41. Philippine Culture And History What s New Culture - Picturesque Old philippines - history More informationon Philippine history and the Philippine Revolution can be found under http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/culhist.htm

Philippine Culture and History What's New Culture Picturesque Old Philippines History Philippine Culture Filipino Ethnic Communities Philippine Folk Tales Philippine Ethnographic Map by Ferdinand Blumentritt (1890) Condiman (Philippine folksong) ... Prospects for Transformation in the Philippines in the Next Millenium (by San E. Juan, Jr.) Samples of the PANABI Newsletter (courtesy of National Museum of the Philippines) Remote Links: Filipino Wedding Includes marching and seating arrangements! Noel's Pilipino Folkdance Glossary Thesaurus of Geographic Names: Philippines Datu Matu (Historical Fiction in Drama, by Steven P.C. Fernandez, Iligan City) Gallery of Photographs from Mindanao (by Hans Brandeis) ... POP (Picturesque Old Philippines) Includes 150 turn-of-the-century photographs! Picturesque Old Philippines: Dwellings of the Bontoc Igorot Picturesque Old Philippines: Public Services Philippine History A Hispanized Philippines: A Good Option? (by Liz Medina) (by Robert L. Yoder) The Rebellion in the Philippines (Spanish View, 1896) The Filipino-American War of 1899 - 1902 and its Contemporary Resonance (by San E. Juan, Jr.) Mabini: Wounded Hero (by Robert L. Yoder)

42. A Hispanized Philippines: A Good Option? The philippines has 479 years of written history (from 1521 to the present), and379 of them have been recorded in Spanish. http://www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi/history/medina1.htm

A Hispanized Philippines: A Good Option? March 30, 2000 R ecently a Filipino friend who lives in the U.S., Rafael Onrubia, asked me why I thought it feasible and positive for the Philippines to be hispanized, and my answer was as follows: T he Philippines has 479 years of written history (from 1521 to the present), and 379 of them have been recorded in Spanish. It is a fact that we have a documentary legacy that is untranslated into English and that therefore we are unable to read - a motherlode that has hardly been mined by our historians. Aside from this, the works of modern Spanish historians, who have researched and published innumerable works on our Hispanic culture and past with such dedication and skill, are accumulating in libraries without the Filipinos' being able to make use of such an invaluable store of new contributions. I t is undeniable and curious that the Spanish wrote much on the Philippines, and I suspect that they wrote more about her than about the majority of their American colonies. This surely is due in part to the fact that the Philippines only became independent 88 years after Spanish America. However there can be no doubt that the Philippines in and of herself was a fascinating geographical and cultural space that captured the imagination, scientific interest and human sensibility of the many scholarly Spaniards who spent long years living among the people. S peaking as a non-expert and basing myself on what I have been able to gather from the few contacts I've had with Filipino academics and their writings, from my own inquiries and those of independent researchers, it seems to me that the Spanish-language documentation overflows with gems that still wait to be rediscovered by the scholars of Philippine history. Our historians have not paid them much attention, preferring to study the writings of Anglo-Saxon historians and the few works written by Spaniards and translated into English, for a very simple reason - because unless one has profoundly assimilated Hispanic language and culture, it is impossible to penetrate the deep, implicit levels of meaning in the documentation.

43. History Of The Philippines - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Philippine history 101Where the philippines, Pinoy, and Flip got their names. Other articles on history 101. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines

History of the Philippines From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Contents Prehistoric Times The Sea-farers Jar Burial Trade items ... edit Prehistoric Times Main Article: Pre-colonial Philippines Various Austronesian groups settled in what is now the Philippine islands by traversing land bridges coming from Taiwan and Borneo by 200,000 BCE (late Pleistocene ). The Cagayan valley of northern Luzon contains large stone tools as evidence for the hominid hunters of the big game of the time: the elephant -like stegodon rhinoceros crocodile tortoise ... pig and deer Human fossil records indicate that the Philippines may have been inhabited for thousands of years. According to recent archaeological findings, the first man in the Philippines came around islands with Asia which Professor H. Otley Beyer , eminent American authority on Philippine archaeology and anthropology, dubbed the "Dawn Man". Yet the oldest human fossil found in the Philippines thus far is the -year-old skull cap of a "Stone-Age Filipino" discovered by Dr. Robert B. Fox , American anthropologist of the National Museum , inside Tabon Cave Palawan , on May 28 and dubbed the " Tabon Man The Tabon caves of Palawan indicate settlement for at least 30,500 years; these hunter-gatherers used

