61. Palaeozoic Forests A description of the colonization of the land by vascular plants and the formation of the first forests in the Devonian. http://www.uni-muenster.de/GeoPalaeontologie/Palaeo/Palbot/ewald.html

A H ISTORY OF P ALAEOZOIC F ORESTS H ANS K ERP This paper was originally published in German in Natur und Museum ( 1996, Vol. 126, No. 12, pp. 421 - 430 ) under the title: The December 1996 issue of Natur und Museum contains four contributions to Palaeozoic Palaeobotany and can still be ordered from: Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main GERMANY Fax: 00-49-69-74 62 38 This web version contains the original illustrations as appeared in the printed version and over links directly related to the history of Palaeozoic forests. Clicking the high-lighted key words in the text brings you to an index of links from where you can start your virtual palaeobotany tour around the world. As some groups of plants appear to be more common on the web than others, we have added some photos from our own archives to complete this selection. These photos are of course particularly recommended! Because the various researchers sometimes use different names for the same (groups of) plants, careful readers might notice some inconsistencies in the naming of the fossil plants. This also applies to the names of geological periods. A History of Palaeozoic Forests Contents: Early land plants The Carboniferous coal swamp forests The floral change at the end of the Westphalian Is there a floral break in the Permian?

62. Aquatic Plants Page 7 - Keys To The Aquatic Biota Of The Hawaiian Islands vascular plants   Embryophytes  Pistia, Azolla, and cattail in foreground, A variety of floating and emergent vascular plants grace the surface and http://www.aecos.com/CPIE/plant1.html

CPIE Project Page P7 Key to Aquatic Vascular Plants of Hawai`i VASCULAR PLANTS   Embryophytes  Figure 1. A variety of floating and emergent vascular plants grace the surface and margins of a small drainage canal at Kawai Nui (O`ahu). This key to the vascular aquatic plants (plants other than algae, mosses, and liverworts) covers both ferns and seed plants. The key is artificial for the most part, meaning it is based largely upon descriptions of plant form (morphology) rather than comparisons of reproductive structures (which would actually determine how a plant is classified). It is, however, almost always necessary to have flowers and/or fruit present to confidently identify plant material observed or collected in the wild. All species considered in this key are obligate [OBL] wetland species (USFWS, 1988) unless indicated otherwise as being facultative ([FAC] or [FACW]) or indicator status not determined [NI]. Typical riparian (streamside) plants that may or may not be wetland indicators are marked [RIP]. Species native to the Hawaiian Islands are classified as either indigenous [IND]

63. The Plant Life Of Texas - Texas Parks Wildlife Department vascular plants, wildflowers, mints, grassland plants, wildscapes, vegetation types, and sources of native types. http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/nature/plant/plant.htm

64. Aquatic And Wetland Vascular Plants Manual of the vascular plants growing in wetland habitats of the northern plains, including taxonomic keys, plant descriptions, distribution maps, http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/1999/vascplnt/vascplnt.htm

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Site Map About ... Web Help Aquatic and Wetland Vascular Plants of the Northern Great Plains By Gary E. Larson Professor of Biology and Herbarium Curator South Dakota State University Brookings, South Dakota This resource is based on the following source: Larson, Gary E. 1993. Aquatic and wetland vascular plants of the northern Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 681pp. This resource should be cited as: Larson, Gary E. 1993. Aquatic and wetland vascular plants of the northern Great Plains. Gen. Tech. Rep. RM-238. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/1999/vascplnt/vascplnt.htm (Version 02FEB99). Table of Contents Introduction Defining the Wetland Flora Using the Manual References ... Vascular Cryptogams, Ferns and Fern Allies

65. The Postcode Plants Database - Natural History Museum Prints a lists of native trees, shrubs and other vascular plants, as well as butterflies and birds, for any specified postal district; includes list of suppliers of British nativeorigin plants and seeds; compiled by Flora for Fauna and hosted by the Natural History Museum. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/science/projects/fff/

