41. Portugal - Vacation Rentals .com A Portugal vacation rental can be just as historical. portugal history and Heritage Portugal brings a number of cultural/historical sites to the world by http://www.vacationrentals.com/vacation-rentals/Portugal.html

#1 Vacation Rentals Directory Contact Owners Direct... Home List Your Rental Help Home Owner Login ... Portugal Our Portugal Vacation Rentals, Homes, Villas and Condos. Alentejo: Algarve: Estremadura: Lisbon: ... Viana do Castelo: Portugal Local Information and Area Highlights Travel to Portugal / Portugal Vacation Rentals Portugal is a country of diverse landscapes, festivities, and a wealth of history. A Portugal vacation rental can be just as historical. Portugal History and Heritage Portugal brings a number of cultural/historical sites to the world by UNESCO’s World Heritage designation. The Monastery of Batalha symbolizes the Castilian victory in the 1385 Battle of Aljubarrota, and housed the Portuguese monarchy for two centuries. A Natural Landscape designation is given to Sintra, a beautiful town blending history, art, and forest land in places like the Pena Palace. The Historical Centre of Évora is a white-painted city museum at its peak when the Portuguese crown came to Évora, and had a major impact on Brazilian architecture. Other sites are also well worth visiting on your trip to Portugal. Portugal Key Areas North Portugal consists of four regions: Porto, Douro, Tras-os-Montes, and Minho. Porto is the name of a key city in this section of Portugal, having a mix of traditional beliefs with a dynamic excitement, and with a beautiful coastline and a very active downtown area. The Douro River cuts through verdant cliff and mountain areas, and dams taming the river provide a pleasant cruise and pleasure boat experience. A place of nature and festivities defines Tras-os-Montes, where hiking and canoeing are popular, and you’ll find a superb park in Vidago with pools for swimming and a golf course. Minho lines the coast with gorgeous beaches and resorts, and an inland national park covering three mountains.

42. Biblioteca Chico Mendes - História De Portugal - Portugal History Translate this page História de Portugal - portugal history 1945 - Memória V. Para a História da Legislação e Costumes de Portugal 1ª Época da Monarquia Portuguesa, http://www.chicomendes.marinter.com.br/bbhpt.htm

Portugal History (desde 17/02/2003) Livros Usados Lançamentos Pedidos Aqui! Apenas Títulos Marcados com [ BCM ] Pertencem ao Acervo da Biblioteca: A B C D ... Z Letra A ALMEIDA, Fortunato de: História de Portugal - 6 Vol. - - Coimbra - Portugal [ BID AMARAL, A. Caetano do: Memória V. Para a História da Legislação e Costumes de Portugal: 1ª Época da Monarquia Portuguesa, desde o Conde D. Henrique até o fim do Reinado d´El-Rei D. Fernando - 2ª Ed. - Porto - Portugal [ BID Elementos para a História Econômica de Portugal, Séculos XII a XVII - Gabinete de Investigações Economicas e Financeiras - Lisboa - Portugal - 244 p. + XLIV [ BID - 2ª Ed. - Livr. Classica (A. M. Teixeira) - Lisboa - Portugal - 478 p. [ BCM Os Jesuítas do Grão-Pará, suas Missões e a Colonização - 2ª Ed. Rev. - Impr. da Universidade Lisboa - Portugal - 436 p. [ BID AZURARA, Gomes Eanes de (?-1474): Cronica do Descobrimento e Conquista da Guiné - 2 Vol. - Introdução e Notas de Jose Bragança - 2ª Ed. - Lisboa - Portugal [ BID Letra B BAIO, António: História da Expansão Portuguesa no Mundo - - Ed. Ática - Lisboa - Portugal - 3 Vol. [

