61. AllRefer.com - Kiowa (North American Indigenous Peoples) - Encyclopedia Related Category north American Indigenous peoples The Kiowa Apache, a small group of north American native americans traditionally associated with the http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/K/Kiowa.html

AllRefer Channels :: Health Yellow Pages Reference Weather September 24, 2005 Medicine People Places History ... Maps Web AllRefer.com You are here : AllRefer.com Reference Encyclopedia North American Indigenous Peoples ... Kiowa By Alphabet : Encyclopedia A-Z K Kiowa, North American Indigenous Peoples Related Category: North American Indigenous Peoples Kiowa [k I u w u Pronunciation Key , Native North Americans whose language is thought to form a branch of the Aztec-Tanoan linguistic stock (see Native American languages ). The Kiowa, a nomadic people of the Plains area, had several distinctive traits, including a pictographic calendar and the worship of a stone image, the taimay. In the 17th cent. they occupied W Montana, but by about 1700 they had moved to an area SE of the Yellowstone River. Here they came into contact with the Crow, who gave the Kiowa permission to settle in the Black Hills. While living there, they acquired (c.1710) the horse, probably from the Crow. Their trade was mainly with the Arikara, the Mandan, and the Hidatsa. After the invading Cheyenne and the Sioux drove the Kiowa from the Black Hills, they were forced to move south to Comanche territory; in 1790, after a bloody war, the Kiowa reached a permanent peace with the Comanche. According to Lewis and Clark, the Kiowa were on the North Platte River in 1805, but not much later they occupied the Arkansas River region. Later the Kiowa, who allied themselves with the Comanche, raided as far south as Durango, Mexico, attacking Mexicans, Texans, and Native Americans, principally the Navajo and the Osage.

62. Joseph Palacio: A Re-consideration Of The Native American And African Roots Of G The relationship between the escaped African slaves and native peoples had started as far in large numbers to migrate as far north as the United States. http://www.centrelink.org/Palacio.html

A Re-consideration of the Native American and African Roots of Garifuna Identity by Dr. Joseph Palacio Resident Tutor University of the West Indies School of Continuing Studies PO Box 229, Belize City, Belize, Central America uwibze@btl.net Editorial Board Member: Kacike: The Journal of Caribbean Amerindian History and Anthropology A Paper Presented at: Professional Agricultural Workers Conference (PAWC) th Session, Tuskegee University December 3-5, 2000 Tuskegee University, December 3-5, 2000. © 2001, Joseph Palacio. All rights reserved. Introduction The topic of cultural identity is probably one of the most complex social issues that was unresolved in the last century and which all of us will have to be deal with during this 21 st century. The problem about cultural identity is that too many people are talking about it and all of them want to be correct. The state tells you what you are; people in your neighbourhood tell you what you are. Nobody listens to what you are saying about what you are. What is even worse is that your children and grandchildren may no longer believe you when you tell them what they are.

63. Native American Spirituality Although native americans existed on north, Central and South American this piece uses as its basis those peoples of the north American continent. http://www.greenspirit.org.uk/resources/NatAmerSpirit.htm

TOPIC: Native American Spirituality Editor Donna Ladkin The papers relating to this topic are: Carol Lee Sanchez. Animal, Vegetable, and Mineral. Jack D. Forbes. Indigenous Americans: Spirituality and Ecos Introduction to the Topic There were over one thousand different tribal peoples indigenous to the North American continent when Europeans first arrived in that territory. Each tribe had its own set of festivals, rituals, and spiritual beliefs, therefore to write of 'Native American spirituality' as one entity would be erroneous. However, common features are apparent across tribal peoples, pointing to some of the assumptions which inform the spiritual beliefs and practices of those indigenous to the North American continent . Spirituality played a central role in the lives of many of these peoples, for as Angie Debo writes: he [the Indian] was deeply religious. The familiar shapes of earth, the changing sky, the wild animals he knew, were joined with his own spirit in mystical communion. The powers of nature, the personal quest of the soul, the acts of daily life, the solidarity of the tribeall were religious, and were sustained by dance and ritual. This piece attempts to highlight some of the key aspects which Native American peoples share in terms of their spirituality. There is much that has been written in this area, and the brief list of suggested books I offer may provide a starting point for those wishing to pursue this area further.

