61. Portugal - History. Book one of our fine and affordable Lisbon or algarve villas and enjoy a wonderful holiday in portugal. http://www.portugalvacances.com/english/general/history.htm

Introduction Economy Politics History ... The South Click on photo to see more Holiday Homes Introduction Economy Politics History ... The South History : Portugal (or Portucale) is one of the oldest nations in Europe, first getting its designation as a country in the eleventh century. Its rulers were appointed by the king of León before independence was gained in 1143. Amongst the 8,000 dead were most of Portugal's nobility and King Dom Sebastian (he of the Lagos statue!). Portugal's wealth was spent on paying ransoms for those captured in this battle. With all heirs to the throne killed, the Spanish took over Portugal in 1581. In 1640, a small group stormed the palace and deposed the Spanish appointed governor. The Duke of Bragança became king by popular acclaim. In the late 1600's, gold and diamonds were discovered in Brazil which made Portugal financially strong again but this was all spent on lavish baroque style building which is so enjoyed by many visitors today. In 1755

62. Uefa.com Portuguese football history. Modern football was introduced to portugal in 1884 by Guilherme Pinto Basto, who had recently returned from studying in England http://access.euro2004.com/asp/microsites/wai/euro2004/page.asp?page=history_Por

63. ☞ Portugal, History Bulletin Board Index portugal history index Classifieds1000 World Message Board. • portugal Travel. Business. Politics. We have no messages for portugal, history yet. http://board.classifieds1000.com/Portugal/History

Portugal Portugal Directory Portugal Real Estate Listings Furniture Portugal 'History' index Classifieds1000 World Message Board All listings are the responsiblity of the posters; keep in mind, anyone can post anything! Buy or Sell Online Without the Fear of Fraud Never buy or sell without using an Escrow Service Home Fraud Alerts Add this site to Favorites Portugal History bulletin board message index. Click on a message to read or reply to it. Scroll down or click here to post a new message. We have no messages for Portugal, History yet. Please share your thoughts or a ask a question. Add New Message to Portugal, Expat Discussion Board Please submit a new discussion here. HTML is not allowed and you are encouraged to seperate your paragraphs with a double blank line for readablity. Please make sure your message is relevant to Portugal and the selected topic. Everything you enter will be published. Location: Portugal Subject: Topic: Select Topic Art and Artists Business Cars Entertainment Expat Export For Sale Gay History Import Investments Jobs Life Miscellanous News Headlines Politics Real Estate Retirement Sports Technology Travel Wanted Name: E-Mail: Optional (please add link to our directory first) Web Link: Link Title: Message: Submit Message. Please do not post the same message more than once.

64. Tomar Cheese - Cheese Of Portugal - Roteiro Gastronómico De Portugal Translate this page receitas,doces,vinhos,queijos da gastronomia de portugal. many details about the exact origin of this food are ignored, history confirms its antiquity. http://www.gastronomias.com/queijos/iinicio.htm

Home Receitas Doces Receitas Regiões ... Restaurantes Cheese Home History The art Alcains ... International Cheese Colabore envie a sua receita Enviar Receita History According to the legend cheese has been discovered by one of Alpo’s sons, Aristeu, king of Arcadia. Although many details about the exact origin of this food are ignored, history confirms its antiquity. As a malted of fact it’s supposed to be invented before butter. Assyrian, Chaldean and Egyptians and subsequently Greek and Romans appreciated cheese, from which they produced several kinds and whose virtues they knew for they used it in soldiers and athletes nourishment. In Planto, at the Roman comedian, one can read about the class cheese ( caseus ) reached in ancient Rome. Cheese trade was born in Rome, Llegaban the capital of all Italian provinces, but the "caseus alpino" was also imported to Rome from other distant regions as Nimes, Saboya and sections of present Switzerland.

65. 1Up Travel : Portugal - History And Culture Of Portugal. portugal Get complete information on the history and Culture of portugal. Portuguese culture is closely related to Spanish culture and has been influenced http://www.1uptravel.com/international/europe/portugal/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Europe Portugal ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Portugal Guide Portugal Maps Portugal Hotels Portugal Flag ... Portugal Travel Warning Portugal History and Culture History Up to the Middle Ages, the history of Portugal is inseparable from that of Spain. Present-day Portugal became a part of the Roman province of Lusitania in the 2nd century BC. In the 5th century AD control of the region passed to the Visigoths, and in the 8th century it was included in the area of Moorish Muslim conquest. In 997 the territory between the Douro and Minho rivers (now northern Portugal) was retaken from the Moors by Bermudo II, king of León, and in 1064 the reconquest was completed as far south as present-day Coimbra by Ferdinand I, king of Castile and León. The reconquered districts were then organized into a feudal county, composed of Spanish fiefs.