44. The Philippine History Page: The Filipino Perspective A Brief history of the philippines from a Filipino Perspective Many existinghealth beliefs and practices in the philippines are rooted back in the http://www.tribo.org/history/history3.html

A Brief History of the Philippines from a Filipino Perspective Pre-Colonial Period The oldest human fossil remains are found in Palawan, on the western fringe of the archipelago. These remains are about 30,000 years old, suggesting that the first human migrations to the islands took palce during the last Ice Age, when land bridiges connected the archipelago to mainland Asia and Borneo. The islands were eventually inhabited by different groups that developed domestic trade linkages. The archaelogical evidence shows a rich pre- colonial culture that included skills in weaving, ship-building, mining and goldsmithing. Contact with Asian neighbors date back to at least 500 B.C. Trade linkages existed with the powerful Hindu empires in Java and Sumatra. These linkages were venues for exchanges with Indian culture, including the adoption of syllabic scripts which are still used by indigenous groups in Palawan and Mindoro. Trade ties with China were extensive by the 10th centuray A.D. while contact with Arab traders reached its peak about the 12th century. By the time the Spaniards arrived, Islam was well established in Mindanao and had started to influence groups as far north as Luzon. Many existing health beliefs and practices in the Philippines are rooted back in the pre-colonial period. This includes magico-religious elements, such as beliefs in spirits and sorcery as causes of illness, as well as empirical aspects such as the use of medicinal plants. Archaelogical sites in the Philippines have yielded skeletal remains showing intricate ornamental dental work and the use of trephination (boring a hole into the skull as a magical healing ritual).

45. Philippines : Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library Of Congress philippines Country Studies Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html

The Library of Congress Especially for Researchers Research Centers Home ... Country Studies Philippines Find in Federal Research Division Pages Researchers Web Pages All Library of Congress Pages A Country Study: Philippines Library of Congress Call Number Philippines Foreword Acknowledgements Preface ... Country Profile - Visit new updated Profile (PDF) Country Geography Society Economy ... Search Database Choose a Country Study Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Belarus Belize Bhutan Bolivia Brazil Bulgaria Cambodia Chad Chile China Colombia Caribbean Islands Comoros Cyprus Czechoslovakia (Former) Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Ethiopia Finland Georgia Germany Germany (East) Ghana Guyana Haiti Honduras Hungary India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Ivory Coast (Cote d'Ivoire Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Latvia Laos Lebanon Libya Lithuania Macau Madagascar Maldives Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Nepal Nicaragua Nigeria North Korea Oman Pakistan Panama Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Romania Russia Saudi Arabia Seychelles Singapore Somalia South Africa South Korea Soviet Union (Former) Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Uganda United Arab Emirates

46. The History Of The Republic Of The Philippines The history of the Republic of the philippines. The history in general ofSoutheast Asia World history Archives home page and index http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/

The history of the Republic of the Philippines Hartford Web Publishing is not the author of the documents in World History Archives The history in general of Southeast Asia World History Archives home page and index The retrospective history of the Philippines ... Resources for the study of Philippines

47. Philippine History Links http://www.philippinehistory.net/philippines.htm

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48. WOW Philippines :: Discover Philippines :: About The Philippines :: History This page provides information on Philippine history, including its colonizationby Spain and the USA, a war against Japan, and two bloodless revolutions. http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/history.asp

