81. Brief History Of Poland A brief history of poland in the last 200 years. During those socalled Partitions of poland, Prussia acquired the western regions of poland, http://www.polishroots.org/genpoland/polhistory.htm

A brief history of Poland in the last 200 years Some details pertaining to the history of particular provinces are accessible by clicking on their names The map of Central Europe in 1772. The Kingdom of Poland is marked in white; Russia - in green, Austria - in yellow and Prussia - in blue. Present-day political boundaries are shown as red lines. Present names of cities are also given. During the second half of the 18th century the Kingdom of Poland was a country which differed from present-day Poland in many important ways. Its territory included all of what we now call Lithuania, Belarus and half of contemporary Ukraine. On the other hand, nearly half of the contemporary area of Poland then belonged to Prussia (or, less precisely - to Germany). From time immemorial all those territories had been inhabited by diverse peoples of several religions. The western and central regions of the Kingdom were inhabited mostly by Catholics of Polish ethnic background. Catholic Poles and Lithuanians lived in its north-eastern section, which is now the Republic of Lithuania. The eastern regions were inhabited by Byzantine Catholics of Ruthenian (which is now Belarussian and Ukrainian) background and a small but important Catholic Polish minority. All parts of the Polish Kingdom were also inhabited by Jews (about 10% of the whole population) who lived mostly in

82. 1Up Travel : Poland - History And Culture Of Poland. poland Get to know about the history and Culture of poland. The great periods of Western cultural and intellectual expression are paralleled by the http://www.1uptravel.com/international/europe/poland/history-culture.html

Flags Maps Sightseeing Travel Warnings ... National Parks More Categories Introduction Topography Local Life Local Cuisine Local Holidays Festivals-Events Embassies Administration News Stand Worth a See !! Sight Seeing Maps Flags Shopping Eating Out Recreation Travel Essentials Country Facts Geography People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military Airline Tickets Car Rentals Cruises Hotels ... Vacations Web 1UpTravel.com You are here 1Up Travel Countries of the World Europe Poland ADVERTISEMENT Country At a Glance Introduction Topography Life Cuisine ... Newstand Worth a Visit !! Cities Attractions Shopping Eating Out ... Travel Links Country Facts Introduction Geography People Government ... Transnational issues Related Poland Guide Poland Maps Poland Hotels Poland Flag ... Poland Travel Warning Poland History and Culture Culture The great periods of Western cultural and intellectual expression are paralleled by the history of Polish creativity. The Italian Renaissance inspired a great burst of culture in Poland. The Reformation sped the development of a Polish vernacular literature, and in the 18th and 19th centuries Poles were greatly influenced by French culture. Acknowledgements: ASIATRAVELMART.COM

83. Heritage Resource Center - Main - ATPC Polish heritage resources on history, people, maps, articles, and ancestral photos. Polish history history on poland researched by others. http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~atpc/heritage/heritage.html

OAS_AD('Top'); HOME-F HOME-NF FEATURES GENEALOGY ... RESEARCH "Like the changing of seasons, each generation brings forth new growth and our roots grow deeper. Our season of growth is now. Let us celebrate our ancestry by preparing it for the next generation to carry forward." HERITAGE CENTER..... is a celebration of our ancestors; their history, their culture, and their memories. Information on Poland's history is necessary to understand the events that contributed to defining their heritage. Over time, traditions have been slightly modified by each generation based on contemporary conditions while remaining faithful to it's essence. We will present some of facts of Poland's record history as well as the personal memories of family history. We hope you will enjoy this section as much as we did in preparing it for presentation. Ancestral Photo Library - Main Page Photos from our viewers of their ancestors. Includes page, "Ancestors, My Oldest Snapshot", where you can add your own favorite photo from the past. Ancestral Photo Pages - Start with oldest personal page and browse from there.

84. History News Network poland also needs to explain its history to a continent that knows little about it, But in poland, history has a hard and bloody edge. http://hnn.us/readcomment.php?id=33807

85. POLISH MILITARY HISTORY BOOKS -- Polish Orders, Medals, Badges, Insignia, Milita It is the first book on the history of poland which lists all of the recipients of the Order since 1792. The book is a result of a 10 year research project. http://www.wwdir.com/polishbk.html