66. Portugal - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The naming of portugal itself reveals most of the country s early history, stemming from the Roman name Portus Cale, Main article history of portugal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal

Portugal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The Portuguese Republic Portuguese Repºblica Portuguesa ) is a democratic republic located on the west and southwest parts of the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe , and is the westernmost country in continental Europe. Portugal is bordered by Spain to the north and east and by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south. In addition, Portugal includes two archipelagos in the Atlantic Azores A§ores ) and Madeira Islands Repºblica Portuguesa In detail Official language Portuguese Capital ... Lisbon Largest city Lisbon President Jorge Sampaio Prime Minister ... Jos© S³crates Foundation Independence Area 92,391 km² Population Density 114/km² ( GDP $203,947 million ( $185,091 million ( Currency Euro Time zone summer ... Calling code Prior to Portuguese escudo Azores UTC -1; UTC in summer edit Portugal has witnessed a constant flow of different civilizations during the past 3100 years. Iberian Tartessian Celtic Phoenician and Carthaginian Greek Roman Germanic ... Suevi and Visigoth ) and Moorish cultures have all made an imprint on the country. The naming of Portugal itself reveals most of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name

67. Pure Portugal Books About Portuguese Language, Property, Maps, Etc. portugal A Companion history, portugal A Companion history An illustrated brief Journey to portugal A Pursuit of portugal s history and Culture http://www.pureportugal.co.uk/books.html

Bookstore We have scoured the internet to offer you the cheapest prices we can find on the following books (descriptions are taken from retailers and do not necessarily imply a recommendation from us). Click on an image or title to order direct from the retailer: Rough Guide to Portugal Lonely Planet Portugal DK Eyewitness Guide to Portugal Michelin Spain and Portugal Atlas : The newest road atlas of Portugal available, pre-order now to get it as soon as it's published in January 2005. DK Eyewitness Travel Pack Portuguese Talk Portuguese The Ideal Course for Absolute Beginners Collins Gem Portuguese Dictionary Rough Guide to Portuguese ... Portugal A Companion History : An illustrated brief history of Portugal written for non-specialist foreign readers. Also included in the book is a historical gazetteer, short biographies, chronological tables and maps. A Concise History of Portugal : An introduction to the people and culture of the country, its empire, and to its search for economic modernisation, political stability and international partnership. Journey to Portugal: A Pursuit of Portugal's History and Culture : Crossing his native land from northeast to southwest, Jose Saramago explores the villages and towns of Portugal and discovers what it is that binds him to his country and his people.

68. Portugal -- Primary Documents Naval history portugal (1807; transcriptions). Political Documents from Portuguese history (18th 20th centuries; Portuguese-language transcriptions) http://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/portugal.html

History of Portugal: Primary Documents Medieval Sourcebook: Portugal (Translations) Treaty Between Spain and Portugal, Concluded at Alcacovas (4 September, 1479; English translation) Tratado de Tordesilhas The Treaty of Tordesilhas, dividing the colonizable world between Spain and Portugal Presented by the Portuguese Biblioteca Nacional (7 June 1494; synoptic facsimiles and transcriptions) The Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha This scribe informed the King of Portugal about the discovery of Brazil (1 May 1500; Portuguese-language transcription) Exploration and Expansion (Translations and transcriptions). Lei elevando o Santo Offício à categoria de Magestade Royal act granting to the Portuguese Inquisition the status of Royal Tribunal, granting it independence and administrative autonomy. (20 May 1769; transcription) Naval History: Portugal (1807; transcriptions). Political Documents from Portuguese History (18th - 20th centuries; Portuguese-language transcriptions) World War II in Europe A collection of primary documents from the Internet Modern History Sourcebook (1939-1945; transcriptions and translations)

69. Portugal and travel. portugal history. portugal Description and travel. F gt AL 8. ANNAES MARITIMOS E COLONIAES.......Spain history. Spain http://www.brown.edu/Facilities/University_Library/libs/hay/collections/portugal