64. Native Americans Chapter 5 The Mound Builders; Chapter 6 The far north and the northwest Coast. 184 pages Why were native americans such avid skywatchers? http://www.pemblewickpress.com/native_americans.htm

65. Article About "Native American" In The English Wikipedia On 24-Jul-2004 nativeWeb — information on native peoples of the world. Teaching Young Children about native americans List of north American Tribes Canadian reserves http://july.fixedreference.org/en/20040724/wikipedia/Native_American

The Native American reference article from the English Wikipedia on 24-Jul-2004 (provided by Fixed Reference : snapshots of Wikipedia from wikipedia.org) Native American Native Americans (also Indians American Indians First Nations Alaskan Natives Red Indians , or Indigenous Peoples of America ) are the indigenous inhabitants of Americas prior to the European colonization , and their modern descendants. This term comprises a large number of distinct tribes states , and ethnic groups , many of them still enduring as political communities. Depending on the context, the terms "Indian" or "Native American" may or may not include the " Eskimos Inuit Yupik , and Aleut peoples), which are very distinctive in culture and genetics from the other groups. The terms may also be construed to include or exclude the Canadian Métis Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia Peru , and Guatemala and are a significant element in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of Costa Rica Cuba Argentina Dominican Republic and Uruguay . At least three of the Amerindian languages ( Quechua in Peru and Bolivia Aymara also in Bolivia , and Guarani in Paraguay ) are recognized as national languages alongside Spanish Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide")

66. Native Americans Quiz native americans living there. The Europeans mistakenly called them to the peoples of north eastern Asia. It is thought that their ancestors crossed a http://www.schoolhistory.co.uk/quizzes/natives/native_americans.htm

Native North Americans Need to revise this topic? This quiz is easy! Click on the down arrow to choose an answer. When you're happy with your choices, click 'How have I done?' to find out your mark. When you have completed the quiz correctly, you will be taken to the suggested links. When Indian European Tudor Viking explorers arrived in America in they found around 5 million 2 million 500 thousand 100 thousand Native Americans living there. The Europeans mistakenly called them Natives Americans Chinese Indians , thinking they had landed in the Indies in the Far East of Asia Russia Europe America These 'Indians' belonged to at least different tribes and spoke over different languages. Each tribe spoke a separate similar identical European language, and their houses, houses weather clothes style and entertainment differed. However, they all followed a separate similar identical European life based on hunting and farming killing warfare industry These Native Americans were related scared fighters near to the peoples of north eastern Asia. It is thought that their ancestors crossed a

67. Field Trip: Explore The Heritage Of Indigenous Peoples In their Web site, these descendants of Europe s far north write of a history dating This site offers a rich collection of native American literature, http://teacher.scholastic.com/fieldtrp/socstu/indigeno.htm

Scholastic Home About Us Site Map Search ... SOCIAL STUDIES World History and Cultures Explore the Heritage of Indigenous Peoples The Inuit people survived the frozen Arctic north for centuries through a modest hunting and trapping lifestyle. Today, some Inuit writers have employed the most modern of technologies, the Internet, to tell about their culture and history. You can read about Nunavut, the lands inhabited by Inuit ancestors that in 1999 became a separate territory in Canada, and even see a map of it. Like the Inuit, the Sami people of Scandinavia have sought to regain land upon which their ancestors lived. In their Web site, these descendants of Europe's far north write of a history music From the far north, travel to sub-Saharan Africa to learn about the history and art of the Yoruba . These semi-independent peoples lived in highly complex kingdoms , but their way of life was vastly changed after many of their people were captured for the slave trade to the Western Hemisphere. By looking at their art and artifacts , you can see how the beliefs and ways of the Yoruba have been passed on until today.

68. American Indians - USFS History - Forest History Society American Indian Population Decline. While the numbers of native peoples in the American Indian influences on the development of north America s native http://www.lib.duke.edu/forest/Research/usfscoll/people/Native Americans/AmIndia