POLISH MILITARY HISTORY BOOKS By Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw P. Wesolowski. Captain, United States Air Force Reserve, Retired. Polish Orders, Medals, Badges, and Insignia. Military and Civilian Decorations, 1705 to 1985. A comprehensive one volume encyclopedic research work on the history of Polish military and civilian decorations. The book covers the whole history of Polish decorations from 1705 to 1985 to include the Commonwealth era of the Polish-Lithuanian Kingdom (1705-1794), the Duchy of Warsaw (1807-1813), the Kingdom Period (1815-1831), Polish Republic (1918-1939), Polish Republic in the West (Exile, 1939-1985), and the Polish Peoples Republic (1943-1985). The book consists of 404 pages with 1,631 actual photographs of every order, cross, medal, regimental breast badge and military isignia. There are 19 color plates. The text is organized by each era of Polish history which includes a detailed desciption of each item with a reference number. The description includes information on the purpose of the decoration, date of establishment, size, color of enamels and ribbons. Data on number of awards made in each class and the names of persons who received the orders are also included, especially the Order of the White Eagle and the order of the Virtuti Militari in the higher classes. The book will be of great value to military historians, persons of Polish background and ancestry, the military collector and others interested in the history of a valiant nation and its people who, for the last thousand years, have fought for freedom and independence, which for many reasons has been so elusive and several times within their grasp.

86. History Of Poland Below you will find a brief outline of poland s history. In poland s lengthy and tumultuous history, its Golden Age, which flourished under the last two http://www.poland-embassy.si/eng/poland/history1.htm

HISTORY OF POLAND Part 1 B elow you will find a brief outline of Poland's history. The dates and events described herein represent, in our opinion, the turning points in Polish history. While short and hardly complete, this outline will provide some insight and might help you get a fuller understanding of the Polish culture and traditions, shaped by the centuries of glory interlaced with the decades of pain and suffering. For a more comprehensive view of Poland's past we recommend "God's Playground", a history of Poland by Prof. Norman Davies. Introduction The Origins The Birth of a Kingdom Regional Division ... Reunified Kingdom INTRODUCTION While Poles trace their roots to prehistoric times, as a nation, present-day Poland dates its real origins to the year 966, when the foundation of Polish statehood was laid. That was the year when Mieszko I, the first historical representative of the old Polish Piast dynasty, accepted Christianity from the south. He is the first member of the gallery of Polish Kings in spite of the fact that only his son, Boleslaw Chrobry - Boleslaw the Brave - was the first ruler to be actually crowned. In Poland's lengthy and tumultuous history, its Golden Age, which flourished under the last two kings of the Jagiellonian dynasty, deserves special attention. This was a time rich in art, poetry, religious experience, scientific advances and economic prosperity. It inspired astronomer Nicholas Copernicus to assign Earth a new place in the solar system and moved Wit Stwosz to create his unsurpassed altarpiece, which can still be admired in Krakow's St. Mary's Church to this very day. In Krakow, the Royal Castle on Wawel Hill was converted into a splendid Renaissance residence, while a handsome fortress city went up in Zamosc.

87. WWW-VL Polish History Index: Main history of Warmia and Mazuria • history of Great poland • history of Mazovia • history of Lower Silesia More Archive Sciences (48) http://historicus.umk.pl/vl/

Newest Links Top Links Hottest Links About Us search links search all Advanced Search Choose Category Main Index - History in WWW - Encyclopedias and Thesauruses - Scientific Institutions Libraries Institutes and Departments Museums Associations - Journals and Polish newspaper - Bibliographies - Searchengines - Dictionaries - Sources and Materials - World Heritage Sites - Poland Chronological Index - Archeology and Prehistory - Middle Ages Dictionaries Editing Sources Texts Sources - Early Modern 16th Century 17th Century 18th Century - 19th Century - Between the Wars Bibliography - The Second World War - History after 1945 After 1989 Topical Index - Social History National minorities and ethnic in Poland - Lemko - Germans - Lithuanians - Kasubians - Ukrainians - Jews - Tatars - Belorussians - Gypsies - Economic History - History of Cartography Historical Atlas of Polish Towns Topographical Maps City Maps Maps - Art and Culture History - History and Computing - History of Technology - Urban History - Military Colour and Weapon Castles and fortifications Miltitary Journal's Wars and Battles Units - Religion Church History Mitology - State and Law History - Jewish History Texts Sources - Political History - Polish Tatars and Muslims Geographical Index - History of West and East Pomerania - History of Warmia and Mazuria - History of Great Poland - History of Mazovia - History of Lower Silesia - History of Upper Silesia - History of Little Ploand - Eastern Borderlands Archive Sciences - State Archives in Poland - Church`s Archives - Archives of institutions and associations

88. Welcome To The Polish American Journal GOD S PLAYGROUND A history of poland (revised edition), by Norman Davies (Volume I and Volume II); INSTITUTIONS AND THE FATE OF DEMOCRACY Germany and http://www.polamjournal.com/