Portugal Alvarez de Colmenar, Juan, fl. 1707-1741. ANNALES D'ESPAGNE ET DE PORTUGAL : CONTENANT TOUT CE QUI S'EST PASSE L'ETABLISSEMENT DE CES DEUX MONARCHIES JUSQU'A PRESENT : AVEC LA DESCRIPTION PRESENT, LEURS INTERETS, LA FORME DU GOUVERNEMENT, L'ETENDUE DE LEUR COMMERCE, 4 v. : ill., maps, plates ; 29 cm. (4to). Spain History. Spain Description and travel. Portugal History. Portugal Description and travel. F gt AL 8. ANNAES MARITIMOS E COLONIAES. PUBLICACAO MENSAL REDIGIDA SOB A DIRECCAO DA ASSOCIACAO MARITIMA E COLONIAL. Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional. v. 21 cm. Fgx As7. Birago, Giovanni Battista. HISTORIA DELLA DISUNIONE DEL REGNO DI PORTOGALLO DALLA CORONA DI CASTIGLIA ... DAL MOLTO RDO P. MAESTRO FRA FERDINANDO HELEVO ... CON L'APENDICE DI UNA SCRITTURA D'UN MINISTRO DI SPAGNA. Amsterdam, Niculau Van Ravesteyn, 1647. 1 v. (various paging) 16 cm. Portugal History Spanish dynasty, 1580-1640. F gt B 53. Carnota, John Smith Athelstane, Conde da, 1813-1886. THE MARQUIS OF POMBAL. BY THE CONDE DA CARNOTA. London Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, 1871.

70. Portuguese History - The History Of Portugal. Material on Portuguese history the history of portugal. http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/portugal/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help European History History by Country Portugal Homework Help European History Essentials Ready Reference ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the European History newsletter! See Online Courses Search European History Portugal Established as a kingdom by Alphonso I in 1139, and recognised by the Pope in 1179, Portugal remained independent until 1580, when an invasion by Phillip II of Spain brought sixty years of foreign domination. The Spanish were overthrown by a revolution in 1640, and Portugal continued as a kingdom until 1910, when the monarchy was expelled, and the First Republic established. Short lived, and often violent, governments ensued, before a military coup in 1926. Portugal is now a democratic republic in the EU. Alphabetical Recent Up a category Basic Timeline This short timeline of Portuguese history covers both national, and colonial, events from 1143 until the present day. The information is basic, but includes military, political and some social references. Biography of Queen Maria I, 1734 - 1816

71. Portuguese History - The History Of Portugal. Material on Portuguese history the history of portugal. http://europeanhistory.about.com/od/portugal/index_r.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help European History History by Country Portugal Homework Help European History Essentials Ready Reference ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the European History newsletter! See Online Courses Search European History Portugal Established as a kingdom by Alphonso I in 1139, and recognised by the Pope in 1179, Portugal remained independent until 1580, when an invasion by Phillip II of Spain brought sixty years of foreign domination. The Spanish were overthrown by a revolution in 1640, and Portugal continued as a kingdom until 1910, when the monarchy was expelled, and the First Republic established. Short lived, and often violent, governments ensued, before a military coup in 1926. Portugal is now a democratic republic in the EU. Sort By: Guide Picks Alphabetical Up a category History of Portugal This swift narrative of Portugal's history from the twelve to twenty-first century is marvellously illustrated. History of Portugal Part of countryreports.org, this is a good narrative of Portuguese history including home and foreign affairs; however, some readers may find it too dry.

72. 500 Anniversary Of The Jews Of Portugal In October 1497 thousands of Jews from all parts of portugal gathered in A history of the Marranos, 5th Ed, SepherHermon Press, Inc New York, 1992 http://www.saudades.org/500yrs.htm

500 ANNIVERSARY OF THE JEWS OF PORTUGAL by Arthur Benveniste October 1997 Five years ago we commemorated the expulsion of the Jews from Spain. The founders of this temple and most of its members today are descendants of those Jews. The story of the Spanish Expulsion is well known. Not so well known is what happened five years later in the neighboring country of Portugal. It is to honor the memory of the victims of that event that we gather here tonight. Of those Jews who chose to flee Spain in 1492, a large number went to Morocco, Italy,and to the Ottoman Empire. But, the greatest number, perhaps half of the total went to Portugal. King Joao II of Portugal, allowed them to enter. He was preparing for war against the Moors and he needed the taxes collected from these Jews to finance that war. He also was aware of the great talent of the Jews in many fields including the mechanics of arms making, which he hoped he would call upon and he did not want that talent to be available to the Moors. But his welcome was not complete. Permanent residence was granted only to 630 wealthy families who were allowed to establish themselves in several parts of the country upon payment of 100 cruzados. A number of craftsmen, skilled in arms making were also granted permanent residence. Others were allowed to settle for only eight months upon payment of eight cruzados for each adult.

