty.
First of all, it is important to specify that we are talking about a Québécois French here, and not a Canadian French. Indeed, there is at least one other French-speaking community in Canada, the Acadien community, and their French is different from ours when it comes to the accent and to the local lexic.
Why is Québécois French so different than the variety spoken in France anyways? The answer, as it is often the case, can be found in the past. Many texts confirm that, towards the end of the 17th century , everyone in New France speaks French. At that time, in France, the patois are still numerous and in great use, and two inhabitants on five are completely unable to understand French. Only one Frenchman on five can understand and speak it fluently. The difference between France and New France is therefore quite incredible. In

100. History And Heritage - Exploration - Ville De Québec
Sections Exploration, Tours, Québec City, an International Center, Portrait, history and Heritage A Brief history of the City of Québec
http://www.ville.quebec.qc.ca/en/exploration/histoire.shtml
Sections : Exploration > Tours > Québec City, an International Center > Portrait > History and Heritage > The City of a Thousand Attractions > Arts and Culture > Sports and the Great Outdoors > Postcards > Immigration History Archeology Bibliography A Brief History of the City of Québec In the Days of Stadacona (1535-1543)
On the present-day site of Parc Cartier-Brébeuf, the captain from Saint-Malo had a fort constructed out of wooden posts. Nearby was the village of Stadacona, which had "the best possible land and bountiful too." Some five hundred Iroquois lived there in longhouses. Aside from the spoils of hunting and fishing, they lived off the land, cultivating corn, squash, and beans.
For the Europeans, their first Laurentian winter was a tragedy. Ill-equipped to affront the cold, the snow, hunger, and especially scurvy, which wiped out a part of the crew, Cartier's men were saved at the last minute by annedda , a tea made from white cedar. In May 1536, the survivors returned to France after kidnapping several inhabitants of Stadacona and the village chief, Donnaconna. The captives would never see North America again.
Historian

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