U.S. Forest Service History People People American Indians Chiefs Washington Office Staff Ranger Life Scientists ... Collections Database Search this site The Role of American Indians in Shaping The North American Landscape By Doug MacCleery USDA Forest Service "... and the songs of the birds seemed to make it impossible that a man would wish to leave that place, and the flocks of parrots darkened the skies, and there are such diverse birds compared with our ones that it is marvelous." From the Diary of Christopher Columbus, October 1492. The Nature of American Forests at Contact Early explorers commonly wrote of the large areas of open, park-like forests and grasslands both east and west of the Appalachians, and of the frequency of Native American burning. In 1528, Alvar Nunez Cabenza de Vaca noted that in the area that is now Texas: "The Indians of the interior...go with brands in the hand firing the plains and forests within their reach, that the mosquitos my fly away, and at the same time to drive out lizards and other things from the earth for them to eat. In this way do they appease their hunger, two ot three times in the year..." In 1630, Francis Higginson wrote about the country around Salem, Massachussetts, that:

69. Marilee's Native Americans Resource native Crafts Inspired by north America s First peoples (Kids Can Do It) by Maxine Trottier, 2000 north American Indians (Make It Work! http://marilee.us/nativeamericans.html

Home Word Puzzles Picturebooks KidPix/KidWorks Projects ... Link-Backs Marilee's Native Americans Resource Cherokee Comanche Cree Haida Hopi Inuit Iroquois Navajo Nez Perce Pomo Seminole Sioux Tlingit Ute Wampanoag Misc. Tribes Clothing Craft Projects Famous People Housing Legends Maps Recipes Songs, Dances, Games Creation stories teach that Native Americans have been where they are since the world was created. It is also thought that First Americans migrated from Siberia over the Bering Strait about 14,000 years ago, or perhaps even earlier. The land bridge was dry ground for several thousand years before the sea level rose again and stopped migration. The hunters would have followed the migrating herds of large mammals as they moved south. As the glaciers melted, the First Americans spread to the North American coasts and across the entire continent. Native Americans adapted to the climates and terrains in which they lived and used whatever natural resources were available. The arrival of the Europeans in the 1500's began a change in the lives of the Indian people that continued through the next centuries. Sometimes the changes were good. The horses brought by the Spanish made bison hunting much easier and safer. But Vikings, Spanish, English and French explorers, colonists and missionaries spread diseases, made slaves of the people, forced relocations, claimed ownership of natural resources and land, and tried to stamp out the native cultures. Some of the Indian people survived, but not without making drastic changes in their life styles.

70. The Tribes And The States In connection with the prehistory of the red peoples, an important fact is that and into the north American prairies as far north as the Great Lakes, http://www.sidis.net/TSChap1.htm

Home Page Table of Contents Next Chapter The Tribes and the States W. J. Sidis CHAPTER I RED RACE PRE-HISTORY Source of the Red Race . No explanation has as yet been generally agreed on as to whence came the original American race, although, ever since there has been regular communication between the two sides of the ocean, numerous explanations have been suggested. Most of the explanations have been by way of reconciling the existence of an American race with the whites' rather conceited assumption that the human species must have come from their own side of the ocean. Examples of such theories are William Penn's hypothesis (adopted by the Mormons) that the reds are the descendants of the lost tribes of Israel, or the theory championed by many modern anthropologists, to the effect that the ancestors of the red race came to America from Asia, by way of the Bering Strait or the Aleutian Islands. Some anthropologists have placed this migration as late as the fourteenth century! Why should it be any more necessary to explain the presence of a red race in America than that of a white race in Europe, or of a black one in Africa? True, all races are probably of a common origin; but that origin may have been in the western hemisphere just as easily as the eastern, or it may even have been in some place that has since been submerged under the ocean, which could explain some people going to America and some to Europe. Probably the Eskimos came across the Bering Strait, since they are of a different race than the red tribes of America, but much more closely allied to the Mongolian peoples of the opposite side of the Arctic Ocean. Also, there are some peculiarities of the Pacific coast dwellers of America, which might be explained by some sort of Mongolian immigration into America which mixed with red tribes already here. But the red race itself, which has no resemblance to anything on the Asiatic side, could hardly be explained by a Mongolian migration; for only a few superficial resemblances can be found between the red and yellow races.