43. CPHRC: Portugal's History On-line portugal s history Online is the highly acclaimed website of the Contemporary Portuguese Political history Research Centre (CPHRC), an independent academic http://www.cphrc.org.uk/

site net 11 April 2004: visit our on-line photo-gallery and discussion forums Our goals remain unchanged: to advance the study of contemporary Portuguese political history in the non-Portuguese speaking world. This website will remain as a portal to our ongoing activities, and as a point of contact for all people interested in Portugal. We hope soon to be able to announce the organisation of a series of seminars and lectures, and will soon be announcing details of our Third International Conference. If you would like to know more about the new and updated services that the CPHRC is able to provide, then please use the navigation buttons provided at the top of the page, or the links provided below. If you are able, then we would also be grateful if you would consider making a secure on-line donation to help us with our work. publications research translations editorial services ... make a secure on-line donation This site is best experienced with Firefox Users of Internet Explorer may receive a message stating that active content from this file has been blocked. This warning message is caused by the java code that is used to operate the navigation bar on this page. Please rest assured that the CPHRC will never attempt to obtain information from, or perform any operations on your computer.

44. Portugal : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library Of Congress portugal Country Studies Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. history The Salazar Regime Changes After the Revolution of 1974 http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pttoc.html

The Library of Congress Especially for Researchers Research Centers Home ... Country Studies Portugal Find in Federal Research Division Pages Researchers Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages A Country Study: Portugal Library of Congress Call Number Portugal Foreward Acknowledgments Preface ... Search Database Choose a Country Study Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Colombia Caribbean Islands Comoros Cyprus Czechoslovakia (Former) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Germany (East) Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Laos Lebanon Libya Lithuania Macau Madagascar Maldives Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union (Former) Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates Uruguay Uzbekistan Venezuela Vietnam Yugoslavia (Former)

45. Portugal - History portugal, throughout its history, has had difficult relations with its powerful peninsular neighbour (Castela/Espanha), struggling with the expansion of the http://www.portugal-live.net/UK/essential/general-history.html

Essential Info General Information Portugal, throughout its history, has had difficult relations with its powerful peninsular neighbour (Castela/Espanha), struggling with the expansion of the Meseta (old part of the Iberian Peninsula, divided in two by the Luso-Castelhano System) and sending its men to the sea to safeguard its freedom and independence. Existing as an independent state since the 12th century, the territory that actually forms Portugal, already had in 10th and 11th centuries, in between-the-Douro-and-Minho regions, the sketch of a political, social and economist organization, seperate from the Kingdom of Lion. The Atlantic has given Portuguese the knowledge and spirit that distinguish maritime populations, allowing them to prepare much earlier for European maritime expansion. The presence of strong jewish and arab communities also guaranteed the necessary scientific teachings to the discoveries movement, that would begin in the 15th century under the management of the Royal house. In 1415, the Portuguese went to the sea on an epic trip, which would turn them into the first nation discovering the maritime routes to India, Brazil, China and Japan. On their many adventures, exchanges have been done and these 'exchanges' have made Portugal a very rich country, not only in spices brought from India, but also in gold and jewels found in Brazil.

46. WWW-VL History Index A Select Bibliography of the history of portugal Reference Shelf on Iberian history. General. A history of portugal Brief Illustrated history of http://vlib.iue.it/history/europe/portugal.html

This index is looking for a new maintainer, lat updated 16 February 2005 please get in touch with Serge Noiret if you would like to edit this Portugal History Index. Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) Main Catalog The WWW-VL search facility. Maps Relief [209 Kb] Political [208 Kb] Other Maps and Images Portugal from the Sky Lisbon and Oporto From the Sky Aerial Photographs of Lisbon Cities and Towns of Portugal ... Madeira Islands [Interactive] The Azores Historical Maps Portugal in the 13th and 14th Centuries A Portuguese World-View Gazetteers Language Dictionaries A Tool to Learn Portuguese Verbs Bibliography Bibliographies A Select Bibliography of the History of Portugal Reference Shelf on Iberian History Bibliography on Portugal I Bibliography on Portugal II ... Portuguese Pamphlets in the US Library of Congress [relate to 19th century] Web Gateways Cidade Virtual [internet directory] A Collection of Home Pages About Portugal [an excellent index] Zarco - um portal madeirense [Madeira Islands] Archives Arquivo da Universidade de Coimbra Arquivo Distrital de Beja Libraries Foundations Centro Nacional Cultural Luso-American Development Foundation Research Centers Contemporary Portuguese Politics and History Research Centre Documents On-Line

