1. Peru Map of Peru. HISTORY. GEOGRAPHY Natural regions. POPULATION. ECONOMY. GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS TOURISM What to visit WWW sites http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

2. Peru: History A concise history of Peru in six paragraphs. http://www.ddg.com/LIS/aurelia/perhis.htm

HISTORY For at least 300 years before the arrival of the first Europeans (Spaniards), most of the Peru (excluding the eastern lowlands) was the heart of the Inca empire that extended from present-day Ecuador to central Chile . The area from wich the empire developed was centered in the basins and valleys of Cuzco . The Incas conquered the Andean people and fostered among the most advanced of ancient American civilizations. The incas themselves developed a civilization and administration that in many respects was of a high order, although different in basic concepts from the civilizations that prevailed in the "Old World". The Inca Empire ended with the conquest of its heartland and Capital Cuzco (1531-1533) by the Spaniards under Francisco Pizarro. Lima was founded in 1535 and became the focal point of Spanish expansion and domination of western South America. It soon became the capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which until the mid-eighteenth century, extended from the Caribbean to La Plata (Argentina). During the seventeenth century Peru was the second most important producer of silver (for 20 years it was the largest producer). Indians who attempt to rebel or to evade exploitation and forced labor were executed. The establishment of the viceroyalties of New Granada (1739) in the north and La Plata (1776) in the south greatly reduced the extent and power of the colonial administration centered in Lima. Peru declared its independence in 1821, following an uprising by local European (Creole) inhabitants against the Spanish colonial rule, which came to an end only in late 1824. A long period of instability followed, during which the country was governed by a sucession of generals. A short confederation with

3. Peru History A concise history of Peru in six paragraphs. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

4. History Of Peru Toll free 1 888 671 2852 / 1 888 671 2853 EMail info@peru-explorer.com History Edition 2005 PERU TRAVEL PLANNER. Home. Machu Picchu http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

5. Peru Travel Information | Lonely Planet Destination Guide History. The first inhabitants of Peru were nomadic huntergatherers who lived in caves in Peru s coastal regions. The oldest site, Pikimachay cave, http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/south_america/peru/history.htm

@import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_structure.css"; @import "/worldguide/css/dmStyle_theme.css"; worldguide shop thorn tree forum travel services ... travel links Explore Peru Peru Check out the remains of mighty cities and dabble in the Amazon basin. More Places Check out our other destinations: Within Peru Lima View Map Click here Feature Attraction Machu Picchu For many visitors to Peru and even South America itself, a visit to the lost Inca city of Machu... more > WORLDGUIDE Introduction See Image Gallery Events Transport Money Essential Info RELATED Thorn Tree Forum Postcards Travel Links At a Glance Fast Facts It's the multiple layers of great civilisations that make Peru so intriguing. You can wander around colonial cities that have preserved the legacy of the Spanish conquistadors, visit the ancient Inca capital of Cuzco, explore the lost city of Machu Picchu and ponder the enigma of the Nazca Lines. It also has some of the most spectacular and varied scenery in South America. The Peruvian Andes are arguably the most beautiful on the continent and the mountains are home to millions of highland Indians, who still speak the ancient tongue of Quechua and maintain a traditional way of life. Factoid Staying Afloat Lake Titicaca's floating islands are built using the buoyant totora reeds that grow abundantly in the lake shallows. The islands are constructed from many layers of totora, which are constantly replenished from the top as they rot from the bottom, so the ground is always soft and springy.

6. Peru - History History of Peru by period the Middle or Chavin period, the Regional Period and Wari Empire, the Period of Regional States, the Inca Empire and the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

7. Peru - History & Culture peru history Culture. peruhomenav.GIF (245 bytes) historynav.GIF (294 bytes) exploprationnav.GIF (257 bytes) traveltipsnav. http://www.geographia.com/peru/peruhistory.htm

