61. The Educational Encyclopedia, Botany, Plant Biology plant biology. anatomy of wood the microscopic cellular structure of wood, Plasmolysis plasmolysis occurs when a plant cells membrane shrinks away from http://users.pandora.be/educypedia/education/plantbiology.htm

EDUCYPEDIA The educational encyclopedia Home Electronics General Information technology ... Science Science Automotive Biology Biology-anatomy Biology-animals ... Space Social science Atlas - maps Countries Dinosaurs Environment ... Sitemap Biology Biology animations and java applets Biology topics Cell biology Cell structure ... Microbiology Plant biology Plant biology Anatomy of wood Botany lecture topics a tip Botany online: the internet hypertextbook Flowering plant reproduction flower structure Flower structure the structure of a flower Fruit growth and types fruit growth and types Fruit ripening fruit ripening General plant biology the most comprehensive source of information about plants (horticulture) How do trees transport water? Mitosis review plant mitosis Moss: life cycle of a moss animation Moss life cycle moss life cycle Noncyclic photophosphorylation Online biology book a tip Phloem transport carbon compounds produced by photosynthesis in the leaves are distributed throughout the plant by the specialized conducting tissue known the phloem Photosynthetic pigments Photosynthetic process the energy in sunlight is introduced into the biosphere by a process known as photosynthesis, which occurs in plants, algae and some types of bacteria, oxygenic photosynthesis, light absorption, synthesis of carbohydrates. Photosynthesis can be defined as the physico-chemical process by which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds

62. Science Online The Great plant Escape anatomy of plants Printouts Microscope Parts Electron microscope Recognize the basic structure of plant and animal cells. http://classroom.jc-schools.net/sci-units/cells.htm

Blueprint for Learning BrainPop Science Movies Game Boards Harcourt Brace Science High School Science Holt Reinhart Winston Science Interactive Websites McGraw-Hill Science Middle School Science Science Games Science Online Teachers Science Resources Science Presentations Science Web Resources Schedule Scott Foresman Science TN Science Curriculum Framework Blueprint Skills Lesson Plans Topical Sites Interactive Websites for Students ... Worksheets Blueprint Skills Key: I=Introduced, D=Developing, M=Mastered, A=Assessed Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 ... Grade 7 Kindergarten Cell Structure and Function The student will investigate the structure and function of plant and animal cells Key I Assemble and take apart objects to determine that most things are made up of parts. How Your Body Works Game I Know That Cells Decorate the Dollhouse Spatial Concepts ... Cosmic Combos I Observe and describe what happens when an object is missing a part. Parts of You Lesson Plan Grade Cell Structure and Function The student will investigate the structure and function of plant and animal cells.

63. UniMelb UGHB96 : 606-215 Cell Biology I. Cells And Organelles. (Lectures Only) (A joint Botany/Zoology/anatomy and cell Biology subject) The cell as anintegrated functional unit; structure and function of cell components and http://www.unimelb.edu.au/HB/1996/Sci/606/606-215.html

Handbook 1996 Faculty of Science (Volume 4 page 174) Botany subject : Next: Search Help 606-215 "Cell Biology I. Cells and Organelles. (Lectures Only)" appears differently in several places - choose the one you want: Botany , Faculty of Science. Botany , Faculty of Educ(Parkville). , Faculty of Science. Zoology , Faculty of Educ(Parkville). Zoology , Faculty of Science. Botany , Faculty of Science (v4, p174) : Next: 606-215 Cell Biology I. Cells and Organelles (Lectures Only) Note: (A joint Botany/Zoology/Anatomy and Cell Biology subject) Credit cannot be granted for both and 606-215. Credit points: 8.0 Coordinator: Prof Jeremy Pickett-Heaps (Botany) (Chief Co-ordinator), Prof Graeme Campbell (Zoology), Dr Brian Key (Anatomy and Cell Biology) Prerequisite: Biology and 600-101), Chemistry , 141/142 or 161/162. Contact: 26 lectures (two 1-hour lectures per week). Timetable: First semester Objectives: This subject can be taken by itself, but it is designed to be the first of a two-semester sequence with . It has as its objectives that students should gain an understanding of: different types of cells, their origin and diversity across the protistan, fungal, animal and plant kingdoms;