@import url("/css/page.css"); @import url("/css/nhm.css"); @import url("/css/nav-content.css"); @import url("/css/nature-online/section.css"); @import url("/css/hacks/IE5win.css"); @import url("/css/typography.css"); @import url("/css/content.css"); @import url("/css/microsites/fff.css"); @import url("/css/hacks/IE5mac.css"); Skip to page content Research and curation Business centre About us Search Home Visit us Nature online Kids only ... Buy online Back to: You are here: Home Nature online Life Postcode plants database Postcode plants database Home Introduction Search menu Database info ... Links For best results please enable JavaScript Instant search: Enter first section of UK postcode eg - SW7, CR3, NE17 Search menu This website was produced by Flora-for-Fauna, and enables you to generate local lists of UK plants (flora) and/or animals (fauna). Visit Exploring Biodiversity - our interactive educational sister site, which allows you to compare postcodes Contact and enquiries Accessibility Site Map

66. The Diagram Shows Generalised Differences Between Non-vascular And Vascular Subm generalised differences between nonvascular and vascular submerged plants. vascular plants have a much more complex arrangement of internal tissues for http://www.niwa.co.nz/pubs/wa/12-4/images/weeds7_large.jpg/view

67. Mattsson Laboratory Home Focuses on the genetic regulation of vascular development in plants. Research, techniques, people and publications. http://www.sfu.ca/biology/faculty/mattsson/home.html

68. World Builders 1: Vascular Structures In Plants E Viau CSULA World Builers how plants transport water and sugar in themselves. http://curriculum.calstatela.edu/courses/builders/lessons/less/les8/vascular.htm

Your browser does not support script World Builders™ World Builders™ Session Eight Land Plants Session Eight Land Plants Plants Develop Vascular Structures Plants Develop Vascular Structures Every cell in a plant needs to receive water and nutrients. See how plants manage that! When cells join together to make more complex organisms, they begin to develop specialized functions. They become dependent on one another to supply the energy and nutrients that they need to live. An immediate problem that they have to solve is how to share resources with one another. They need to develop vascular systems. We know that in our own bodies, blood is circulated through veins and arteries. The blood cells bring oxygen and glucose to our cells and take waste products away. Plants also need to circulate fluids through their systems too. How do they do this? When plants are single cells, they simply absorb water and nutrients through their cell walls. However, when cells are grouped together, the cells in the interior of the organism are cut off from these resources. The cells on the inside also have no way to dispose of the wastes that they once simply pushed out through the cell wall. The need to develop distribution systems had to be met before more complex organisms could develop.

69. Untitled Alphabetical list of terms for cells and tissues of vascular plants. For an illustration of the term, click on the term. http://www.humboldt.edu/~dll2/bot105/alphalis.htm

Alphabetical list of terms for cells and tissues of vascular plants . For an illustration of the term, click on the term. Terms highlighted have illustrations; terms not highlighted are without illustrations. Illustrations for the terms invovling only secondary growth , or leaf anatomy as well as leaf morphology , or root anatomy and morphology can be viewed by clidking on the appropriate name. adventitious bud adventitious root alternate leaves annual ring apical meristem (stem) apical meristem (root) axil axillary bud axillary bud primordium bark blade (=lamina) bordered pit branch root (=lateral root) branch stem bulb bundle sheath cell elongation cell wall chlorenchyma chloroplast collenchyma companion cell compound leaf cork corm cortex cotyledons cuticle cytoplasm dicot differentiation diffuse porous wood embryo endodermis epicotyl epidermal ... fibrous root system foliage leaf ground meristem guard cell hair (=trichome) heartwood ... interfascicular cambium internode leaf primordium leaf scar leaflet lenticel lignin lumen ... meristematic zone midvein monocot stem monocot root netted venation node nucleolus nucleus opposite leaves organelle palisade layer of mesophyll palmately compound parallel venation parenchyma ... perforation plate pericycle (important to know three functions) periderm petiole phloem phloem parenchyma cell pinnately compound pinnately compound leaf pit pith pith ray pore zone primary cell wall primary meristem primary phloem primary phloem fiber primary plant body primary root primary tissues primary xylem procambium protoderm radial section radicle region of cell division region of elongation

70. Vascular Plants and diagram of Rhynia, the first known vascular plant for which a complete fossil has been found....... http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/dendrology/index/plantae/vascular/vas