IN THIS WEB EDITION HURRICANE KATRINA RELIEF Polish American Congress compiles list of organizations accepting donations for assistance after devastation. WEB EDITION NEWS HIGHLIGHTS Actions Taken Against Poles by Belarusian government. Letters in favor of papal sainthood overwhelm Vatican Mikulski on the mend Sadam Wants trial in Poland More Poles beatified in Warsaw ceremony Londoner who aided Solidarity honored by Polish government PRINT EDITION HEADLINES Highlights of this month's PAJ EDITORIAL Make plans now for Polish American Heritage Month!! FEATURE Plans for Pulaski Reinterment, September 30-October 7, 2005 THIS CASKET , a gift from the people of Poland, will encase the remains of General Pulaski. BOOK REVIEWS A POLISH SON IN THE MOTHERLAND An American's Journey Home by Leonard Kniffel MINI PICTURE DICTIONARY English-Polish by Sedat Turhan, HOW DO YOU SAY ...? Try our ON-LINE TRANSLATOR GET A SNEAK PEEK at this year's CHRISTMAS STORE . Calendars, oplatki, ornaments, new Christmas cards, koledy CDs and more! PAJ SPECIAL W.S. Kuniczak's

89. Poland Germany and Russia, poland has often been invaded. James Mitchner beautifully tells the story of poland s history in his novel simply named poland. http://user.intop.net/~jhollis/poland.htm

Poland Rich in fertile soil on flat plains and located between Germany and Russia, Poland has often been invaded. James Mitchner beautifully tells the story of Poland's history in his novel simply named Poland Auschwitz Buchenwald (Though not in Poland, both of these places played a part in Poland's history) Poland, like Delta, suffers grim legacy, an editorial Return to main page Look at Eastern Europe

90. The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everything from antiSemitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Poland.html

The Virtual Jewish History Tour Poland By Rebecca Weiner The Middle Ages Colonization of the Ukraine Chmielnicki Revolt Rise of Hasidism ... The Virtual Israel Experience Poland was home to the largest Jewish population in Europe and served as the center for Jewish culture. A diverse population of Jews from all over Europe sought refuge in Poland, contributing to a wide variety of religious and cultural groups. Before the outbreak of World War II, more than 3.3 million Jews lived in Poland, the second largest Jewish community in the world; barely 11 percent (369,000) survived the war population. The Middle Ages There is no specific date that marks Jewish immigration to Poland. A journal account of Ibrahim ibn Jakub, a Jewish traveler, merchant and diplomat from Spain mentions Cracow and the First Duke of Poland, Mieszko I. More Jews arrived during the period of the first Crusade in 1098, while leaving persecution in Bohemia, according to the Chronicler of Prague. There is also archeological evidence, coins from the period with inscriptions in Hebrew, revealing that other Jewish merchants traveled to Poland in the 12 th century. The coins may have belonged to 12

91. The Virtual Jewish History Tour - Poland Cyber encyclopedia of Jewish history and culture that covers everything from antiSemitism to Zionism. It includes a glossary, bibliography of web sites and http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Polandtoc.html

The Virtual Jewish History Tour Poland The Jewish Community in Poland Cracow Danzig Jewry: A Short History Jewish Foods of the World - Poland ... Warsaw

92. :: Hi-Tec.com - Poland - History :: history. Big in Sports since 1974 An industry benchmark then and now, few shoes in athletic footwear history have recorded unit sales of over 18 million http://www.hi-tec.com/pl/content.php?page=about

93. Fulbright-Hays Group Project Abroad Study Tour Of Poland Learning About poland s 1000year history. Fourteen teachers were participants in a month-long Fulbright-Hays Group Project Abroad Study Tour of poland in http://www.umich.edu/~iinet/crees/outreach/Fulbright-Hays Study Tour.htm

at the University of Michigan The Fulbright-Hays Group Project Abroad Study Tour of Poland July 1-31, 2002 Teachers, Nobles, and Highlanders Learning About Poland's 1,000-year History Fourteen teachers were participants in a month-long Fulbright-Hays Group Project Abroad Study Tour of Poland in July. The participants were chosen in a blind competition conducted by CREES. Residents of Michigan, Indiana, and Pennsylvania, they ranged from 4th grade through University-level teachers, including department chairs; curriculum specialists; social studies, geography, history and language arts teachers. Sylvia Meloche (CREES) was the project developer and leader and was aided in Poland by her former student, Monika Ziobrowska, as translator. Teacher-participants are required to create curriculum units for teaching their students about Poland and to share the units with others. Some units will be placed on the CREES outreach Web page. To aid them in writing the units, materials were purchased in the host country. Examples of the materials purchased were: illustrated histories, legends, poetry, maps, flags, regional handicrafts, classical/popular/folk music CDs, videos, art books, short stories and novels, books on religions and current events, and many other types of media. Teachers' ideas about Poland and Poles underwent changes during the Study Tour. To quote some of them: "Poland is modern, it is easy to be here, it is like the Midwest, it is non-threatening and has given me a positive experience;" "the people are so friendly, it is easy to get to know them;" "we don't know much about Poland - that it had a golden age, that there are many Nobel laureates;" "even the common people in the street have pride in, and a knowledge of, their intricate history;" "Poles are more urbane, industrious, and entrepreneurial than I thought;" "there are recent aspects of Poland's history that cannot be ignored, but we have the opportunity and materials to broaden students' and others' attitudes, and we can try to convey some of the aspects of the country's rich thousand-year history."