64. ========== Plant Anatomy And Morphology ========== plant anatomy and Morphology . CellsTissues-plant Growth Those ofyou who have not studied plant structure in any detail may view it as an http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio3560/01.htm

========== Plant Anatomy and Morphology ========== Cells-Tissues-Plant Growth This laboratory is to serve as a review for those of you with some modest training in plant structure, or will serve as a starting point for those of you who have had no prior training. Those of you who have not studied plant structure in any detail may view it as an introduction to vascular plant organization. Most of the things dealt with in this laboratory will be covered in more detail as the various groups of vascular plants are studied in subsequent laboratories. This introduction should, therefore, give you sufficient information to more successfully begin a consideration of the various groups we will consider. CELL TYPES Begonia cells Begonia chloroplasts B. COLLENCHYMA. Begonia collenchyma Helianthus collencyma C. SCLERENCHYMA. SLEREID Pyrus scerleids FIBRE Quercus Fibre Helianthus fibres TRACHEID (Pteridium xylem) Zea primary xylem Ginkgo primary xylem VESSEL ELEMENT Quercus macerated wood TISSUES Xylem (commonly called wood). A vascular or conducting tissue having numerous cell types and a complex organization. Lycopodium stem c/s Gleichenia c/s Phloem (sometimes referred to as bast). A vascular or conducting tissue which like the xylem may contain numerous cell types in a complex organization within the tissue.

65. Course Descriptions Scientific method, biological molecules, cell structure and function, histology, Laboratory exercises on anatomy, physiology, and ecology of plants. http://www.wvutech.edu/biology/course Information f-04/course descriptions.htm

Biology Department Home Page WVUIT Home Page WVUIT Catalog, Biology Course Descriptions BIOL-111 GENERAL BIOLOGY (Both 4) 4 (ENGL-100 or ENGL-101 or §) A comprehensive introduction course investigating the major areas of modern biological inquiry. Scientific method, biological molecules, cell structure and function, histology, metabolism, anatomy and physiology of animal. Vertebrate dissection required. BIOL-112 GENERAL BIOLOGY (Both 4)4 (BIOL-111) A continuation of BIOL-111. Principles of inheritance, molecular genetics, survey of plant and animal diversity, evolution, and ecology. Plant anatomy and physiology. Dissection required. BIOL-231 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (For nursing students only; others by departmental permission) (Part of an eight hour sequence) Biological principles including biochemistry, cytology histology, musculoskeletal and nervous systems. Mammal dissection required. BIOL-232 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (BIOL-201) (Part of an eight hour sequence) Continuation of BIOL-201 with coverage of regulatory, circulatory, lymphatic, digestive, respiratory, urogenital, and integrative systems. Dissection of mammal required.

66. Bio 533 -Anatomy Links The plant anatomy pages have a good, basic review of plant structures A fewimages of the plant cell wall with link to images used in Botany 359 taught http://www.sci.sdsu.edu/classes/biology/bio533/hedin/anatlinks.html

Biology 533 - Plant Structure and Function Spring 2003 Semester - Anatomy Links The website for Mauseth, J.D. 1988. Plant Anatomy has micrographs for most of the chapters and includes informative text. Teaching Section Slide Program of the Botanical Society of America This site contains class information for Plant Anatomy (BIO 311) taught at the University of Rhode Island in Fall 2001, by Dr. Alison Roberts. This link is for the list of images used in the course. Atlas of Plant Anatomy From Brazil: micrographs of shoot, root, leaf that you can pass the mouse over and click on the highlighted area in order to get the definition about the structure. The GardenWeb Glossary of Botanical Terms contains 4400 terms relating to botany, gardening, horticulture and landscape architecture. Useful too, but I've used the Academic Press Dictionary more. A PLANT ANATOMY DICTIONARY OF LAST RESORT , name says it all This is an On-Line Biology Book: Table of Contents The Plant Anatomy pages have a good, basic review of plant structures And this one is: Botany online - The Internet Hypertextbook From Germany, translations a bit rough in places, but still very informative.