47. Estoril's Coast / Costa De Estoril, Portugal - History portugal Virtual. Estoril Cascais history. portugal Tourism Lisbon Estoril Cascais history. eMail Cascais Estoril Lodging Cascais Estoril http://www.portugalvirtual.pt/_tourism/costadelisboa/estoril/history.html

Estoril Cascais History Portugal Tourism Lisbon Estoril Cascais History e-Mail Cascais Estoril Lodging Cascais Estoril Lodging Lisbon Coast ... Sightseeing Guided Tours The picturesque towns of Estoril and Cascais with theirs pretty little palaces overlooking the sea have been inhabited from the remotest ages. From various interesting finds, it is known that paleolithic man lived there, and it is believed neolithic people lived in local caves 4000 years old. There is also much evidence from the Roman period, dating from 1 AD. Villas have been excavated and inscriptions found of family names, names of the Gods they worshipped and names chosen for their sons. Cascais Estoril Lodging Cascais Estoril Lodging Lisbon Coast Beaches ... Estoril Cascais History e-Mail History Estoril Cascais

48. Estoril's Coast / Costa De Estoril, Portugal - History portugal Virtual. Estoril Cascais Geschiedenis. portugal Toerisme Lisbon Estoril Cascais Geschiedenis. eMail Acomodatie in de omgeving Estoril http://www.portugalvirtual.pt/_tourism/costadelisboa/estoril/nlhistory.html

Estoril Cascais Geschiedenis Portugal Toerisme Lisbon Estoril Cascais Geschiedenis e-Mail Acomodatie in de omgeving Estoril Cascais Stranden ... Sightseeing Rondrit met gids De pittoreske stadjes Estoril en Cascais, met hun mooie kleine palijsjes die over de zee uitkijken waren reeds sinds lang bewoond. Verschillende opgravingen tonen aan dat hier mensen woonden van het paleotisch tijdperk en dat men hier woonden in grotten in het neolitische periode (4000 jaar oud). Er is ook veel bewijsmateriaal van de Romeinse periode (1 na C.) Villas werden opgegraven en opschriften met familienamen, namen van hun zonen en goden werden gevonden. Van de Arabische bezetting werden ook namen gevonden. Ibne Mucane werd geboren in Alcabideche en het was hij die de eerste beschrijving maakte over de introductie van windmolens in Europa. Hij was een Arabische poeet en heeft een herinneringsmonument dichtbij de windmolen op de weg die vanuit het dorp vertrekt richting Autodrome. Na het heroveren van het land op de Moren in 1147, richte het volk van Cascais zich op de visvangst. Algemeen wordt aangenomen dat Cascais is afgeleid van "cascas" wat betekent "schelpen" zinspelend op de enorme hopen lege zeeschelpen. Deze connectie met de zee gaf aan de inwoners van Cascais de mogelijkheid hun onafhankelijkheid van Sintra, hetwelk werd toegestaan in 1364 door Koning Pedro I, aan

49. AllRefer.com - Portugal - History | Portuguese Information Resource allRefer Reference provides detailed information on this topic. Browse through this article and follow related links for complete research. http://reference.allrefer.com/country-guide-study/portugal/portugal72.html

You are here allRefer Reference Portugal History ... Portugal Portugal History Portugal was first Christianized while part of the Roman Empire. Christianity was solidified when the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe already Christianized, came into the Iberian Peninsula in the fifth century (see Germanic Invasions , ch. 1). Christianity was nearly extinguished in southern Portugal during Moorish rule, but in the north it provided the cultural and religious cement that helped hold Portugal together as a distinctive entity (see Muslim Domination , ch. 1). By the same token, Christianity was the rallying cry of those who rose up against the Moors and sought to drive them out (see Christian Reconquest , ch. 1). Hence, Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church predated the establishment of the Portuguese nation, a point that shaped relations between the two. Under Afonso Henriques (r. 1139-85), the first king of Portugal and the founder of the Portuguese state, church and state were unified into a lasting and mutually beneficial partnership (see Formation of the Monarchy , ch. 1). To secure papal recognition of his country, Afonso declared Portugal a vassal state of the pope. The king found the church to be a useful ally as he drove the Moors toward the south and out of Portuguese territory. For its support of his policies, Afonso richly rewarded the church by granting it vast lands and privileges in the territories conquered from the Moors. The church became the country's largest landowner, and its power came to be equal to that of the nobility, the military orders, and even, for a time, the crown. But Afonso also asserted his supremacy over the church, a supremacy thatwith various ups and downswas maintained.