94. Krakow  - Sightseeing  - Museums  Poland  - History Of Photography Museu European city guides with essential travel information hotels, sightseeing, maps, restaurants, visas, transport. Brutally honest reviews by expat writers. http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/en/venue?id=POKRENX0010

95. Krakow  - Sightseeing  - Museums  Poland  - History Museum - In Your Poc European city guides with essential travel information hotels, sightseeing, maps, restaurants, visas, transport. Brutally honest reviews by expat writers. http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/en/venue?id=POKRENW0021

96. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Poland At the period when the authentic history of poland begins, poland had hardly begun to play a part in history when it acquired extraordinary power. http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12181a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Poland A B C D ... CICDC - Home of the Catholic Lifetime Reading Plan Poland I. GEOGRAPHY pole Napoleon took from Prussia the Polish territories annexed in 1793 and 1795 and out of them formed what he called the Duchy of Warsaw. New territorial changes were effected by the Congress of Vienna: Prussia received a part of the Duchy of Warsaw as the Grand duchy of Posen; Russia received the rest of the Duchy of Warsaw as a separate Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland); Austria retained the territories previously acquired, under the name of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. Galicia now has a population of more than seven millions, of whom somewhat less than four millions are Poles, and 3,074,000, Ruthenians. Grouped according to religion there are 3,350,000 Catholics of the Latin Rite, 3,104,000 Greek Uniats, and 811,000 Jews. II. POLITICAL HISTORY At the period when the authentic history of Poland begins, the Germans had already become the most powerful nation of Europe, and their kings sought to extend their dominion to the Slavic tribes beyond the Elbe. The latter were very soon partly exterminated, partly subjugated. The eastern boundary of Germany was advanced as far as the Oder; beyond this was Polish territory. But the German armies did not halt there; in the neighbourhood of where Frankfort now stands they crossed the Oder and attacked the Polish strongholds. Mieszko, the Polish ruler of Posen (962-92), acknowledged the German Emperor as his lord paramount, promising to pay a yearly tribute, and upon demand to aid him with an armed force. In 963 Mieszko bound himself and his people to embrace

97. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Polish Literature for the first time inspired by the history and the actual political state of poland. Wojcicki s history of Polish Literature is a very good work; http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12196a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... P > Polish Literature A B C D ... CICDC - Home of the Catholic Lifetime Reading Plan Polish Literature The subject will be divided, for convenience of treatment, into historical periods. First Period Of the literature of Poland before the advent of Christianity (965) very few traces indeed are extant. Even when converted, the country long remained uncivilized. The laity were engaged in perpetual wars; and a few schools founded by the clergy were wrecked when (1138-1306) the country, after suffering from a divided sovereignty, was again and again invaded by the Tatars. The schools, however, were restored, and Casimir the Great founded, in 1364, the academy which was destined to become the University of Cracow in 1400. Chroniclers, writing in medieval Latin, appeared: Gallus, Kadlubek, and Martinus Polonus, in the thirteenth century; John of Czarnkow, in the fourteenth. In the fifteenth century the University of Cracow was famous and attracted many students; Poles began to study abroad, and came back Humanists and men of the Renaissance . But though both Dlugosz (Longinus), the first great historian of Poland, and John Ostrorog, an excellent political writer, flourished at this time, they wrote in Latin. The national language, though it was being gradually formed by sermons and translations, was not mature for such work until the second half of the sixteenth century, circumstances favourable to its development having arisen only in the beginning of that century. Books printed in Polish translations or paraphrases date from 1520; from this time, too, the influence of Italian culture, fostered by Queen Bona, increased notably. Latin versification became fashionable, books on historical and political subjects appeared, as well as the early attempts of some writers (Rey, Orzechowski, and Modrzewski) who afterwards became famous.