71. OutreachLectures @ University Of Pennsylvania Museum Of Archaeology And Anthropo What native americans Share An Introduction to the Art of the north American The far north The Art of the Inuit This slide lecture illustrates the art http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/edu/outreach/nativeamerica.html

University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology Native Americans Indian Art: Ancient Markers and Modern Markets Long before Europeans ever came into our world, the Original People made wonderful tools with elaborate decorations to please the eye and to give life to the objects they used every day. These decorations also served as markers for group identity. Ancient trade between the many cultures allowed material and finished goods to travel enormous distances long before the White people crossed the sea. The changes in the materials traded and the native economies after 1500 are the subject of this slide illustrated lecture. Dr. Marshall Becker Archaeology of the Lenape and Other Indians of the Delaware Valley Archaeological studies at Lenape sites, and in particular at the Printzhof (36DE3) and the Montgomery Site (36CH60), have told us much about how the Lenape lived before the Europeans came, and how their lives were altered by contact. Historic records about the lives of these fascinating Americans and how they were blended with the Europeans provide us with a rich understanding of how they once lived. Dr. Marshall Becker

72. Online Ethics Center: Scientific Research And The Autonomy Of Indigenous Peoples Finally, native americans have argued that the age of Kennewick man s age only proves that native americans have been in north America as far back as http://onlineethics.org/reseth/appe/vol2/kennewick.html

onlineethics.org The Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science Scientific Research and the Autonomy of Indigenous Peoples: The Case of the Kennewick Man Although the dead can't speak, they do tell tales. But who should be allowed to determine what stories the dead are telling? The question of rights over disposition of human remains raises issues of research ethics when archaeologists and physical anthropologists attempt to study the ancient remains of indigenous peoples in North America. The case of the Kennewick Man, a recently discovered Paleoindian man, illustrates the difficulties of such research. The problem confronting archaeologists, physical anthropologists and Native Americans has broader implications for the practice of science. In this case study, the ethical practice of science and the relation of science to the values of indigenous people is considered. NAGPRA History and Objectives Until recently, archaeologists encountered few obstacles in excavating and studying the remains of the dead; Native Americans had little or no voice in the planning or execution of archaeological research. Recent activism and lobbying by Native Americans resulted in the passage of the 1990 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA). NAGPRA was enacted to address complaints that archaeologists and museums had appropriated human remains and sacred objects that were not rightfully theirs to control. As the act is currently written, Native America tribes can reclaim human remains and grave goods to which they can establish a cultural affiliation. Affiliation can be demonstrated through a variety of criteria, which include geographical, biological, archaeological, and anthropological information; historical data; oral history; expert opinions; or other relevant information.

73. Bryn Mawr College Department Of Anthropology - Native North American Cultures - Like other native American groups since the 1990s, Subarctic peoples 1989 The far north. In Sullivan, Laurence E., ed., native AmericanReligions, pp. http://www.brynmawr.edu/collections/nnac/subarctic.html

Home The Arctic California The Northeast ... Resources The Subarctic culture area is a vast region which includes interior Alaska and Canada as far east as Labrador, Newfoundland and the southern region of Hudson Bay. The indigenous groups which inhabit this diverse geographical region that includes arctic coastal tundra as well as a vast and dense woodland region of spruce, pine, and birch hunt moose, caribou and deer. They also fish from numerous lakes, streams, and rivers. Because of the diverse terrain and continental climate with short, hot summers and long, cold winters indigenous groups in the Subarctic region traditionally lived in small, scattered bands and followed a seasonal nomadic lifestyle using tents, canoes, and toboggans. Based on linguistic groupings, Athapaskan-speaking populations (such as the Beaver, Cree, Hare, Slavey) generally live in the western region of the Subarctic, while Algonquian-speaking groups (such as the Micmac, Penobscot) live in the east. Selected Tribal and First Nation Websites: Official Website of the Vuntut Gwitchin First Nation of Old Crow, Yukon

74. Index Of Native American Nations On The Internet Indigenous peoples in the far north of Russia Sami people, An introduction Button Return to the Index of native American Resources on the Internet http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/indices/NAnations.html