73. 5th International Conference On The History Of Chemistry - Registration And Othe The previous conference organised by the Working Party (WP) on history of Chemistry of the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences http://5ichc-portugal.ulusofona.pt/

Last Update: 24th August 2005 The Aim of the Conference The previous conference organised by the Working Party (WP) on History of Chemistry of the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences (EuCheMS) – formerly Federation of European Chemical Societies (FECS) – was held in Budapest in September 2003 on “Communication in chemistry in Europe , across borders and across generations”. A major aim of these conferences organised by the WP is to facilitate communication between historically interested chemists and historians of chemistry from all over Europe . Under the large umbrella of the theme “Chemistry, Technology and Society”, the present conference will mainly focus on three topics, which all have attracted public and scholarly attention in recent years. By discussing the cultural and material influences on chemistry, as well as the practical and cultural impacts of this discipline, the conference aims at improving our understanding of the place of chemistry in its technological and social environments. Some special sessions will also be devoted to the development of Portuguese chemistry. Main Topics The material culture of chemistry: laboratory practices and instruments Applied chemistry: the chemical industry military technologies technological processes agricultural and food chemistry, and the environment

74. SCONE: Scottish Collections Network portugal Constitutional history. portugal - Diplomatics, archives and seals. portugal - Early, medieval and early modern history http://scone.strath.ac.uk/service/SCONEService/ConsSubjSel.cfm?uCtgyID=60&uDivnI

75. The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Portugal Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everythingfrom antiSemitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html

The Virtual Jewish History Tour Portugal by Rebecca Weiner Early History Golden Age of Discovery Expulsion from Portugal Inquisition Period ... Marrano Customs From the Golden Age of Discovery to the Inquisition Portugese Jewry went from the heights of wealth and success to the depths of anguish and despair. The history of Portugese Jewry is like that of many other places, where success and sadness go hand in hand. Walking along Marrano communities can still be found practicing Jewish rituals behind closed doors, fear of persecutions still looming. Early History Legends say that Jews first came to the Iberian peninsula during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar in the 6 th century BCE or maybe even beforehand during the reign of King Solomon in 900s BCE. Jews lived and remain active in social and commercial life of the peninsula during the Visigoth and Muslim periods of occupation 5 th th century C.E. Several important Jewish communities were already active when the kingdom of Portugal was founded in the 12 th Tensions arose between the Jewish community, who choose to remain faithful to their religion, and the local clergy and middle/lower classes. The clergy wanted to invoke restrictions of the Lateran Council against the Jews, but King Dinis (1279-1235) resisted and reassured the Jews that they did not have to pay tithes to the church.

76. Portugal's History history. portugal is one of the oldest nation states in Europe its foundation in 1139 predates that of its neighbour, Spain, by nearly 350 years. http://www.qsl.net/ct1efl/ct_land/history.htm

HISTORY Portugal is one of the oldest nation states in Europe: its foundation in 1139 predates that of its neighbour, Spain, by nearly 350 years. The Romans who arrived in 216 BC, called the whole Peninsula Hispania, but the region between the Douro and Tagus rivers was called Lusitania after the Celtiberian tribe who lived there. When the Roman Empire collapsed in the 5th century, Hispania was overrun first by Germanic tribes, then by Moors from North Africa in 711. Military reconquest by the Christian kingdoms of the north began in earnest in the 11 th century and it was during this long process that Portucale, a small country of the kingdom of León and Castille, was declared independent by its first king, Afonso Henriques. After Portugal regained independence, her fortunes were restored by the discovery of gold in Brazil. In the second half of the 18 th The economy deteriorated until a military coup in 1926 led to a long period of dictatorship. António Salazar, who held power from 1928 to 1968, rid the country of its debts but poverty was widespread and all opposition banned. The Carnation Revolution ended the dictatorship in 1974 and full democracy was restored in 1976. Back to CT-land

77. Lisbon And Portugal - History And Culture portugal has always been known as the land to the left of Spain on the Iberian Peninsula, caught among its traditional way of life fishing and agriculture http://www.msjsoftware.com/articles/article.asp?id=27919