PERU P The decline of the Chavìn and Sechìn cultures around the 5th century BC gave rise to a number of distinctive regional cultures. Some of these, including the Saliner and the Paracas, are celebrated for artistic and technological advances such as kiln-fired ceramics and sophisticated weaving techniques. From the Paracas arose the Nazca, whose legacy includes the immense and cryptic Nazca Lines. However, the accomplish- ments of these and other early Peruvian civilizations seem today to pale in comparison to the robust pre-Columbian civilization of the Inca. The most startling feature of the great Inca empire was its brevity. In 1430, the realm of the Inca consisted of little more than the river valley around Cuzco. Less than a century later, through conquest and a canny policy of incorporating the best features of the societies they subjugated, the Incas controlled a vast territory of almost 1 million square kilometersa dominion that extended from northwest Argentina to southern Colombia. The Incan capital, at Qosqo, was undoubtedly the richest city in all of the Americas, with temples literally sheathed in heavy gold plate. Although Qosqo's architecture remains only in fragments and foundations, the architectural accomplishment of the Inca's has survived intact at the astounding ceremonial centre of Machu Picchu. In 1532, at the height of its power, the Inca empire was driven by a war of succession. In one of the great tragedies of history, it was at precisely this moment that Francisco Pizarro and his band of Spanish conquis- tadors arrived on the scene. Showing an uncanny ability to turn circumstances to his own advantage, Pizarro used deception and guile to gain a personal meeting with Atahualpa, the Inca ruler, whom he coolly assassinated. In the face of fierce resistance, Pizarro and his men seized Cuzco and sacked the city. Although the Incas continued to fight for the next several years, their empire had ended and Spanish rule had begun.

8. Peru History, People, Economy, Geography, Government Around 30 links from emulateme.com covering the history of Peru in chronological order. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

9. Peru Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library Of Overview of life, history, and culture by the US Library of Congress. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

10. Peru History, Chavin Cult, Classical Era, Incas, Spanish Conquest, Colonial Peru history of Peru, topics chavin cult, classical era, incas, spanish conquest, colonial peru, rebellion, the republic, the war of pacific, twentieth century, http://www.peru-explorer.com/peru_history.htm

PERU GATEWAY TRAVEL The BEST and most informative site on Peru for travel and tourism to Lima, Machu Picchu, Cusco, Cuzco and all of Peru. Use our unique PERU TRAVEL PLANNER to help plan your travel itinerary. Toll free 1 888 671 2852 / 1 888 671 2853 E-Mail info@peru-explorer.com history Edition PERU TRAVEL PLANNER Home FAQ Consular Information ... woman travellers history best of information and maps health opening hours holidays ... nature Call Centers TOLL FREE Monday - Friday From 9 am to 6 pm ET 1 888 671 2852 voice 1 888 671 2853 voice 1 877 260 2391 voice 1 877 260 2423 voice 1 877 160 2370 voice 1 877 260 2209 fax UK customers call 0871 871 1895 voice 0871 871 1897 voice 0871 919 6193 fax Non US customers call +51 1 4443027 - 4457704 Check for current Weather conditions for top destinations in Peru Lima Peru Apart Hotel, discount vacation rentals, furnished apartment for rent Travel Contract Travel directory add url Peru history The first Peruvians were descendants of the nomadic tribes which had crossed into the Americas during the last Ice Age (40,000-15,000 BC), when a combination of ice packs and low sea levels exposed a neck of solid "land" to span what's now the Bering Strait. Following herds of game animals from Siberia into what must have been a relative paradise of fertile coast, wild forest, mountain and savannah, successive generations continued south through Central America. Some made their way down along the Andes, into the Amazon, and out onto the more fertile areas of the Peruvian and Ecuadorian coast, while others found their niches en route.

11. ABC News Peru Military Resists Civilian Trials LIMA, Peru Jul 7, 2005 For the first time in Peru's history, civilian courts are calling scores of military men to account for the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

12. Peru History - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Curr peru history Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, International Agreements, Population, Social Statistics, http://workmall.com/wfb2001/peru/peru_history_index.html

Country Ranks Introduction History Geography People Government Gov. Leaders ... [TOP] Peru History Index http://workmall.com/wfb2001/peru/peru_history_index.html Source: The Library of Congress Country Studies History Introduction Historical Setting ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST Pre-Inca Cultures ... Peru at the Crossroads NOTE: The information regarding Peru on this page is re-published from The Library of Congress Country Studies. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Peru History information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Peru History should be addressed to the Library of Congress. Please put this page in your BOOKMARKS - - - - - Enter your e-mail address to receive e-mail when this web site is updated. Your Internet e-mail address: http://workmall.com/wfb2001/peru/peru_history_index.html Revised 04-Jul-02 Photius Coutsoukis

