41. Native American Peoples destructive forces upon north America s native peoples which reached far beyond the immediate the most important native group in north American history. http://www.logoi.com/links/nativeamericans/native_american_peoples.html

native american peoples Native American Peoples of the Desert Southwest - DesertUSA "... Native American Desert Peoples. Many cultural and linguistic Native American groups made (and still make) the ..." Sacred Texts: Native American "... at this site relating to traditional peoples' spiritual beliefs) has been the lack of ... domain ethnographic accounts on specific Native American religious and spiritual practices. We ..." Native American Religion "Native American Religion. ""Mitakuye Oyasin: We are all related. ... do we mean when we speak of Native American religion? Unlike Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, it ... to the 250 distinct Native American peoples still surviving as America approaches ..." Native American Web Sites "... A database of foods, drugs, dyes and fibers (derived from plants) of Native American peoples ... supports ongoing research efforts in the study of American native peoples (Idabel, OK ..." Marilee's Native Americans Resource "Excellent resource for children and teachers learning about Native North American tribes, including culture groups, clothing, crafts, legends, recipes, songs, dances, games, word puzzles, suggested..." Native Peoples Magazine "dedicated to the sensitive portrayal of the arts and lifeways of the indigenous peoples of the Americas."

42. Encyclopedia Of North American Indians - - Diseases Thirteen known epidemics decimated native peoples in north America during The lack of records of natives living far from the colonial frontiers makes it http://college.hmco.com/history/readerscomp/naind/html/na_010300_diseases.htm

Entries Publication Data Advisory Board Maps ... World Civilizations Encyclopedia of North American Indians Diseases Contagious diseases that originated in the Old World have had an overwhelming impact on the post-Columbian biological history of native North Americans. Ancestral Native Americans migrated over the Beringian land bridge before most of the lethal pathogens preying on human populations evolved. Consequently, the Native American population increased for thousands of years, free from the selective biological pressure of the contagious diseases that evolved in the Old World. The examination of naturally mummified remains of Native Americans who lived several thousand years ago has revealed that the original migrants must have carried with them across Beringia several intestinal parasites common to all humankind. Born parasite free, human infants ingest parasites with food or from feces when they begin to move about and explore their environment. A child's intestinal parasites become life threatening at the time of weaning, when the child's metabolism must adjust to a solid diet while supporting the always hungry parasites. Weanling diarrhea, causing fatal dehydration, kept Native American infant mortality rates high, thus slowing population growth. A heavy intestinal parasite load can cause anemia in persons who survive this "weaning-walking crisis." As long as native North Americans lived on fish, game, and wild plant products, their high animal-protein intake helped them prevent serious anemia. When native North Americans shifted to horticultural food production, maize, beans, squash, and other cultivated foods provided them with calories that fueled a rapid population increase. Anemia then became a more serious problem for their well-being, because the proportion of iron in their diet decreased. The effects of anemia are discerned in many pre-Columbian native North American skeletons in a characteristic loss of eye-socket bone.

43. Native American Texans “Indians” or “native americans” are terms now accepted by many of the people Other nomadic groups lived inland to the west and north as far as present http://www.texancultures.utsa.edu/publications/texansoneandall/nativeamerican.ht

Native American history is the story of one of the most complex and violent cultural changes in North America. Native Americans are people descended from the first humans who migrated from Asia and, perhaps, Europe to North America, arriving on the continent nearly 30,000 years ago. Direct evidence places them in Texas some 12,000 years before the present. Native Americans are not and never were a single culture; they were much more diverse than the peoples of Europe. The early natives passed on their stories and traditions orally and through such means as rock art. Recorded historical accounts of Native Americans have been interpreted by anthropologists and archaeologists in contemporary times and in European terms and not usually by the natives themselves. More is known about some cultures than about others; certain regions of Texas such as the lower Pecos and the trans-Pecos provide more to the story because of well-preserved artifacts such as potsherds, sandals, arrow points, scrapers, needles, ornaments, basket shreds, grinding stones, and even the bones of the people themselves. Other areas provide fewer clues. Still, much is known. The actual number of Indians in the Texas area was never great, estimated at 45,000 before written history to only a few thousand in the mid-19th century.