Vascular Plants Vascular -From the Latin vasculum meaning a vessel or duct Vascular plants first appear in the fossil record during the mid-Silurian period, about 410 million years ago. Rhyniophyta is the earliest known division of these plants, represented by several genera. Figure 1 Rhynia , the first known plant with a complete fossil. Rhynia (Fig. 1) is the first known vascular plant for which a complete fossil has been found. These leafless and rootless plants consisted of stem tissue which branched along an axis and contained spore cases at the tips of the aerial branches. Although true roots developed much later, a primitive "pipeline" system for support and fluid transport was an important development for these plants. The pipelinesystem, consisiting of ineterconnected strands of specialized cells, allowed transport of water, nutrients, and metabolites throughout the plant. This tissue was separated into two types, xylem and phloem. Xylem is specialized hollow cells which move water and dissolved minerals up from the roots to the rest of the plant. Xylem also provides support via the lignin which is incorporated into the cell walls, making the plant rigid. Phloem transports carbohydrates and other metabolites from the leaves to other parts of the plant. Unlike most nonvascular plants, vascular plants have a dominant, conspicuous sporophytic generation which is nutritionally independent. This generation is the familiar organism we see when we look at trees or wildflowers. The gametophytic generation is small and incorporated into the sporophytic generation in angiosperms, although it may be independent in some vascular plants.

71. Arrangement Of Leaves And Heliotropism Form and Photosynthesis in vascular plants. Why do plants have leaves? Plant stuctures tend to maximize photosynthesis the use of light to form http://www.bio.miami.edu/tom/bil160/bil160goods/plantform/13_plantform.html

Form and Photosynthesis in Vascular Plants Why do plants have leaves? Plant stuctures tend to maximize photosynthesis - the use of light to form energy-rich bonds between Carbon dioxide molecules, resulting in the production of carbohydrate molecules. Early land plants had photosynthetic stems. The arrangement of those stems in space and their size and orientation were important determinants of how much photosynthetic activity each plant could generate. With the lycopods and bryophytes, we began to see specialized photosynthetic structures, leaves, develop. The gymnosperms were the first plants to have true leaves that were separate structures from the stem. have green stems for photosynthesis and even a few trees do a bit of photosynthesis in the trunk!) You might say "but many cacti are just photosynthetic hotdogs and they do just fine as hotdogs." Remember that the interior of cacti and other succulant plants is just water storage and requires little input of energy for metabolism. Also, cacti and similar plants usually live in areas of high incident sunlight. Energy input isn't a problem; water conservation is! Besides, look at a cactus carefully the barrel or columnar structures have ridges, which increase the photosynthetic surface area. In leafy plants, the arrangement of leaves and their orientation in space (how inclined they are, for example) are critical for the task of maximizing photosynthetic activity. If leaves overlap too much or are too closely spaced vertically, then there will be a lot of shading and the plant will not be as efficient in intercepting light rays and doing photosynthesis as it could. If the leaves are too far apart and don't "fill space", then there will be little photosynthetic activity because there won't be many leaves. If the leaves are very vertical in orientation, they won't intercept much light during midday. (But the amount might be enough in the intense midday sun.) But, if they are horizontal, they may get burnt by the intense light of the midday sun.

72. NRCS National Plant Data Center Responsible for the plants database, which focuses on the vascular and nonvascular plants of the United States and its territories, including checklists, species abstracts, distribution data, crop information, plants symbols and plant growth data. http://npdc.usda.gov/

NPDC Home About Us News ... Contact Us Search NPDC All NRCS Sites for Quick Access NPDC NewsNotes PLANTS Name Search PLANTS Checklists Images ... Centers and Institutes Welcome to the NRCS National Plant Data Center web site. The National Plant Data Center ( NPDC ) acquires, develops, improves, and disseminates plant information to support NRCS and other efforts to improve the ecological health of the land. What's New Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) Technical Note Released January 2005 - This technical note, produced by the NPDC ethnobotany office, is the first in a series providing step-by-step guidance on how to delve into our rich human past and reconstruct historic land use and management practices in different landscapes, using examples from California. More Info Ongoing Projects The PLANTS Database The PLANTS database includes information on the vascular and nonvascular plants of the United States and its territories. It includes checklists, species abstracts, distributional data, crop information, plants symbols, growth data, references and a variety of other plant information. More Info NPDC Product Catalog This publication highlights the NPDC available products and information. It also provides information on future products under development.