home sitemap links contact us or choose About the Dept. of Tourism About the Philippines Accommodations Conventions Culture, Arts and Entertainment Food Travel Packages Shopping Discover Philippines About the Philippines History history government facts about the philippines The Philippines is the third largest English speaking country in the world. It has a rich history combining Asian, European, and American influences. Prior to Spanish colonization in 1521, the Filipinos had a rich culture and were trading with the Chinese and the Japanese. Spain's colonization brought about the construction of Intamuros in 1571, a "Walled City" comprised of European buildings and churches, replicated in different parts of the archipelago. In 1898, after 350 years and 300 rebellions, the Filipinos, with leaders like Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo, succeeded in winning their independence. In 1898, the Philippines became the first and only colony of the United States. Following the Philippine-American War, the United States brought widespread education to the islands. Filipinos fought alongside Americans during World War II, particularly at the famous battle of Bataan and Corregidor which delayed Japanese advance and saved Australia. They then waged a guerilla war against the Japanese from 1941 to 1945. The Philippines regained its independence in 1946. Filipinos are a freedom-loving people, having waged two peaceful, bloodless revolutions against what were perceived as corrupt regimes. The Philippines is a vibrant democracy, as evidenced by 12 English national newspapers, 7 national television stations, hundreds of cable TV stations, and 2,000 radio stations.

49. WOW Philippines :: Discover Philippines :: About The Philippines :: History (source http//volleyball.org/history.html). The PHILIPPINE EAGLE is the 2ndlargest bird on the planet (next only to the American Condor) . top button http://www.tourism.gov.ph/discover/trivia.asp

home sitemap links contact us or choose About the Dept. of Tourism About the Philippines Accommodations Conventions Culture, Arts and Entertainment Food Travel Packages Shopping Trivia The exotic jeepney is a post-war creation inspired by the GI jeeps that the American soldiers brought to the country in the 1940s. Enterprising Filipinos salvaged the surplus engines and came out unique vehicles of art. Short distance and feeder trips could not be more exciting than via Philippine quick transports – the tricycle, a motorcycle with a sidecar, and the pedicab, a bicycle with a sidecar. The world’s longest underground river system accessible to man can be found at the St. Paul National Park in the province of Palawan. The largest Philippine wild animal, the tamaraw, is a species of the buffalo that is similar to the carabao. It is found only in the island of Mindoro. The highest mountain in the Philippines is Mt. Apo, a dormant volcano found in Mindanao, at 2,954 meters (9,689 feet). Mt. Pulog in Luzon is the second highest at 2,928 meters (9604 feet). Filipino bowler Rafael "Paeng" Nepomuceno was the first bowler to be elevated to the International Bowling Hall of Fame based in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The Philippine Congress has named him “Greatest Filipino Athlete of All Time.”

50. Tanikalang Ginto Www.filipinolinks.com Philippines : History The philippines most comprehensive and largest humanedited web directory.Online since 1994. Local history (30) http://www.filipinolinks.com/History/

Click here to decorate your dorm room! The Philippines' most comprehensive and largest human-edited web directory. Online since 1994. Ika- HOME WHAT'S NEW? ADD A LINK MODIFY A LINK ... LOGIN Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home : History CATEGORIES: American Occupation new Balangiga Chinese Filipinos Ferdinand Magellan Filipino American War Includes the Spanish American War Filipino-Americans General Independence Day Jose Rizal ... World War II LINKS: Aklatang Kasaysayan Naglalaman ng mga mga babasahin at artikulo ukol sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Itinataguyod ng mga mag-aaral ng Agham Panlipunan sa Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. http://www.geocities.com/cavitesu/ (Added: Tue Apr 11 2000 Hits: 1081 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Aspects des Philippines Le point de vue de petits Suisses peut apparaître dérisoire mais nous avons eu la chance d'échapper aux tours organisés et vous trouverez ici quelques aspects de Luçon, la plus grande des îles philippines. Les lieux que nous avons parcourus ne sont ni les plus célebres, ni les plus visités. Vous les présenter, c'est y retourner et les aimer encore plus. . Par Marie-Madeleine Viredaz-Ducret, a swiss teacher in Lausanne. http://membres.lycos.fr/mmvdz/index.htm

51. Tanikalang Ginto Www.filipinolinks.com Philippines : History/Local History The philippines most comprehensive and largest humanedited web directory. Bohol The Jewel Paradise of the Philippine Islands history, culture and http://www.filipinolinks.com/History/Local_History/