44. TEACH: Native Peoples Of The Great Lakes Region of thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from Europe and the far East. By the 16th century, the native peoples of north America had evolved http://www.great-lakes.net/teach/history/native/native_1.html

GO TO.... Building the Mackinac Bridge Native Peoples Great Lakes Law and Policy What's in a name? Great Lakes environmental writers Fountain of the Great Lakes TEACH History and Culture Home Native Peoples of the Great Lakes Region Origins Indians, or Native Peoples, were the original inhabitants of North America and the Great Lakes region. In fact, Native Peoples inhabited the continent tens of thousands of years before the arrival of settlers from Europe and the Far East. By the 16th century, the Native Peoples of North America had evolved into widely different cultures. Notable tribes around the Great Lakes included people we now call the Chippewa, Fox, Huron, Iroquois, Ottawa, Potawatomi and Sioux. Click for larger map! Approximately 120 bands of Native Peoples have occupied the Great Lakes basin over the course of history. In the United States, Native Peoples are also referred to as American Indians or Native Americans. In Canada, tribes are called First Nations. In the Ontario region alone, more than 75 bands of First Nations are reported. A band is based on kinship and family affiliation. A nuclear family is part of a clan (cousins), a clan is part of a band (aunts, uncles, extended cousins), and a collection of bands make up a tribe. Tribes are traditionally highly organized, politically autonomous groups.

45. Eskimo People Of Siberia & North America - From WorkingDogWeb.com Chukchi and other native peoples of Siberia, northeast Asia and north America. peoples of the Russian north and far East resources about the north http://www.workingdogweb.com/Eskimo.htm

Go to W D W HOME Eskimo of Siberia A Service of Working Dog Web© Read our BookReviews ORDER The Vanishing Arctic E skimo Origins E skimo Culture E skimo Peoples E nvironment C hukchi T he Eskimo people today are found from the northeast tip of Siberia across Alaska and Canada to Greenland. They are known by many names including Yup'ik, Inuit and Inupiaq. The Eskimo and their relatives, the Chukchi of Siberia, were coastal hunters of sea mammals. In earlier times, they hunted reindeer in Siberia or caribou in Alaska and Canada. Dogs played a role in the historic cultures of both groups. Who are the Eskimo ? Here are resources useful in a search for an answer. Also see a guide to Harpoons of the North Pacific Rim. CLICK ABOVE to browse our dog bookstore - thanks! ORDER Ancient People of the Arctic ORDER Aleuts, Survivors of the Bering Land Bridge ORDER A Legacy of Arctic Art ORDER Inuit Art: An Introduction ORDER Native Peoples of Alaska: A Traveler's Guide to Land, Art and Culture SEND FREE E-cards of Inuit and Northwest Art ORDER Sinews of Survival: The Living Legacy of Inuit Clothing EXPLORE Northern Dogs ORDER Natives of the Far North: Alaska's Vanishing Culture ORDER Aboriginal American Harpoons: Study in Ethnic Distribution and Invention EXPLORE Ancient Harpoons Top Eskimo Origins: no longer considered refugees from Ice Age Europe, Eskimos are seen to have a complex history from Siberia to Greenland

46. First Peoples, First Contacts : Native Peoples Of North America By J. C. H. King First peoples, First Contacts native peoples of north America If nothing else, the perspective I had of native north americans was changed from King s http://www.2think.org/native_north_americans.shtml

J.C.H. King First Peoples, First Contacts: Native Peoples of North America "The dilemma of relations between Indians, minorities in their own homelands, and colonial settlers was quite straightforward. The metropolitan authorities, in England as in Spain, recognized that Native polities possessed rights. However, colonial officials often found it impossible to defend those rights, because in so doing they were required to attackmilitarilytheir own kith and kin." p. 77 "in issues put to the vote, Natives, except where in a majority, as in parts of the Arctic today, may be overwhelmed by the democratic process." p. 79 As a curator in the British Museum, King offers up hundreds of full color photographs of artifacts mostly under his care. Along with the pictures comes a mostly historical account of Native settlements throughout North America. Much of this account deals with the 18th and 19th Centuries rather than the pre-Columbus periodthe exception being the first chapter, entitled "Ancient North America", which covers only 22 pages. The geographic regions discussed include the Northeastern and Southeastern Woodlands, California, Northwest Coast, Arctic, Subarctic, Canadian Plains, and American (south)West. The prose is generally dull and awkward. Most of the text screams out for an editor. The chapters (including the final one) end suddenly, without warning. Conclusions, summaries, and interesting insights are rare. However, the 298 figures presented make the book worthwhileespecially if you can't make it to the British Museum.