WWW Virtual Library - American Indians Index of Native American Nations on the Internet F requently A sked ... uestions for this site This document must be read before sending any email! Search this site Read the blog by a Navajo physician living in New Orleans. Help victims of Hurricane Katrina. Donate to the Red Cross. The iTunes shop updated again. Finally, some Jim Pepper Stop by The Literacy Site each day and click to donate a book to a childcare center for low income children. General Resources United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues Nations Blackfeet Nation Cabazon Band of Mission Indians Cherokee Nation Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe ... Gila River Indian Community [Can't connect 7/28/05] Hopi Tribe Innu Nation/Mamit Innuat International Indian Treaty Council Jatibonicu Taino Tribal Nation ... Buberen Euskal Orrialdera (Buber's Basque Page) European minority languages (English page) GeoNative a bilingual Basque/English site Indigenous Peoples in the Far North of Russia Sami people, An introduction Other Resources Europa - The European Union Te Puni Kokiri Ministry of Maori Development The Whitehouse USA UNDP - United Nations Development Programme First Name Last Name Any AL AK AZ AR CA CO CT DE DC FL GA HI ID IL IN IA KS KY LA ME MD MA MI MN MS MO MT NE NV NH NJ NM NY NC ND OH OK OR PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY INTL Locality Our Book Recommendation We recommend: To Be the Main Leaders of Our People: A History of Minnesota Ojibwe Politics, 1825-1898

75. VOA Special English - THE MAKING OF A NATION #2 - First Peoples They show that about ninetyfive percent of all native peoples in the western Many of these people of the far north still hunt wild animals for much of http://www.manythings.org/voa/03/030306mn_t.htm

THE MAKING OF A NATION #2 - March 6, 2003: First Peoples By Paul Thompson (THEME) VOICE ONE: This is Sarah Long. VOICE TWO: And this is Rich Kleinfeldt with the MAKING OF A NATION, a VOA Special English program about the history of the United States. (THEME) Today, we present the first in our series of history programs. We tell about the first peoples to arrive in what would become North America. (MUSIC: MANDAREE SINGERS) VOICE ONE: Scientists and history experts say the first people to ever come to the western hemisphere arrived between fifteen-thousand and thirty-five-thousand years ago. They may have come in several different groups. No one is really sure who they were or where they lived before. [Image Removed] (Photo - NASA)"> Bering Strait (Photo - NASA) Experts say the best possible answer about where they came from is northern Asia. Most experts believe they crossed to the western hemisphere from the part of Russia now called Siberia. The first people came to the new world in a time of fierce cold. Much of the northern part of the world was covered in ice. Because of this, the oceans were hundreds of meters lower than they are now. Scientists believe this made it possible to walk across the area that is now the Bering Sea. For a moment, let us follow a family group as it begins to cross the area that is now the Bering Sea. The time is more than twenty-thousand years ago.

76. The Fur Traders to the cultural identity of native peoples living in the far north of Canada. For the fur industry has paid the final insult to native peoples; http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/content/v7.4/regan.html

Trumpeter (1990) ISSN: 0832-6193 The Fur Traders Tom Regan North Carolina State University About the Author: Tom Regan is a professor of philosophy at North Carolina State University in Raleigh and founder of the Culture and Animals Foundation. A leading spokesperson for animal rights, he has authored or edited over sixteen books, including The Case for Animal Rights and Bloomsbury's Prophet: G.E. Moore and the Development of his Moral Philosophy , both nominated for Pulitzer Prizes. This essay is an abridgment of a forward he wrote for Skinned (1988), the International Wildlife Coalition's anthology about the clubbing and trapping of animals for fur. Available from them at: IWC, P.O. Box 388, North Falmouth, Mass., USA 02556; or in Canada write: IWC, Port Credit Postal Station, Mississauga, Ont. L5G 4M1. Reprinted here with permission of the author and IWC. Imagine a culture that has the following tradition. Once a year everyone's name is put into a lottery. Only one name is drawn. The person whose name is selected is then stoned to death by the lucky non-winners. In the barest outlines this is the plot of Shirley Jackson's chilling tale, "The Lottery." No reader can miss the obvious moral message. Just because something has always been done, just because a given practice is enshrined as a "tradition" within a given culture, and just because people think their "identity" as a culture requires the continuation of this tradition, it does not follow that what they do is above moral reproach. Whether individually or collectively, people can grow accustomed to doing what is wrong (in fact, history is full of actual, not fictional, examples). Traditions, even those that are part of a group's "cultural identity," can be morally obscene.