73. NWT Wildlife And Fisheries - NWT Species 2000 - Vascular Plants The NWT Species 2000 report summarizes the ongoing progress of monitoring the General Status Ranks of wild species in the NWT. It will be published every 5 http://www.nwtwildlife.rwed.gov.nt.ca/monitoring/speciesmonitoring/ferns.htm

Vascular Plants - Ferns and Orchids Vascular plants have a special organ called xylem (a tube-like system to transport nutrients and water in their stems) and typically have roots and leaves. They appeared on earth 400 million years ago, about 100 million years after the appearance of some of the non-vascular plants. Vascular plants evolved to use spores (as in modern ferns) and then seeds (as in flowering plants) to reproduce. There are at least 1200 species of vascular plants in the Northwest Territories. Sparrow's egg Lady's Slipper C. Bucher ( 43 KB) Ferns Ferns were the first plants to evolve roots and leaves. Ferns flourished in the Carboniferous period or the Coal Age, about 300 million years ago. During that period amphibians evolved and the first egg-laying reptiles roamed the damp fern forests. Modern ferns are vascular plants that do not produce flowers, but reproduce using spores and by going through a leafless form called a gametophyte. Fragrant Shield Fern S. Carriere ( 82 KB)

74. Wisflora: Checklist Of The Vascular Plants Of Wisconsin A checklist of naturally occurring vascular plants in Wisconsin with photographs, distribution maps and habitat descriptions. http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora/

W ISFLORA : W ISCONSIN V ASCULAR P LANT S PECIES Presented by the Wisconsin State Herbarium, University of Wisconsin - Madison and Partner Herbaria Statewide Welcome to the fully searchable web site of Wisconsin's vascular plant species; including photos, habitat information, distribution maps, herbarium specimen data and more. This site presents data to the public from the Wisconsin Botanical Information System. SEARCH BROWSE Name Habitat Status County ... Common Names MORE INFORMATION Wisconsin Herbaria Plant Specimens Wisconsin Biomapper What's Blooming Website Information ... Support - this website and the herbarium's important work WHAT'S NEW BIGGER, BETTER, FASTER we just increased our band-width by 10x, making the site faster Type Specimen Scans and Endangered Species Scans lists of type species in our collection which have been scanned at high resolution Coming Soon improved dynamic mapping Wisconsin State Herbarium - 160 Birge Hall - 430 Lincoln Drive - Madison, Wisconsin U.S.A. 53706-1381 Tel.: 608/262-2792 - Fax: 608/262-7509 Botanical questions : Ted Cochrane

75. Lower Vascular Plants The next group of plants are often referred to as lower vascular plants. Lower vascular plants are in Kingdom Plantae, have chlorophylls a and b with http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plant_Biology/lvp.html

Course Schedule Plant Phys Info Homepage Email Ross Koning Lower Vascular Plants The next group of plants are often referred to as "lower vascular plants." The plants in this group have true xylem and phloem which makes them vascular by anyone's definition. They are "lower" because they reproduce by means of spores. Beyond this definition, these organisms have the same feature set as the bryophytes we have just finished studying. Lower vascular plants are in Kingdom Plantae, have chlorophylls a and b with carotenoid and xanthophyll accessory pigments. They store starch and have cellulose-pectin cell walls. The plants are all oogamous and have a sporic life history. The gametophyte is quite small compared to the sporophyte, but the sporophyte is dependent upon the gametophyte at least in its early development. However the sporophyte is more-or-less indeterminate in growth and quickly becomes independent. The gametophyte is ephemeral. The organisms that fall into the lower vascular plants are quite diverse and belong to at least four phyla. The following table provides some organization to the major groups: Whisk Ferns Club Mosses Selaginella Horsetails Ferns Phylum Psilotophyta Lycophyta Lycophyta Sphenophyta Pterophyta Examples Psilotum Lycopodium Selaginella Equisetum Pteridium Stem protostele exarch radial plectostele exarch amphiphloic plectostele exarch radial eustele endarch radial-reverse bicollateral siphonostele mesarch amphiphloic (bicollateral) "Leaf" enation microphyll microphyll microphyll megaphyll "Root" rhizoid

76. E-Flora BC: An Electronic Atlas Of The Plants Of British Columbia Electronic atlas project for the plants of British Columbia, covering life forms from vascular plants to algae, and topics from identification to scientific collections. http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~brian/florae/

Species Search Page Introduction The Plant Groups Invasive Species ... Site Map Quick Search Common name OR Genus species The Photographer Registration Form and the Image Bank Upload and Reviewers Pages are now online. Visit our Photo Gallery Donate to E-Flora A partnership project of the Native Plant Society of British Columbia NPSBC , the Spatial Data Lab , Department of Geography, UBC, and the UBC Herbarium , Department of Botany, UBC. Cover photo and graphics by David Blevins This page has had 31016 hits since November 10, 2003 .