47. EPL Pathfinders: Aboriginal Peoples And First Nations native Dwellings The far north; Hunters of the northern Forest native Homes; native peoples; native peoples Series; north American Indian http://www.epl.ca/EPLPathfinderPrintVersion.cfm?id=INDIANSOF1

48. EPL.ca: Aboriginal Peoples And First Nations native Dwellings The far north; Hunters of the northern Forest Indian Fall the last great The Encyclopaedia of the First peoples of north America http://www.epl.ca/EPLPathfinder.cfm?id=INDIANSOF1

49. Race (U.S. Census) Census People American 2000 Races Origins Many African americans also claim European, native American, people having origins in any of the original peoples of north and South America (including http://www.economicexpert.com/a/Native:American:U:S:Census.htm

var GLB_RIS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_RIR='/cincshared/external';var GLB_MMS='http://www.economicexpert.com';var GLB_MIR='/site/image';GLB_MML='/'; document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); document.write(''); A1('s',':','html'); Non User A B C ... Home First Prev [ 1 Next Last The United States Census Bureau uses the federal government's definitions of race when performing a census . These definitions have and may change between each census. The racial categories are officially described as follows:¹ The categories represent a social-political construct designed for collecting data on the race and ethnicity of broad population groups in this country, and are not anthropologically or scientifically based. Racial classification in the census was based solely on self-identification and, for the first time, did not pre-suppose disjointness: The question on race asked respondents to report the race or races they considered themselves to be. Both questions are based on self-identification. Nearly seven million Americans identified themselves as members of more than one race in the census.

50. Sasquatch And Native Americans Nor does it come from the languages of neighboring Indian peoples. Throughout native north America, Bigfoot is seen as a kind of brother to humans. http://www.ncf.carleton.ca/~bz050/HomePage.bfna.html

Credit: Henry Franzoni I met Gayle Highpine, a Kootenai Indian, at a monthly meeting of the Western Bigfoot Society. She had published the following paper in a very early Track Record, and gave me permission to reprint it here on the conference. Gayle has traveled extensively among the various reservations and enclaves of North American Indians for the last 30 years. She was a member of A.I.M., the American Indian Movement, during the '70s. A female Indian who was always interested in the old ways, she was and is very interested in learning more about Sasquatch, and she has listened attentively to many medicine men's Sasquatch stories as she traveled from reservation to reservation. I think her paper gives a good basic survey of Native American thought on the subject, and I find her obervation of the apparent division between "Flesh and Blood", thinkers and "Spiritual/Mystical" thinkers highly enlightening. P.S. The Kootenai tribe's home basically is southeast British Columbia. Attitudes Toward Bigfoot in Many North American Cultures By Gayle Highpine "But, special being as he is, I have never heard anyone from a Northwestern tribe suggest that Bigfoot is anything other than a physical being, living in the same physical dimensions as humans and other animals. He eats, he sleeps, he poops, he cares for his family members. However, among many Indians elsewhere in North America... as widely separated at the Hopi, the Sioux, the Iroquois, and the Northern Athabascan Bigfoot is seen more as a sort of supernatural or spirit being, whose appearance to humans is always meant to convey some kind of message."

51. Halton Hills Public Library School Project Resources Details Famous native north americans by Kalman, Bobbie Copyright Date 2004 The Encyclopaedia of the First peoples of north America by Green, Rayna http://www.library.hhpl.on.ca/CURR_details.asp?CurriculumID=18

52. Essay - Native American History Though native americans of the region today known as New England share Algonquians also traded with other peoples living to the west, north and south. http://memorialhall.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson2/bkgdessay.html

In the Classroom Unit Overview Lesson 2 Lesson Two Native Peoples in New England by Angela Goebel Bain, Lynne Manring, and Barbara Mathews Native American history spans tens of thousands of thousands of years and two continents. It is a multifaceted story of dynamic cultures that in turn spawned intricate economic relationships and complex political alliances. Through it all, the relationship of First Peoples to the land has remained a central theme. Though Native Americans of the region today known as New England share similar languages and cultures, known as Eastern Algonquian, they are not one political or social group. Rather, they comprised and still comprise many sub-groups. For example, the Pequots and Mohegans live in Connecticut, the Wampanoag reside in southeastern Massachusetts, while the Pocumtucks dwelt in the middle Connecticut River Valley near today's Deerfield, Massachusetts. Like the elders of other Native communities, Algonquian elders have traditionally transmitted important cultural information to the younger generations orally. This knowledge, imparted in the form of stories, includes the group's history, information on origins, beliefs and moral lessons. Oral tradition communicates rituals, political tenets, and organizational information. It is a vital element in maintaining the group's unity and sense of identity.