Click here to decorate your dorm room! The Philippines' most comprehensive and largest human-edited web directory. Online since 1994. Ika- HOME WHAT'S NEW? ADD A LINK MODIFY A LINK ... LOGIN Looking for something in particular? the entire directory only this category More search options Home History : Local History LINKS: Pages: 1 Aklanweb An online review of Aklanon history and culture. http://aklanweb.tripod.com/ (Added: Fri Nov 16 2001 Hits: 210 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Aklatang Kasaysayan Naglalaman ng mga mga babasahin at artikulo ukol sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas, ukol kay Jose Rizal at ukol sa Cavite. Itinataguyod ng mga mag-aaral ng Agham Panlipunan sa Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite. http://www.geocities.com/cavitesu/ (Added: Tue Apr 11 2000 Hits: 346 Rating: 0.00 Votes: 0) Rate It Review It Andro's Kapampangan Page Pampanga is about 850 square miles in area and is presently inhabited by more than 1.7 million people.  During the Spanish times, Pampanga was one of the richest Philippine provinces. It is believed that early Pampangans were descendants of Malayan pioneers from the Malay Peninsula and Singarak Lake in West Sumatra. http://www-rcf.usc.edu/~camiling

52. History & Culture Of The Philippines: Annotated Internet Resources An annotated list of Internet resources on the history culture of the philippines,including the colonial periods under Spanish American rule, http://newton.uor.edu/Departments&Programs/AsianStudiesDept/philippines-cul.html

Baylans, Asogs, Transvestism, and Sodomy: Gender, Sexuality and the Sacred in Early Colonial Philippines Carolyn Brewer's paper in Intersections (Issue 2, May 1999) BoondocksNet.com Sentenaryo/Centennial: The Philippine Revolution and Philippine-American War Mark Twain on the Philippines The Decade of Living Dangerously: A Chronicle from Lav Diaz Brandon Wee's conversation with Lav Diaz, director of the epic Evolution of a Filipino Family ( Senses of Cinema , Jan.-Mar. 2005) Family Meals, Family Values, and Philippine Cinema: An Interview with Independent Filmmaker Khavn De la Cruz Alexis Tioseco's interview with " the most active filmmaker in the Philippines" ( Senses of Cinema , Jan.-Mar. 2005)

53. Philippines Country Guide - History And Government - World Travel Guide Provided World Travel Guide philippines - Overview, Visa and Passport requirements,vacation advice, holiday guide, international travel, travel agent, http://www.worldtravelguide.net/data/phl/phl580.asp

OAS_sitepage = URL + '/South-EastAsia/Philippines/HistoryandGovernment'; document.write('Research Philippines hotels at TripAdvisor'); Contact Addresses Overview General Information Passport/Visa ... Philippines Philippines History and Government History: The earliest inhabitants of the Philippines were the Negritos. Other tribes later arrived from Malaysia and Indonesia. In 1521, the Portuguese navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, financed by the King of Spain, landed on the islands and named them after Philip II of Spain. Friars converted the inhabitants to Christianity and today the Philippines is the only predominantly Christian country in South-East Asia. Spanish explorer Miguel Lopez de Legaspi established the first Spanish settlement in Cebu in 1565; he moved north and defeated the Muslim Rajah Sulayman and established a Spanish base in Manila in 1571, extending the area under Spanish control. In 1896, a revolution against Spanish rule led to the establishment of the first Filipino Republic in 1898, under General Emilio Aguinaldo. Later, the United States took control of the islands and a constitution was drawn up in 1935, giving the Philippines internal self-government. The islands were occupied by the Japanese between 1942 and 1945, during World War II, only achieving independence in 1946. During the next two decades, there was a succession of presidents who maintained strong links with the United States. In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos of the Nacionalista party won the presidential elections and began a programme of rapid economic development. Before his maximum of two terms in office were over, in 1972, Marcos instituted martial law and suppressed all political opposition. He also set about large-scale looting of the country’s exchequer to fill his and his family’s own foreign bank accounts. Opposition to Marcos evolved in two distinct forms: the ‘constitutional’ opposition, organised around dissenting senators such as Benigno Aquino; and the Communist Party, which, linking with various tribal groups, launched an armed insurgency based in the southern islands, particularly Mindanao.