67. Morphology And Anatomy plant anatomy (Internal structure). Now that you have some idea of the external Each plant organ is covered by a single layer of cells known as the http://koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu/Plants_Human/MorpAnat.html

Course Schedule Plant Phys Info Homepage Email Ross Koning wrong right score Name Throughout this exercise you will be asked to make drawings. These are not to be artistic renderings of the subject, but are to be functional diagrams. You should bring with you and use a sharp pencil to make the drawings. You should draw the outline shape of the objects you observe without any type of shading or color. Your drawing should be LARGE so that all of the important fine structures are clearly rendered. Every important structure should be labeled. In this exercise, the structures to be labeled are indicated in bold type. Before handing your drawings to the instructor for examination, BE SURE that you have labeled all of the structures indicated. Spend no more than 20 minutes making each drawing. I. Morphology of the bean plant: Phaseolus vulgaris A. The leaves are broad at the blade and are attached to the stem by means of a stalk-like petiole . The leaf may be simple (have only one blade per petiole) or compound (usually three blades per petiole). There may be two simple leaves or one compound leaf attached at a spot on the stem called a node . The veins of each leaf blade are arranged into a complicated network. Where the stem and leaf join, there is a swollen area of the petiole (

68. BOT 4283 - Plant Anatomy BOT 4283 plant anatomy - University of Oklahoma Lecture 1 Introduction tocourse and the living cell / Lab 1 - Microscopy and plant protoplasm http://bomi.ou.edu/bot4283/

BOT 4283 - Plant Anatomy - University of Oklahoma Instructor: Scott D. Russell (Email: srussell@ou.edu) Office/Research Lab: 210 EM Lab / 143 GLCH Ph: 325-4391/6234 Lecture: TR 9:30 - 10:20 AM GLCH 129 Laboratory: TR 1:30 - 3:20 PM GLCH 129 Here are class handouts for the semester, which will be updated as needed: Materials of General Interest Entire Lab Manual Syllabus 2005 Readings 2005 I M A G E S Wormhole 2K Blackboard Access Email Instructor Instructor Home Page Student Slide List Reserve Slide List Specific Class Topics and Handouts: Lecture 1: Introduction to course and the living cell / Lab 1 - Microscopy and plant protoplasm Lab Exercise Lecture 2: Endomembrane concept and cytoplasm / Lab 2 - Ergastic substances Lab Exercise Lecture 3: Nucleus, mitochondria and plastids / Lab Lab Exercise Lecture 4: Cell wall, plasmodesmata and cell division / Lab Lab Exercise Lecture 5: / Lab 5 - Parenchyma and collenchyma Lab Exercise Suppl Notes Lecture 6: / Lab 6 - Sclerenchyma - Sclereids and fibers Lab Exercise Lecture 7: Epidermis / Lab 7 - Epidermis Lab Exercise Suppl Notes-4MB Lecture 8: Xylem - Tracheids, vessel members, fibers /

69. Bundle Sheath Structure In Seedling Leaves Of Rattans The bundle sheath of grass leaves consists of one or twolayers of cells. plant anatomy. Translated by Li Zhengli et al. Scientific Press, Beijing. http://www.ipgri.cgiar.org/publications/HTMLPublications/576/ch21.htm