78. Portugal A Brief History Of The Country, Portugal A Breif History Of The Country An informative brief collection of information about the history of portugal. http://www.geocities.com/Paris/4118/history.htm

www.discoverportugal2day.com A Brief History of Portugal P ortugal emerged as a nation state in the early 12 th century, and ranks as one of the world's longest established countries. In 1143 Portugal was raised to the status of a kingdom. Dom Afonso Henriques th century. P ortugal is the westernmost point in Europe. It was from this little country that Prince Henry the Navigator financed expeditions that led to the discovery of the New World. From his School of Navigation in a little town called Sagres , ships departed on their exploration of the boundless seas and the unknown world beyond - Portugal turned to the Ocean, in it defining its destiny. T he Fifteenth Century was Portugal's age of Discovery . First it was Madeira Island, then the Azores, Cape Bojador and Cape Verde. Then the Portuguese explorers reached Africa rounded the Cape of Good Hope giving Portugal it's own route to India. Vasco de Gama reached India, establishing Portuguese colonies, and Pedro Cabral discovered Brazil. Other Portuguese explorers reached the Far East, China and Japan. For that brief moment in time, Portugal was the richest country in Europe. T he Republic of Portugal encompasses mainland Portugal and the islands groups of Madeira and the Azores . The mainland is about 325 miles long and 135 miles wide. T he Azores Madeira is situated about 550 miles southwest of Lisbon and consists of four islands: Madeira, Porto Santo, Selvagens and Desertas. Links to Web sites that will provide you with additional information on these Islands are provided in the Traveling in Portugal on the Internet section of these pages.

79. Dutch Portuguese Colonial History. Portugese En Nederlandse Koloniale Geschieden Dutch Portuguese Colonial history in Sri Lanka, Ceylon, Brazil,India en Nederlandse koloniale geschiedenisHistoria colonial de portugal y Holanda. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Styx/6497/

D UTCH P ORTUGUESE C OLONIAL H ISTORY Portugese en Nederlandse Koloniale Geschiedenis - Historia Colonial de Portugal e Holanda. Indonesia,Brazil,Formosa,South Africa,Timor,Malacca,Ceylon,Sri Lanka,Burghers,India,Ghana,New York,Bengal,Oman,Bahrein, Africa,Asia,America,Goa,Cochin,Macao,Angola,Jesuits,Mozambique, Mombasa,Diu,Damao,Tobago,Batavia,New Sweden, Guinea,S. Tomè,Mauritius... TO VIEW THIS PAGE PLEASE CLICK HERE: www.colonialvoyage.com Anywhere on the coasts of Asia, America and Africa you can find a fort, a church, a geographical name or a family name, that come from Portugal. These are the remains of the first European country that explored the world in search of spices and souls. Afonso de Albuquerque's dream, was an infusion of Portuguese blood in each of the colonies. As the Dutch Governor Antonio Van Diemen said in 1642 : "Most of the Portuguese in Asia look upon this region as their fatherland, and think no more about Portugal" In XVth century a small nation as Portugal began to explore the Atlantic ocean , since 1415 (conquest of Ceuta, Morocco) the Portuguese explored the African's coasts in search of a road to the East; and in 1487 Bartolomeu Dias doubled the cape of Good Hope.

80. European Voyages Of Exploration: The Portuguese Empire portugal s predominance in exploration. An Overview of portugal s history (temporarily unavailable). portugal s Monarchy and its Maritime history http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/portuguese.html

The European Voyages of Exploration PORTUGAL Geographical Overview An Overview of Portugal's History (temporarily unavailable) Portugal's Monarchy and its Maritime History The region that would become Portugal was settled by the Celts around 700 B.C.E. It soon attracted a succession of peoples and was colonised in turn by the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans and Visigoths. The Moors crossed the Strait of Gibraltar in the eighth century and commenced a long occupation over much of the Iberian Peninsula. They introduced their culture, architecture, and agricultural techniques to the region until Christian resistance grew into the Reconquista that finally ejected the Moors in the twelfth century. Portugal was born from this struggle to reconquer Iberia from the Moors. Young aristocrats from all over Europe went to Iberia to battle the Moors and while reconquering the peninsula for the Christian kings, they won hereditary titles and land grants for themselves. It was Henry, a son of the Duke of Burgundy, who fought as a vassal for the king for Navarre and was rewarded with a principality and the title of Count of Portucale in the eleventh century. It was his son, Afonso Henriques (1128-1185), seeking independence from the Crown of Navarre, who petitioned and won from the pope the title of King of Portugal. Philippa of Lancaster, Queen of Portugal

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