13. Visit Peru With VirtualPeru.net Site about Peru. Brief, tothe-point information about thepeople, regions, culture and history. Supported by many pictures. http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

14. History Of Peru History of Peru, Peruvian history. Peru s long history of authoritarian and oligarchical rule, made effective democratic government difficult to http://www.peru-travel-adventures.com/peru-history.html

History of Peru Home Peru Overview Peru Vacation Inca Trail Tour ... Shop Peru Peru History A Very Proud History Peru encompasses a past of over 10,000 years of the most harsh and inhospitable, if spectacular, environments in the world - the high Andes of South America. Civilization in the Andes has long been equated with the Incas. The architectural achievements of the Incas are inevitably compared to the feats of the Romans. In contrast, the invasion of the Spaniards in 1532 between the Andeans was one of the first clashes between Western and non-Western civilizations. The Spanish conquest and colonialism has characterized Peru down through the centuries. Peru, like its geography, became divided economically, socially and politically between a semifeudal, largely native coast. The persistence of this "dualism" and the inability of the Peruvian state in more recent times to overcome it have prevented not only the development but also the effective integration of the Peruvian nation to this day. Another unique feature of Peru is the role that foreigners have played in its history. Peru's independence from Spain in 1824 was largely the accomplishments of "outsiders" such as the Venezuelan Simón

15. The Living Edens Manu, Peru's Hidden Rain Forest Supplements information in PBS program, including flora, fauna, history, links and classroom resources. The Manu Biosphere Reserve lies in the http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

16. Peru History Around 30 links from emulateme.com covering the history of Peru in chronological order. http://www.emulateme.com/history/peruhist.htm

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17. Peru - LANIC Peru Marketplaces PROMPEX Leading portal providing Peruvian Exports information and opportunities PERUINV Foreign Investment in Peru http://tmsyn.wc.ask.com/r?t=an&s=hb&uid=24312681243126812&sid=343126

18. Peru History & Peru Culture | IExplore peru history The indigenous Inca civilization of what is now Peru was conquered by Spain in the early 16th century. The city of Lima was founded in 1535 and http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Peru/History

FORBES' #1 ADVENTURE TRAVEL SITE 5 YEARS IN A ROW TIME MAGAZINE TOP 50 Keyword Search: Home Trip Finder Travel Guides Community ... My iExplore advertisement Home Travel Guides Central and South America Peru History E-mail this page Peru Travel Guide View Trips to Peru Central and South America Overview Browse Peru Photos Peru Questions and Answers ... Shopping Peru History Sponsored Listings Add your listing adsonar_pid=3019;adsonar_ps=370666;adsonar_zw=540;adsonar_zh=220;adsonar_jv='ads.adsonar.com'; The indigenous Inca civilization of what is now Peru was conquered by Spain in the early 16th century. The city of Lima was founded in 1535 and became the effective capital of the vice-royalty of Peru, established seven years later. Spain ruled the country until the early 19th century, using the rich silver reserves to finance its costly imperialist struggles with England, France and The Netherlands. The wars of independence, which expelled the Spanish from virtually the entire South American continent, reached Peru in the early 1820s. After the 1821 declaration of independence, Peru was challenged by the royalists. The new government appealed to the revolutionary leader, Simon Bolivar, for assistance. Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA), founded by Dr Victor Raul Haya de la Torre in 1924, as a continent-wide anti-imperialist movement, although increasingly moderate and Peruvian-centered in its appeal.

19. Peru History PERU. Introduction Chapter 1. Historical Setting ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST PreInca Cultures The Incas THE SPANISH CONQUEST, 1532-72 http://www.countryreports.org/history/peruhist.htm

History of Peru This page has changed if you are not redirected click here

20. Encyclopedia: Peru History: Biographies Encyclopeadia articles concerning peru history Biographies. http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/1perhistbio.html

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