Bundle sheath structure in seedling leaves of rattans Wang Shimao and Zheng Yumei Introduction In the leaves of three rattan species, the bundle sheath had two distinct cell layers. The outer sheath (OS), an endodermoid layer, and inner sheath (IS) comprised of one or several layers of thick-walled parenchyma. This paper describes the bundle sheath structure of seedling leaves in three species of rattans using ultrathin sections and election microscope. Materials and methods The 2-years old seedling leaves of three species, Daemonorops margaritae (Hance) Becc, Calamus tetradactylus Hance and Calamus simplicifolius Wei, were studied. The conventional super-thin sections were obtained and dehydrated through a serial degradation and then immersed in Epon 812 oxidant resin after double-fixation using osmium tetroxide and penta-aldehyde. Sectioning was carried out with diamond knife of LKB super-thin sectioner. The colored sections were studied using Philips TEM-400 and photographed. Results of observation Inner sheath consisted of several cell layers that surrounded vascular tissues. Some cells of the inner sheath, appeared like fibriform cells. The thickness of cell wall was similar to or slightly less than that of fibriform cells mentioned-above. Many perforations and/or plasmodesma existed, and intercellular streaming occurred actively (Fig. 1-3). The cells of inner sheath had central vacuole and organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes (Fig. 1-2). They were like transitional cells with in growth of walls and plasmic membrane (Fig. 1-3).

70. Biology Textbooks The Microscope • plant cells • cell Division Mitosis and Meiosis • Tissues Part One plant structure The Microscope • The plant Body • The structure of http://www.huntertextbooks.com/biotoc.htm

The Hunter Textbooks line of biology materials includes several choices for introductory lab manuals, including anatomy, zoology, botany and others. Laboratory Manual for Principles of Biology Adams, Cooper, McKee and Owens 2001, ISBN 0-88725-274-5, 8 1/2 x 11 wire binding, 130 pages, sixth edition Description Review Copy Request Discoveries in Human Systems by Helen A. Cadwallader Martha S. Rosenthal ISBN 0-88725-304-0 Description Review Copy Request Part I Part II Inge Eley Part I, Fourth Edition, ISBN 0-88725-306-7 Part 2, Fourth Edition, ISBN 0-88725-313-X Part 1: Part 2: Description Review Copy Request The Process of Science: Seven Studies of Life Glick, Niemeier and Aiello New Third Edition ISBN 0-88725-297-4 What is This Thing Called Science? Description Review Copy Request Principles of Biology: Laboratory Investigations Latta, McDonald, and Roberts Third Edition, ISBN 0-88725-150-1

71. Faculty Of Science -Department Of Biology-Course Synopses B 224 Introductory plant anatomy and Physiology. Chemistry in cells including Angiosperms Origins; root structure and anatomy; stems structure and http://www.nul.ls/faculties/science/bio_ugsynopses.htm

72. Mary Alice Webb Faculty Page, Botany And Plant Pathology, Purdue University Area plant cell Biology plant cell and developmental biology; In plantAnatomy students learn about the structure and organization of cells and http://www.btny.purdue.edu/Faculty/Webb/

Mary Alice Webb Faculty Page Home Faculty Webb Search Professor of Botany Purdue University Botany and Plant Pathology, Lilly Hall 915 West State Street West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054 Office : WSLR B030 Phone FAX E-mail: webbm'+emailS+'') //> E-mail : protected Please enable JavaScript on your browser. Area Plant Cell Biology - plant cell and developmental biology; calcium oxalate accumulation in specialized cells. Education Research Interests Teaching Assistantships/Positions Education Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, Botany Research Interests My research interests center around specialization of cells for calcium oxalate crystallization in plants. In my laboratory we intergrate a diversity of approaches, including biochemical and molecular techniques, immunological approaches, and light and electron microscopy to study plant cell structure in relation to calcium nutrition and sequestration. During plant growth and development certain cells become specialized to serve as calcium sinks. Within the vacuoles of these cells calcium is precipitated as crystalline calcium oxalate. We believe these specialized cells are important in regulating excess environmental calcium by removing it from active plant metabolism. Crystals and crystal-forming cells occur in specific anatomical and developmental patterns, indicating that their development is biologically controlled, analagous to the formation of bones, teeth, and shells in other organisms. We are particularly interested in understanding what regulates differentiation of plant cells to accumulate and sequester calcium, in determining mechanisms that control calcium oxalate crystallization within the cell, and in defining the importance of these specialized cells in plant development and physiology.