54. Alleba Filipino Directory Philippines Society And Culture > About The Philippine Alleba Directory About the philippines history of the philippines, This siteis part of The Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library http://www.alleba.com/Society_and_Culture/About_the_Philippines/History/

Alphabetical Category Subtree WWW VL Database This site is part of The Asian Studies WWW Virtual Library Alleba Directory Society and Culture About the Philippines History SEARCH This Category Whole Directory FOR Submit Link CATEGORIES: Historical Film Photo Archives Presidents SITE LISTINGS: Asian Pacific Heritage - Medals of Honor Medals of Honor bestowed on 10 Asian Pacific Americans. www.defenselink.mil/specials/asianpacific/moh.html Austrian-Philippine Homepage www.univie.ac.at/Voelkerkunde/apsis/aufi.htm BONIFACIO: Slain Again and Again An article by Ed Aurelio Reyes on Andres Bonifacio. www.tribo.org/history/bonifacio.html Battling Bastards of Bataan Dedicated to the Filipino/American Forces who defended Bataan, from Jan 2, 1942 to April 9, 1942. battlingbastardsbataan.com/capas1.htm Beyer Museum Showcasing the Dr. H.Otley Beyer Library and Artifact Collection on Philippine Pre-history, archeology, tektites and more. www.beyermuseum.com/ BoondocksNet.com Contains the forgotten history and cultural and political legacies of American imperialism, the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars, and the anti-imperialist movements that opposed them. www.boondocksnet.com/

55. Product Of The Philippines : Philippine History history of the philippines. On the night of his execution by the Spanish PreColonial history. The philippines is an archipelago of 7107 islands in the http://www-atdp.berkeley.edu/9931/jvillafl/history.html

History of the Philippines On the night of his execution by the Spanish colonialists in 1896, Jose Rizal, the famous filipino nationalist, called his homeland the "Pearl of the Orient Seas". The Philippines is situated at a crossroads of the Pacific Ocean and the South China and Sulu Seas. Philippines, also referred to as the 'archipelago', has welcomed people from the East and West, creating a human mixture sustained by the enormous tropical resources. Some 30,000 years ago the earliest inhabitants had arrived from the Asian mainland, perhaps over land bridges built during the ice ages. By the tenth century A.D. coastal villagers welcomed Chinese commerce and settlers, followed by Muslim traders from Borneo. In 1521, Ferdinand Magellan claimed the land for Spain, whose imperial rule lasted until the United States of America gained possession after victories in the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the Philippine-American War from 1899 to 1901. United States authority, although interrupted by the Japanese occupation during World War II, led to independence for a republic founded on July 4, 1946. There are 77 million Filipinos that inhabit about 700 of the nation's 7,100 islands. Cultural distinctions remain among the nation's more than 75 ethnic groups.

56. Philippine History : Islands Philippines - Filipino People, Great Philippine Pla Philippine history Islands philippines. Features articles, archives, gallery,references, guides to Filipino People, Great Philippine Places, http://www.islandsphilippines.com/history.html

Philippines: The History Situated on the crossroads of Asia, on the eastern rim of the China Sea, the Philippines has hosted voyagers, migrants and traders since the dawn of history. That it was the center of lively Asian trade route that stretched all the way to China and Japan can be seen from the relics these early visitors left behind. Among our archaeological treasures is a Neolithic spirit boat typical of early Southeast Asian culture. The West discovered the Philippines when Ferdinand Magellan, the Portuguese explorer who sailed for Spain, landed in Cebu in 1521. However, colonization didn't actually begin until 1565, when Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established a Spanish base in the town of Manila. Because Philippine society was loosely organized, without a central government, the Spanish conquest was rapid and total. Only the Muslims in the south and some inaccessible hill tribes were able to resist Spanish influence. Along with the Spanish conquerors came a new religion, Christianity, a new language, new laws and the galleon trade. Despite several uprisings against Spain, including the Katipunan, a revolutionary movement inspired by Dr. Jose Rizal and led by Andres Bonifacio, it was the United States of America that broke the Spaniard's grip on the Philippines. Unfortunately, that began the nation's second period of colonization. Once again there was resistance, this time led by Emilio Aguinaldo; but his rag-tag army was no match for Admiral Dewey's forces. In 1901, with Aguinaldo's capture, the Americans were entrenched.