50. Travel In Lisbon - Portugal - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Lisbon,portugal,history,Gallery,Photos, restaurants,hotels,car rental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! http://www.eurotravelling.net/portugal/lisbon/lisbon_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Madeira - History Port Lisboa, ancient Olisipo, re established in Lisbon in 1911. In 1966 the Salazar Bridge, one of the world's longest (3,323 ft/1,013 m) suspension bridges, was completed across the Tagus, linking Lisbon with the Setual Peninsula. Bibliography: See David Wright and Patrick Swift, Lisbon click to go back Back to Europe Eurotravelling.net POWERED BY wORLDTRAVELGATE.NET Back to WTG

51. Travel In Corvo - Portugal - History - WorldTravelGate.net® WorldTravelGate.net®Information about Corvo,portugal,history,Gallery,Photos, restaurants,hotels,car rental,rentals,campings,travel agencies.! http://www.eurotravelling.net/portugal/corvo/corvo_history.htm

ADVERTISING INFORMATION Corvo (Azores Islands) - History Discovered at the same time as the island of Flores, its settlement started at a later date, about the middle of the 16th century. Its small size and isolation, caused by the lack of a safe port, which prevented coats from calling there during part of the year, led to the development of a pastoral society with characteristics of its own which, although with some changes, has continued until the present time. The town's narrow alleys terminating in unexpected cul-de-sacs and abrupt turnings were purposely planned. Like Flores, Corvo was visited often by marauding bands of pirates, and the constricted streets enabled the population to better defend themselves against invaders. Throughout Corvo's history, the people have always lived in the town and their numbers have never exceeded one thousand. Legend tells of a time when circumstances were such that the population was about to approach that magic number. To bring about this great event, messages were sent to Flores and other islands telling Corvo's emigrants to temporarily return. As the numbers mounted, there was enormous excitement and a magnificent festival was planned to celebrate the glorious moment in the island's history. But it was not Corvo's fate to have the pleasure of enjoying this fabulous happening. At nine hundred and ninety nine, it was necessary for two members of a family to leave because a relative was dying on another island. Afterward, the number of persons slowly dwindled away and all the great plans were given up and forgotten.

52. WHKMLA : History Of Portugal, ToC history of portugal, from ArtIstocracy of the Past; paintings of portugal s royalty CPHRC, portugal s Contemporary history Online - 209 biographies, http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/xportugal.html

Spain First posted on March 23rd 2002, last revised on February 5th 2005 For earlier periods of history see Iberian Peninsula Portugal 1097-1385 Portugal 1485-1580 Madeira until 1660 ... Acores since 1974 For the History of the Portuguese Colonial Empire see a separate index Historical Atlas, Portugal Page TRANSLATION ENGINE Free translation engine Portuguese-English, English-Portuguese; other language combinations available, from Applied Languages - WHKMLA denies any responsibility for the result, which requires interpretation/proof-reading. EXTERNAL FILES CIA World Factbook : Portugal ; BBC Country Profile : Portugal ; Country Profile : Portugal, from Eurodata Library of Congress, Country Studies : Portugal Virtual Library History : Portugal Timeline of Portuguese history from timelines.ws , data collected from US newspapers; from BBC News Chronology of Catholic Dioceses : Portugal, from Kirken i Norge Portuguese History, from Virtual School Portugal's History on-line, from CPHRC Links on Portugal's history, from Don Mabry's Historical Text Archive Political Resources on the Net : Portugal Wars of Portugal 1800-1999, from

53. History (from Portugal) --  Encyclopædia Britannica history (from portugal) Standard general histories are e ty = s Damião Peres /e (ed.), e História de portugal /e , 8 vol. (1928–37); e ty = s HV http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-93713