53. Native Peoples Magazine March/April 2003 Featured Article, Travel For far north Quebec travel among the Inuit, contact the Nunavik Tourism Since I studied native American culture at UWMadison and was looking for a way http://www.nativepeoples.com/np_mar_apr03/ma03-travel/ma03-travel.html

54. The Desert Tortoise And Early Peoples Of The Western Deserts By The past and present importance of desert tortoises to native peoples is Early Human Occupation in far Western north America the ClovisArchaic http://www.tortoise-tracks.org/publications/schneider.html

55. Harvard University Press/First Peoples, First Contacts First peoples, First Contacts native peoples of north America by JCH King, From the BigGame Hunters who appeared on the continent as far back as 12000 http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/KINFIR.html

J. C. H. King is curator of the North American collections in the Department of Ethnography at the British Museum . He is the author of Arctic Hunters and coauthor of Aspects of Early North American Metallurgy First Peoples, First Contacts Native Peoples of North America J. C. H. King From the Big-Game Hunters who appeared on the continent as far back as 12,000 years ago to the Inuits plying the Alaskan waters today, the Native peoples of North America produced a culture remarkable for its vibrancy, breadth, and diversityand for its survival in the face of almost inconceivable trials. This book is at once a history of that culture and a celebration of its splendid variety. Rich in historical testimony and anecdotes and lavishly illustrated, it weaves a magnificent tapestry of Native American life reaching back to the earliest human records. A recognized expert in North American studies, Jonathan King interweaves his account with Native histories, from the arrival of the first Native Americans by way of what is now Alaska to their later encounters with Europeans on the continent's opposite coast, from their exchanges with fur traders to their confrontations with settlers and an ever more voracious American government. To illustrate this history, King draws on the extensive collections of the British Museumartwork, clothing, tools, and artifacts that demonstrate the wealth of ancient traditions as well as the vitality of contemporary Native culture. These illustrations, all described in detail, form a pictorial document of relations between Europeans and Native American peoplespeoples as profoundly different and as deeply related as the Algonquians and the Iroquois, the Chumash of California and the Inuipat of Alaska, the Cree and the Cherokeefrom their first contact to their complicated coexistence today.

56. Native American Timeline - USA - InquiryUnlimited.org - Formerly Sited At Boston Kiowa Apache (Colorado and Oklahoma plains as far north as Wyoming); Mescalero Apache OTHER north AMERICAN AND MIDDLE AMERICAN native peoples (.979) http://inquiryunlimited.org/timelines/histNatAm.html

United States History Native Americans Compliments of Inquiry Unlimited GENERAL HISTORY AND CIVILIZATION OF NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE PEOPLES [languages ON THIS PAGE YOU WILL FIND: Creation stories LINGUISTIC GROUPS: Inuit and Aleut Uto-Aztecan/Tanoan IN THE DAYS OF THE ANCIENT ONES Creation stories Ice Age, Beringia, Paleo-Indians (c. 40,000 - 10,000 B.C./B.C.E.) Theories exist that ancestors of the Inuit (Eskimos) and American Indians start to migrate into western North America by crossing an existing frozen land bridge through the Bering Strait from Siberia. Some historians place the beginning of this migration as early as 65,000 B.C./B.C.E. Pleistocene animals Beringian animals The Rancho La Brea tar pits PALEO-INDIAN (CLOVIS ) PEOPLE (15,000 - 7,000 B.C./B.C.E.) Paleo-Indian hunters spread throughout the North American grasslands into the American Southwest. They manufacture unique projectile ( fluted * ) points knows as Clovis, Folsom , and Sandia, named after respective archeological sites in New Mexico. These Clovis people are big game hunters sought the mastodon.