77. Stern/Introductory Plant Biology Chapter 21 Introduction to vascular plants Ferns and their Relatives http//web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/vascular/ferns.html http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/stern8e/student/webchap21.mhtml

Web Resources Chapter 21: Introduction to Vascular Plants: Ferns and their Relatives General Pteridophytes http://www.personal.psu.edu/users/m/j/mjf195/biodiversity/ http://www.fna.org/Libraries/plib/WWW/Pteridophytes/viewer.html http://www.resnet.wm.edu/~mcmath/bio205/links/seedless.html Whisk Fern http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Systematics/Phyla/Psilophyta/Psilophyta.html http://web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/vascular/whiskfrn.html http://web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/vascular/lycophy.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/lycophyta/lycophyta.html ... http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Botany_130/Div/Phyla/Lycophyta/Lycophyta.html Quillworts http://www.unipa.it/~bellini/didattuk.html Horsetails http://web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/vascular/spheno.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/plants/sphenophyta/sphenophyta.html http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/Sphenophyta/sphenophyta.html http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Botany_130/Div/Phyla/Spenophyta/Sphenophyta.html Ferns http://www.visuallink.net/fern/index.html http://web1.manhattan.edu/fcardill/plants/vascular/ferns.html http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Botany_130/Div/Phyla/Pterophyta/Pterophyta.html http://www.wisc.edu/botit/Systematics/Phyla/Pterophyta/Pterophyta.html ... mhhe home Any use is subject to the and McGraw-Hill Higher Education is one of the many fine businesses of the The McGraw-Hill Companies

78. Plants They are not mosses at all, but vascular plants with xylem and phloem running But in all other vascular plants, this region is inverted and the order of http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/Plants.html

Plants Index to this page Green Algae (Division Chlorophyta) Liverworts and Mosses Lycopsids (Division Lycopsida) Chloroplast Genes ... Monocots and Dicots Evolution and Classification The organisms we call plants are assigned to a single clade ; that is, a natural grouping based on the belief that they have all evolved from a common ancestor more recent than any shared with other organisms. Among the criteria for doing this are: their shared use of the photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b the similarities in the nucleotide sequences of both their small subunit (18S) and large subunit (28S) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes their shared cellulose cell wall Green Algae (Division Chlorophyta) The ancestors of these organisms were the most primitive members of the clade. In other words, organisms that we would put in this division were probably the ancestors of all the other plants. There are some 7000 species living today. They include: microscopic, unicellular forms like Chlorella and Chlamydomonas colonial forms like the filamentous Spirogyra multicellular forms like Ulva , the sea lettuce.

79. ISB: Atlas Of Florida Vascular Plants Taxonomic data and mapped distribution of this clubmoss from Atlas of Florida vascular plants. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/main.asp?plantID=3761

80. Biological Diversity 5 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY NONvascular plants AND NONSEED vascular plants Bryophytes Tracheophytes The vascular plants vascular Plant Groups The http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookDiversity_5.html

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: NONVASCULAR PLANTS AND NONSEED VASCULAR PLANTS Table of Contents Evolution of Plants The Plant Life Cycle Plant Adaptations to Life on Land Bryophytes ... Links The plant kingdom contains multicellular phototrophs that usually live on land. The earliest plant fossils are from terrestrial deposits, although some plants have since returned to the water. All plant cells have a cell wall containing the carbohydrate cellulose , and often have plastids in their cytoplasm. The plant life cycle has an alternation between haploid gametophyte ) and diploid sporophyte ) generations. There are more than 300,000 living species of plants known, as well as an extensive fossil record. Plants divide into two groups: plants lacking lignin -impregnated conducting cells (the nonvascular plants) and those containing lignin-impregnated conducting cells (the vascular plants). Living groups of nonvascular plants include the bryophytes : liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Vascular plants are the more common plants like pines, ferns, corn, and oaks. Phylogenetic reconstruction of the possible relationships between plant groups and their green algal ancestor. Note this drawing proposes a green algal group, the Charophytes, as possible ancestors for the plants.

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