73. Courses plant anatomy reproduction, evolution of animals, animal anatomy physiology A study of the molecular biology of a cell. Synthesis structures and http://www.brenau.edu/shs/sciences/courses.htm

BRENAU UNIVERSITY Department of Mathematics and Sciences Biology Environmental Science ... Our Faculty Courses School of Health and Science Courses Biology BY 101 I Biological Science(4) BY 102 II Biological Science(4) Prerequisite: BY 101 or permission of the instructor. BY 111H I Honors Biological Science(4) BY 112H II Honors Biological Science Prerequisite: BY 111H or permission of the instructor. BY 301 Genetics A study of the nature and function of hereditary materials, the genetic code, the physical basis of inheritance, molecular genetics, cell cycles, Mendelian and Neomendelian genetics. BY 302 Ecology A study of the interrelationships of organisms with their physical and living environment. The course emphasizes a holistic examination of the natural world and stresses a systems approach to understanding nature. Laboratory includes local fieldtrips. Course may include two weekend fieldtrips. BY 304 Plant Sciences A course designed to acquaint the student with the major plant divisions, their biology, role in the ecosystem, and economic significance. The laboratory will include fieldtrips to study taxonomic and ecological aspects of regional flora. Emphasis is placed on plants native to the Appalachian Mountains and Piedmont area of Georgia.

74. Biology Major BIO 120/121 General Biology I and II Includes cell structure and Covers plantanatomy, morphology, reproduction, and structure of plant communities. http://www.rollins.edu/biology/courses.htm

Home Biology Major Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Major Student Research ... Contact Us Courses of Instruction BIO 112 Biological Aspects of Nutrition: Examines foods, nutrients, and the biological processes by which humans ingest, digest, metabolize, transport, utilize, and excrete wastes. Covers current concepts in scientific nutrition and how they apply to personal health. Lab course for non-majors. BIO 113 Plants and Humanity: Explores human dependence on plants through investigations of plant structure and function, development, inheritance, diversity, and environmental interactions. Weighs value and limits of scientific approaches to improving world's food and biodiversity crises. Lab course for non-majors. BIO 115 Human Reproduction and Development: Examines human reproduction, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation. Explores development from fertilization to birth. Discusses congenital abnormalities and their basis in genetics and the environment. For non-majors. BIO 117 Bacteria, Viruses and Humans: Introduces world of microorganisms and their impact on human life. Presents basic principles of biology while probing diversity, genetics, and ecology of microorganisms; their uses in food, agriculture, and industry; and their ability to produce disease. Lab exercises involve quantitative and qualitative analysis of bacterial nutrition and procedures for identification and control of microbes. Lab course for non-majors.

75. Greenhouse Courses plant Biology 643 plant anatomy The structure function and development of cells,tissues and organs of the vascular plant. A variety of plant species are http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~plantbio/greenhouse/ghcourses.html

The Biological Sciences Greenhouse Facility The Ohio State University Courses Contact Links Plant Biology Department EEOB Department Entomology Department Introductory Biology Program ... ABRC Courses Research return to top return to top return to top A primary function of the Biological Sciences Greenhouse Facility is to support and promote educational opportunities and experiences within the College of Biological Sciences, through the provision of high quality plant materials and insect specimens. Listed below are some of the courses which use the Biological Sciences Greenhouse Facility. For more information on the courses, contact the appropriate department. A schedule of course offerings can be found on the University Registrar web site. Plant Biology 101 Introduction to Plant Biology I: Plants, People and the Environment Plants and their relationships to humans and the biosphere: plant structure and function, growth, and development: practical and economic uses of plants. Students enrolled in this course will explore the role of plant hormones, gain experience in conducting research using the scientific method, and learn how to prepare a scientific paper through the pea project. The project involves individual hands-on experience planting, thinning, treating and measuring pea plants in the greenhouse facility. One room of the facility is dedicated to this project and for the raising of additional plant materials used in the course. Students will revisit the facility during the course as they learn about plant modifications in a laboratory exercise held in the Conservatory.