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction The land ... Climate Plant and animal life Vegetation Wildlife Settlement patterns The people ... Transportation Government and social conditions Government Education Welfare services Cultural life ... Medieval social and economic development The discoveries and the empire Conquest and exploration Control of the sea trade The 18th century The French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars ... The New State after Salazar Portugal since 1974 The revolution The 1976 constitution and subsequent reforms Additional Reading General works Geography History Print this Table of Contents Shopping Price: USD $1495 Revised, updated, and still unrivaled. The Official Scrabble Players Dictionary (Hardcover) Price: USD $15.95 The Scrabble player's bible on sale! Save 30%. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Price: USD $19.95 Save big on America's best-selling dictionary. Discounted 38%!

54. Portugal - History Their modest aim of changing portugal s political leadership, however, A nervous Western Europe looked on as portugal s governing and financial elites http://countrystudies.us/portugal/2.htm

History Portugal Table of Contents The revolution eventually played itself out. Many of its feared consequences, such as a communist takeover or a civil war, did not occur. Moreover, many of the actions, for example, nationalizations and collectivizations that were implemented during the revolution, had been reversed to a great extent by early 1993, and the serious damage done to the overall economy was gradually being repaired. The economy grew rapidly in the second half of the 1980s and continued to show respectable growth rates in the early 1990s. As another indication of improving economic health, Portugal's currency, the escudo, was strong enough to be placed in the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System (see Glossary) in April 1992. The revolution's legacy also had a positive side, however, and nearly two decades after the sequence of events that began in April 1974, some remarkable achievements could be seen. After centuries of isolation and backwardness, Portugal had become an fully integral part of Western Europe through its membership in the European Community (EC). In the first half of 1992, Portugal assumed the presidency of the EC and fulfilled the obligations of this office in a professional manner. Even more significant, perhaps, were the establishment and consolidation of a system of parliamentary democracy. After a troubled start, this democracy, watched a had given the country a strong and competent government able to bring about peaceful change.

55. Portugal - History portugal. history. portugal was first Christianized while part of the Roman Empire. Christianity was solidified when the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe already http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-10897.html

Country Listing Portugal Table of Contents Portugal History Portugal was first Christianized while part of the Roman Empire. Christianity was solidified when the Visigoths, a Germanic tribe already Christianized, came into the Iberian Peninsula in the fifth century (see Germanic Invasions , ch. 1). Christianity was nearly extinguished in southern Portugal during Moorish rule, but in the north it provided the cultural and religious cement that helped hold Portugal together as a distinctive entity (see Muslim Domination , ch. 1). By the same token, Christianity was the rallying cry of those who rose up against the Moors and sought to drive them out (see Christian Reconquest , ch. 1). Hence, Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church predated the establishment of the Portuguese nation, a point that shaped relations between the two. Under Afonso Henriques (r. 1139-85), the first king of Portugal and the founder of the Portuguese state, church and state were unified into a lasting and mutually beneficial partnership (see Formation of the Monarchy , ch. 1). To secure papal recognition of his country, Afonso declared Portugal a vassal state of the pope. The king found the church to be a useful ally as he drove the Moors toward the south and out of Portuguese territory. For its support of his policies, Afonso richly rewarded the church by granting it vast lands and privileges in the territories conquered from the Moors. The church became the country's largest landowner, and its power came to be equal to that of the nobility, the military orders, and even, for a time, the crown. But Afonso also asserted his supremacy over the church, a supremacy thatwith various ups and downswas maintained.