57. RPConnect - Philippines Favorite Search Engine For Filipino-related Websites Chronology of Philippine history Tribung Pinoy s Philippine history Page w/ Philippine Centennial Series - The Philippine history Group of Los Angeles http://www.rpconnect.com/directory/society/history.htm

Home Classified Ads Post Jobs Global Chat ... Philippine-American War: Centennial Initiative - 1899-1999 War for Independence Thomasites Centennial Project - A celebration to the 100 years of public education as introduced by the first American teachers A Page For Philippine Prehistory - Discusses the role of Philippine Prehistory in the development of Asia Agos ng Pambansang Kalayaan 1898 - An online history of the Philippine Revolution which was taken from Teodoro Agoncillo's book. Winner and finalist of various web development contests. Aklatang Kasaysayan - Isang Aklatang Virtual na naglalaman ng mga inpormasyong Pangkasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Patuloy na pinalalawak ang mga koleksiyon para sa mga Pilipinong nagmamahal sa kasayasyan.NAG-AANYAYA NA MAGPADALA RIN KAYO NG ARTIKULO. - This site offers a comprehensive summary of the history, books, culture, and traditions of the Filipino Americans (1763-Present)

58. Main history, news, upcoming events. http://www.geocities.com/qccbsp/

59. Philippine Embassy: Canberra - The Philippines - History National Anthem Map of the philippines Geography history People Government Economy Communications Transportation Military http://www.philembassy.au.com/phi-hist.htm

History of the Philippines On 17 March 1521, the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, in the service of Spain, landed on the Homonhon Islet, near Samar Island. He was later killed in Mactan Island of Cebu in a clash with native warriors led by a chieftain named Lapu-Lapu. The Philippines was a prize catch for Spain which, at that time, was locked in a fierce struggle for world colonization with Portugal. The archipelago was named Felipinas for Spain's King Philip II. After the successful expedition in 1564 of Spain's Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, an administrative center was established in 1572 in Manila. Representatives of various Roman Catholic religious orders, such as the Augustinians, Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits, to convert the population. They were successful only in Luzon and the Visayas because the Moslems resisted the Spanish efforts. Upon the overthrow of Spanish rule in Mexico by the Mexican War of Independence in 1821, the Philippines was put under the administrative control of Madrid. When three Filipino priests were executed for nationalist activities, a group of reformists, led by Dr. Jose Rizal, formed the Propaganda Movement in 1892 that would later pave the way for the Philippine Revolution.

60. Philippines - History It is believed that the history of philippines began somewhere between 150000and 30000 years ago. The Philippine archipelago was born from powerful forces http://www.marimari.com/content/philippines/general_info/history.html

Select Destination Australia Bali Brunei China Hong Kong Japan Korea Macau Malaysia Myanmar New Zealand Philippines Singapore Taiwan Thailand Vietnam Hotels in Philippines Popular Places Best of Philippines Entertainment ... Site Map General Info Economy l Geography l Government l History l Language l People l Religion History It is believed that the history of Philippines began somewhere between 150,000 and 30,000 years ago. The Philippine archipelago was born from powerful forces - great tectonic pressures forcing islands to push upwards, and mighty volcanoes to produce their ash to enrich plains nurtured by monsoon rains. The first man to ever walk this land arrived during the ice ages, when seas were hundreds of meters lower. Later in about 5000 BC, the ocean flooded the land bridges. With that incident, waves of colonizers came to settle at the coastal areas, driving the earlier settlers into the mountains. Manuel Roxas was chosen as the first president of the Philippines, followed by Elpidio Quirino, Ramon Magsaysay, Carlos Garcia, Diosdado Macapagai, Ferdinand Marcos, Cory Aquino, Fidel Ramos and Joseph Estrada (current President).

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