76. NSU Biology Course Descriptions Human anatomy. A study of human structure, system by system correlating plant structure and Function. plant diversity, including an overview of all http://www.northern.edu/cas/biology/BioClass.htm

Official NSU course catalog descriptions (for all subjects) Biology at NSU Back to NSU Biology Homepage BIOL 101-101L. Biology Survey 1. Biological concepts as they relate to ecological and societal problems: nutrition, structure and function of selected body systems, reproduction, metabolic cycles, heredity, evolution, and a survey of plants and animals. Lecture, two hours; lab or small group discussion, two hours per week. 3 sem. hrs. (This course does not serve as a prerequisite for upper division courses in biology.) Link to WebCT BIOL 151-151L. General Biology. An introduction to modern biological concepts: biochemistry, cytology, morphology, physiology, genetics, embryology, zoology, botany, and ecology. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours per week. 4 sem. hrs. Link to WebCT BIOL 153-153L . General Biology. A continuation of BIOL 151-151L. Lecture, three hours; laboratory, three hours per week. Prerequisite: BIOL 151-151L. 4 sem. hrs. Link to WebCT (BIOL 151-151L and 153-153L are the prerequisites for all upper level biology courses unless otherwise indicated.) BIOL 211 . Environmental Biology. Historic and current ecological principles and human impact on the environment, Alternative modes of action are sought and discussed for South Dakota and the world. Prerequisite: BIOL 101-101L recommended. 2 sem. hrs.

77. Department Of Biology Fundamentals of plant structure and function are explored in the context of plant 361 plant anatomy and Taxonomy 4 hours. Studies on the variation http://www.usi.edu/science/biology/course.asp

BIOLOGY HOME Advising Information Baccalaureate/Doctor of Medicine Program Course Descriptions ... USI Bulletin Course Descriptions 105 Biology of Human Concern 111 Ethnobotany 112 Ethnobotany with Lab 114 Understanding Evolution 121 Human Anatomy and Physiology I 122 Human Anatomy and Physiology II 141 Principles of Biology 151 Botany ... 152 Zoology 176 Nutrition 208 Wildlife Biology 215 Ecology 221 Introduction to Entomology 225 Biological Literature and Communication 251 Environmental Conservation 272 Medical Microbiology 282 Heredity and Society 285 Animal Behavior ... 335 Mechanisms of Pathophysiology 336 Plant Physiology 341 Mycology 342 Comparative Chordate Anatomy 361 Plant Anatomy and Taxonomy 371 Tropical Biology 375 Microbiology 376 Laboratory in Microbiology 378 Virology 382 Genetics ... 461Developmental Biology 465 Plant Growth and Development 481Organic Evolution 482 Molecular Biology 490 Undergraduate Teaching 491Special Topics in Biology 492 Special Problems in Biology 493 Biology Colloquium 495 Senior Seminar in Biology 105 Biology of Human Concern with Lab- ­ 3 hours. General concepts in the life sciences, stressing those fundamental to life processes and of human concern. (2-1) F, Sp, Su No Prereq.