57. US National Assessment Of Climate Change.  Overview: Native Peoples And Homelan American Indians and the indigenous peoples of Alaska, Hawaii, remain a significant basis for family life only in the far north of Canada and Alaska, http://www.usgcrp.gov/usgcrp/Library/nationalassessment/overviewnative.htm

About Site Map New Library ... Overview Native Peoples and Homelands Search Updated 19 August, 2004 Climate Change Impacts on the United States The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change Overview: Native Peoples and Homelands By the National Assessment Synthesis Team, US Global Change Research Program Published in 2000 PDF Versions of: This Overview section More detailed chapter from "Foundation" report The National Assessment Overview and Foundation Reports were produced by the National Assessment Synthesis Team , an advisory committee chartered under the Federal Advisory Committee Act, and were not subjected to OSTP's Information Quality Act Guidelines. The National Assessment was forwarded to the President and Congress in November 2000 for their consideration. “We are the ones that live closest to the land, to Mother Earth. We live with it, we experience it, with our hearts and souls, and we depend upon it. When this Earth starts to be destroyed, we feel it. Caleb Pungowiyi Yupik Native from Nome, Alaska

58. About Us/Native American History Mound Builder peoples in most of the states in the east, from the far north to At the time of first European Contact with native peoples in New York http://www.southerntierwest.org/L5/nativeamericanhistory.htm

O AFFILIATIONS O CURRENT EVENTS O MUNICIPAL WEBSITES O PROGRAMS O PUBLICATIONS O REGIONAL INFO NATIVE AMERICAN HISTORY The Five Nations above were listed in order of their territory across New York State, with the Senecas being the westernmost Nation, and the Mohawks being the easternmost, Their great territory was viewed by them as being a large imaginary Longhouse, (the symbol of tradition and the homes in which all members of each clan family lived in those days,) so the Seneca and Mohawk were entrusted with keeping watch over the western and eastern doors, respectively. (Thus, their names "Keepers of the Western Door" and "Keepers of the Eastern Door.") Although the legendary Seneca homeland was more toward the central part of New York State, (near Canandaigua, NY,) their territory spread west, eventually absorbing the Erie (or "Cat") Nation which once lived along much of Western New York. Seneca territory would spread far into Pennsylvania and Ohio through the period of the American Revolution, mingling with other Nations along the way. The Erie Nation was nicknamed the "Cat" Nation, due to their custom of donning outfits consisting of the full hides and heads of locally slain black panthers.

59. Encyclopedia Smithsonian: Native American, Publications For Children Includes native peoples of north, Central, and South America; many maps and Finley, Carol, Art of the far north Inuit Sculpture, Drawing, Printmaking http://www.si.edu/resource/faq/nmai/nachild.htm

Smithsonian Institution Recommended Publications for Children on Native American Subjects Your school and public libraries may have some of the books listed here. Your local public library may be able to get books for you from other libraries. Those books that are in print (most are) may be purchased through bookstores, or ordered directly from the publishers, whose addresses are supplied. (Note: many of these publishers have other books on Native Americans.) This book list is arranged in the following categories: Newspapers, Magazines, Maps Book Series Coloring Books Books: Crafts, Activities, Projects, Sign Language ... Real Child Books Newspapers, Magazines, Maps RedSun Institute, P.O. Box 122, Creston, CO 81131. Publishes Native Monthly Reader (eight issues per school year). Aimed at students in grades 6 -12, this newspaper includes articles on Native American culture and current events. Cobblestone Publishing, 30 Grove Street, Peterborough, NH 03458. Publishes several magazines, including Cobblestone and Faces . A number of all-Indian back issues are available. Issue topics include the Iroquois, Sioux, Cherokee, Maya, and Inca; Indians of the Plains, Northwest Coast, and Northeast Coast; there are also issues on such subjects as the Indian and the buffalo and first encounters between Native Americans and Europeans. Ages 8 - 14.

60. About Canada - Canada's Native Peoples The northern part of north America that today is known as Canada was far from Today, native peoples administer more than 80% of money budgeted for the http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/native/

Table Of Contents Environment And Diversity Contacts And Relationships Partners In Trade And War Shrinking Resources ... Links to other related Internet sites he northern part of North America that today is known as Canada was far from being a "vast empty land" when the first white people arrived. It was inhabited from the Atlantic to the Pacific by people who were mistakenly called Indians by the European explorers. They had lived in North America for many centuries and already had names for their communal or tribal groupings. These original inhabitants also had elaborate and varied lifestyles and customs which had evolved through long adaptation to their particular environments. Though the population was small, with estimates varying from 500,000 to 2,000,000, the use of the land was more extensive than those figures indicate. The mobile hunting and gathering way of life of most of Canada's First Nations was land-intensive and thus required continuous movement in search of new resources. Of the two main regions where sedentary societies developed, the Northwest Coast had by far the highest population because of its rich sea and rain-forest resources. In fact, it was one of the most densely settled areas in the world for non-agricultural peoples. The other region was southern Ontario, where the climate and fertile soil allowed for farming.

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