98. Europoland.com - History Of Poland Brief history of poland Some useful information poland S history PreSlavonic and Slavonic tribes already began settling these lands in the 15 th http://europoland.com/e_im_history.php

Polski Sunday, September 25, 2005 HOME TOURISM COMMUNITIES IMPRESSIONS ... PRICING POLAND IN EUROPE 14 Polish trumps Poland's history in Brief Poland's position in EU Poland's image abroad ARTICLE Brief history of Poland Some useful information What is Poland? A country of central Europe situated between the Baltic Sea, the Carpathian Mountains and the Rivers Odra and Bug, owes it turbulent history to its geographic location between great powers, at the contact point between cultures of East and West. POLAND'S HISTORY Europoland.com staff SOME PHOTOS FROM POLAND Below: The parade led by the "Zwierzyniec Pony", known as the Lajkonik, starts on the Octave Christi from the Cloister of the Norbertine Sisters in Kraków. It commemorates the repulsion of a Tatar attack in 1287. The costume used today was designed by Stanis³aw Wyspiañski in 1905. Above: Cashubian Ethnographic Park in the willage of Wdzydze Kiszewskie was established in 1907 and is Poland's oldest scansen (open-air museum). Below: Slovincian National Park, established in 1967, has been included among World Biosphere Reserves. Its main attraction are shifting and dunes rising to a height of 42 meters changing their position by up to 9 meters by a year. Above: A monument of Miko³aj Kopernik (Copernicus), sculpted by Friedrich Tieck in 1853. Kopernik was born in Toruñ, worked in Warmia region as a medic and secretary to Bishop £ukasz Watzenrode. He dealt with economic matters, but his main claim to fame was his work in astronomy which pored the correctness of the heliocentric theory.

99. This Is Hampshire | CommuniGate | Berlin And Poland - History After our visit here had ended, our history learning had finished in Berlin, As we entered poland (which, by the way, was before they put on Schindlers http://www.communigate.co.uk/hants/berlinandpoland/index.phtml

This is Hampshire CommuniGate Great school trips Feedback ... Guestbook Where was my passport? Story to be concluded all in due course.... On the boat? In the hotel? In my suitcase? On the coach? In my bag? In my friends bag? In my pocket? In my jumper sleeve? In heaven? In my shoe? Results A journey of emotion.... Berlin and Krakow (or, in the respective languages - Berliner and Cracow) Sunday 3rd February - Sunday 9th February. Sunday 3rd February - I arrived at Ryde Pier head at approximately 6.23pm, 7 minutes earlier than the original suggested time... I was eager! We were regestered into different teaching groups, where we discovered that Mr. Jackson had suspiciously chosen the most attractive girls and most feminine boys for his group. Myself, Laura Kennedy, Vicki Christopher, Bella Hoyle, Tom Morgan and Stuart Austin, where among such students. As well as Pearl Harbour being the very wet film that it is, our coach too was getting wet. Yes, we were leaking. Squeals of excitement could be heard for miles as the first little drips fell on some poor teenage head (or maybe it was a teacher, but whats the difference?), but by the third leak, it seemed quite serious, but as it was left alone at the time, I am going to leave it alone now. On the enormous ferry, with the fantastic opportunity to roam the boat, look at the exciting shops, and laugh at the constant swaying motion of those in the corridors, I simply brought a tooth brush for 80p and sat down at a table. Although, I cannot deny, even here, it was not easy to hold in the odd giggle as people passing by looked, as Paul Whitehouse likes to say in that low gruff old mans voice, that both Mr. Brazier and Mr. Jackson try despertaely to imperosnate, very very drunk.

100. Property Frontiers | Poland : History & Politics poland history Politics. poland has a stable political system based on a multiparty democracy. The current system stems from fundamental changes made http://www.propertyfrontiers.com/countries/poland/history.html

Select Your Region Americas Asia Europe Poland Economic Overview Geography Travel Information Property Listing Key Facts : Poland Population Capital Warsaw Language Polish but English, Russian and German are also understood Local Time GMT +1 Hour Climate Average Summer Temperature 19.5°C Currency Zloty (zl or PLN) divided into 100 Groszy. Poland Poland has a stable political system based on a multi-party democracy. The current system stems from fundamental changes made in 1989, the year in which the Solidarity Trade Union was recognised. Fully democratic elections took place in 1991. The head of state is the President who is directly elected for a five year term and may serve only twice. Parliament is composed of two chambers. The upper house, the Senate, has 100 seats. The lower house, the Sejm has 460 seats. Both are elected for four years. The executive is vested in a Prime Minister and Cabinet. There is a developed judicial system. © 2004 Property Frontiers

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