78. Molecular Expressions Cell Biology: Animal Cell Structure Explore the structure of an animal cell with our threedimensional graphics. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/animalcell.html

Galleria License Info Image Use Custom Photos ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Animal Cell Structure Animal cells are typical of the eukaryotic cell, enclosed by a plasma membrane and containing a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. Unlike the eukaryotic cells of plants and fungi, animal cells do not have a cell wall. This feature was lost in the distant past by the single-celled organisms that gave rise to the kingdom Animalia . Most cells, both animal and plant, range in size between 1 and 100 micrometers and are thus visible only with the aid of a microscope. The lack of a rigid cell wall allowed animals to develop a greater diversity of cell types, tissues, and organs. Specialized cells that formed nerves and muscles—tissues impossible for plants to evolve—gave these organisms mobility. The ability to move about by the use of specialized muscle tissues is a hallmark of the animal world, though a few animals, primarily sponges, do not possess differentiated tissues. Notably, protozoans locomote, but it is only via nonmuscular means, in effect, using cilia, flagella, and pseudopodia. The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an extracellular matrix by a triple helix of protein known as collagen . Plant and fungal cells are bound together in tissues or aggregations by other molecules, such as

79. Plant Anatomy plant anatomy. Now that you have some idea of the external parts of a Each plant organ is covered by a single layer of cells known as the dermal tissue. http://plantphys.info/Plant_Physiology/anatomylab.html

Plant Anatomy Now that you have some idea of the external parts of a plant, you will examine some internal parts. You will briefly examine the internal anatomy of "typical" vascular plants. The parts inside of a leaf, stem, or root are very small, so the examination will require the use of a microscope. Vascular plants have an advanced form of vascular (conductive) tissue consisting of xylem and phloem tissues. These two tissues are arranged in a characteristic pattern that we shall soon examine. These tissues are typically surrounded by a tissue known as ground tissue . Each plant organ is covered by a single layer of cells known as the dermal tissue . The cells of these plant tissues typically have cellulosic walls, true nuclei, numerous chloroplasts, prominent vacuoles, and store starch. You should be able to observe these cellular structures in some of the cells you will observe today with your microscope. The colors you will observe in specimens on prepared slides are artificial. The thin sections of plant organs have been stained with a series of dyes (green, red, and purple) that are absorbed by structures containing particular chemicals. The red dye, for instance, stains areas rich in fatty, oily, or waxy chemicals, whereas the green dye stains cellulose (a polysaccharide). Sections of living plant tissues would typically not have any color except yellow or green in the chloroplasts (chlorophyll is a green pigment, carotene is a yellow pigment) or red colors in the vacuole (anthocyanin pigments found typically only in flower or fruit tissues).

80. Botany Online: Dermal Tissues, Parenchyma And Assimilation Tissues - Mesophyll The structure of the assimilation tissue of leaves fulfils these requirements in a mesophyll cells (called Kranz anatomy; Kranz (german) = wreath). http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/e05/05e.htm

The Mesophyll is the Main Assimilation Tissue of Leaves Assimilation tissues are - in a broader sense - all those tissues that are made from chloroplast-containing cells and are thus able to perform photosynthesis . They are found in all the green parts of a plant. An important aspect of photosynthesis is the integration of carbon dioxide into organic compounds. The resulting products are summed up as assimilates . The leaves of higher plants are by far the most important production centers - if you disregard unicellular aquatic algae. Leaves consist usually of three different tissues: the mesophyll, the epidermis and the vascular tissues. The mesophyll is a parenchyma tissue . It is a true assimilation tissue. In the leaves of most ferns and phanerogams, it is organized into palisade parenchyma and spongy parenchyma Cross-section through a Helleborus niger leaf. Semi-thin section of 3 µm thickness. The cell walls are stained with calcofluorine Before we advance to the details, it has to be understood that the terms mesophyll and assimilation tissue are not to be used as synonyms, since leaves devoid of chloroplasts exist that differ in organization only slightly from green leaves. They do thus have a mesophyll, but no assimilation takes place. Furthermore, assimilation may also occur, for example, in parts of the stem. The "typical" leaf is of a dorsiventral structure. The

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