77. Algonkin Algonquianspeaking peoples dominated most of the northeastern north America with the these beliefs were shared by most native peoples in north America. http://www.tolatsga.org/alg.html

ALGONKIN HISTORY (revised 4.12.99) [Note: This is a single part of what will be, by my classification, about 240 compact tribal histories (contact to 1900). It is limited to the lower 48 states of the U.S. but also includes those First Nations from Canada and Mexico that had important roles ( Huron , Assiniboine, etc.). This history's content and style are representative. The normal process at this point is to circulate an almost finished product among a peer group for comment and criticism. At the end of this History you will find links to those Nations referred to in the History of the Algonkin. Using the Internet, this can be more inclusive. Feel free to comment or suggest corrections via e-mail. Working together we can end some of the historical misinformation about Native Americans. You will find the ego at this end to be of standard size. Thanks for stopping by. I look forward to your comments... Lee Sultzman. Algonkin Location The Ottawa River Valley which forms the present border between Ontario and Quebec. Population At the time of their first meeting with the French in 1603, the various Algonkin bands probably had a combined population somewhere in the neighborhood of 6,000. The British estimate in 1768 was 1,500. Currently, there are almost 8,000 Algonkin in Canada organized into ten separate First Nations: nine in Quebec and one in Ontario.

78. Native American Many native peoples do not believe the migration theory at all. The creation stories of many tribes place the people in north America from the beginning of http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/wikipedia/n/na/native_american.html

Free Teacher Resources First Time Visitors Gift Certificates Education Directory ... Edit this page Native American Native Americans American Indians Amerindians , or Red Indians ) are indigenous peoples , who lived in the Americas prior to the European colonization ; some of these ethnic groups still exist. The name "Indians" was bestowed by Christopher Columbus , who mistakenly believed that the places he found them were among the islands to the southeast of Asia known to Europeans as the Indies. (See further discussion below). Canadians now generally use the term First Nations to refer to Native Americans. In Alaska , because of legal use in the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act ( ANSCA ) and because of the presence of the Inuit Yupik , and Aleut peoples, the term Alaskan Native predominates. (See further discussion below.) Native Americans officially make up the majority of the population in Bolivia Peru and Guatemala and are significant in most other former Spanish colonies, with the exception of

79. History Of Native Peoples In Canada north American Aboriginal peoples probably came from northeastern Asia via Siberia 17751783 During the American Revolution, native peoples in Quebec http://www.angelfire.com/realm/shades/nativeamericans/historyquebec.htm

setAdGroup('67.18.104.18'); var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Search: Lycos Angelfire Dating Search Share This Page Report Abuse Edit your Site ... Guestbook History of Native peoples in Canada Here is brief outline of the history and events that marked the development of Native peoples in Quebec, and to a larger extent in Canada and North America. This is not an exhaustive chronological listing, but rather a general history, including mention of important treaties, that was designed to provide some background to the present-day situation of the First Nations and Inuit in Quebec. North American Aboriginal peoples probably came from northeastern Asia via Siberia and the Bering Strait. The first wave came between 40,000 and 70,000 years B.C. The second wave, 25,000 years B.C., and Inuit migrations some 15,000 years ago. The last wave, Inuit maritime migration, 5,500 years B.C. 8,000 B.C. Arrival of Native peoples in the St. Lawrence Lowlands.

80. The Regions: North America The peoples of the north Pacific Rim provided the source of native American groups. Aleut and Inuit peoples settled the upper regions of north America, http://www.molli.org.uk/explorers/the_regions/north_america.asp

The Regions: North America home the regions the people exhibitions ... central america north america south america The following objects originated in North America: adze apron apron club ... war club The first arrivals walked into America from northeast Asia by means of a land bridge across what is now the Bering Strait some 30,000 years ago. Other groups came into the continent when the seas allowed, until the ancestors of the Inuit and Aleut groups, about 5000 years ago. The peoples of the North Pacific Rim provided the source of native American groups. The ancestors of the Inuit and Aleut were more closely related to the Siberian Kamchatkans than they were to the Inca and Amazonians of South America. Canadian Northwest coast groups went to sea for their food- salmon, whale and seal. The first nations of the plains hunted bison seasonally and moved frequently. The Inca knew nothing of tipis nor the Inuit of buffalo. Natives of the Americas believe in a range of spirits - in human beings, other animals, plants and natural phenomena (such as thunder), all requiring respect to be paid to them. Contact with the spirit world is made by shamans or priests, through visions. They are also the healers, possessing detailed knowledge of medicines. There was very infrequent contact with other continents until the Spanish arrived in central America in 1492CE. They introduced horses into the plains of North America and the greed for gold into Mexico and Peru. British and French contact began 100 years later on the east coast of North America, gradually spreading inland, while Russians and East Asians made contact in the far north.

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