56. EUROPA - IDABC - EGovernment Factsheet - Portugal - History European CommissionIDABC uses information and communication technologies to support the delivery of cross-border public sector services to citizens and http://europa.eu.int/idabc/en/document/1373/409

document.write(""); document.write("English"); document.write(""); en eGovernment Factsheets by country eGovernment Factsheet - Portugal > eGovernment Factsheet - Portugal - History Contact Who 's Who Search on EUROPA eGovernment Observatory ... eGovernment Forum Search MyIDABC Call for Tenders Site Map eGovernment Factsheet - Portugal - History Main developments and key milestones (in reverse chronological order) Last updated: June 2005 For the latest developments, see: eGovernment News - Portugal 28 April 2005 The Portuguese government approves the citizen card project . The multi-use citizen card will combine ID, tax, social security, health insurance and electoral information, thus enabling citizens to carry one single card instead of five different ones. Distribution of the card is expected to start in 2006. 12 January 2005 Launch of the national e-procurement portal (‘Portal de Compras’). Developed in the framework of the National e-Procurement Programme, the portal – which complies with the guidelines of W3C’s Web Accessibility Initiative – aims to become the new standard for public procurement in order to promote the following policy objectives: generate substantial savings for public sector purchasing; rationalise the procurement process to increase its efficiency and transparency; encourage the modernisation of suppliers and the adoption of e-commerce, thereby increasing the productivity and competitiveness of Portuguese businesses.

57. EUROPA - IDABC - EGovernment Factsheet - Portugal - History European CommissionIDABC uses information and communication technologies to support the delivery of cross-border public sector services to citizens and http://europa.eu.int/idabc/jsps/documents/dsp_showPrinterDocument.jsp?docID=1373

58. Journey To Portugal, In Pursuit Of Portugal's History And Culture - Jose Saramag Jose Saramago s richly detailed account of his journey across portugal in 1979. http://www.longitudebooks.com/find/p/14339/mcms.html

Choose a Region Polar Regions North America Middle America South America Northern Europe Southern Europe Mediterranean Middle East Africa South Asia Southeast Asia Advanced Search Have An Item Number? ... Visiting Journey to Portugal, In Pursuit of Portugal's History and Culture Jose Saramago E-mail this page Printer-friendly version Jose Saramago's richly detailed account of his journey across Portugal in 1979. Saramago's impressions of the Portuguese landscape and people are combined with a dose of history, fiction and meditations. With black-and-white photos and maps. View Book Bag home map book bag advanced search ... contact us (800) 342-2164 (212) 904-1144 115 West 30th St., Suite 1206 New York, NY 10001 USA Choose a Region Polar Regions North America Middle America South America Northern Europe Southern Europe Mediterranean Middle East Africa South Asia Southeast Asia site created by bitflip interactive group powered by metarhythm

59. Review Of Anarchist Intellectuals, Workers And Soldiers In Portugal's History By Anarchist Intellectuals, Workers and Soldiers in portugal s history Joao Freire Black Rose Books. This book is a disappointment. It fails as a portrayal of http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/anarchism/writers/anarcho/reviews/portugal.html

Freedom Fighters: Anarchist Intellectuals, Workers and Soldiers in Portugal's History Joao Freire Black Rose Books This book is a disappointment. It fails as a portrayal of the history of Portuguese anarchism. Rather, it is a snapshot of that movement during its peak (the 1900s to 1930s) and a somewhat unconvincing "sociological analysis" of it, backed up with copious data. Which is a shame, as a book on Portuguese anarchism is sorely needed. However, saying that, the book does present an often fascinating picture of an anarchist movement which rooted itself in working class life and struggle. Unlike Spain, social-democracy dominated the early labour movement. The anarchists successfully undermined this and by the 1920s the main union federation was anarcho-syndicalist in nature with around 90,000 members enrolled it in. This movement had a healthy interest in theory as well as action, with unions regularly discussing not only day to day issues but also revolutionary goals such as the socialisation of industry. Needless to say, similar discussions took place in the substantial number of anarchist groups and federations that existed. What strikes the reader is that the Portuguese movement got its strength by applying its ideas in practice. The unions and their struggles were organised in libertarian fashion by mass assemblies and bottom-up federations. The anarchist groups, like the unions, federated from below upwards, organically growing wider and wider as time went on. Both the unions and the anarchist groups spent time creating centres, libraries, schools and other forms of mutual aid.

60. RASK : Humanities And Social Sciences : History : European History : Spain And P Humanities and Social Sciences, Spain and portugal history The Contemporary Portuguese Political history Research Centre Full description http://rask.ub.uu.se/browse.cfm?id=117&eng

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