61. Evolution/Paleontology Information and resources pertaining to evolution and paleontology. http://biology.about.com/cs/evolution1/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Biology Homework Help ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Biology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Biology Evolution/Paleontology Guide picks Find information on dinosaurs, human evolution, the evolution/creation debate and more. Axing the Family Tree Startling insights into the evolution of animals. Cold-Blooded Myth Were dinosaurs warm-blooded? Did You Know?: Evolution Discover some interesting evolution related tidbits. Did You Know?: Paleontology Find out about some exciting paleontological discoveries. Evolution Read an interesting discussion about the evolution/creation debate or view plant, human and dinosaur fossils. Evolution Articles Articles on human evolution, dinosaurs and more. The Human Lineage Researchers announced the discovery of a new species of a human ancestor. Paleontology Find recent news articles about various paleontological topics. You can also view great three-dimensional digital dinosaur images. Topic Index Email to a Friend Our Story Be a Guide ... Patent Info.

62. Evolution/Paleontology CMNH Vertebrate paleontology Staff DirectoryPrimate paleontology and evolution Phylogeny Reconstruction evolution ofEarly Tetrapods and Early Amniotes - Dinosaur paleontology. Luo Zhe-Xi Luo http://biology.about.com/science/biology/cs/evolution1/

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Biology Homework Help ... Help w(' ');zau(256,140,140,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/C.htm','');w(xb+xb+' ');zau(256,140,140,'von','http://z.about.com/0/ip/496/7.htm','');w(xb+xb); FREE Newsletter Sign Up Now for the Biology newsletter! See Online Courses Search Biology Evolution/Paleontology Guide picks Find information on dinosaurs, human evolution, the evolution/creation debate and more. Axing the Family Tree Startling insights into the evolution of animals. Cold-Blooded Myth Were dinosaurs warm-blooded? Did You Know?: Evolution Discover some interesting evolution related tidbits. Did You Know?: Paleontology Find out about some exciting paleontological discoveries. Evolution Read an interesting discussion about the evolution/creation debate or view plant, human and dinosaur fossils. Evolution Articles Articles on human evolution, dinosaurs and more. The Human Lineage Researchers announced the discovery of a new species of a human ancestor. Paleontology Find recent news articles about various paleontological topics. You can also view great three-dimensional digital dinosaur images. Topic Index Email to a Friend Our Story Be a Guide ... Patent Info.

63. CMNH Vertebrate Paleontology: K. Christopher Beard Mammalian paleontology and evolution; Primate paleontology and evolution;Phylogeny Reconstruction; Paleobiogeography; Functional Anatomy http://www.carnegiemnh.org/vp/cv/beard.htm

K. Christopher Beard David S Berman Zhe-Xi Luo ... Ilona Weyers Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology Ph.D., 1989, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine Phone: (412) 622-5782 Fax: (412) 622-5521; (412) 622-8837 Email: beardc@CarnegieMNH.org General Research Interests Mammalian Paleontology and Evolution Primate Paleontology and Evolution Phylogeny Reconstruction Paleobiogeography Functional Anatomy Research Emphases Early Cenozoic Primate Evolution in Asia : Phylogenetic, paleobiogeographic, and functional studies of Paleocene and Eocene primates from the People's Republic of China. Anthropoid Origins : Reconstructing anthropoid phylogeny, character evolution, and paleobiogeography. : Biostratigraphy and faunal change during the Clarkforkian and Wasatchian North American Land Mammal Ages. Click for a complete Bibliography Recent Publications Beard, K. C., and Wang, J. 2004. The eosimiid primates (Anthropoidea) of the Heti Formation, Yuanqu Basin, Shanxi and Henan Provinces, People's Republic of China.

64. Entrez PubMed MeSH Terms Animals Calcification, Physiologic Cnidaria*/anatomy histologyCnidaria*/growth development evolution* Fossils* paleontology http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=1

65. Evolution: Glossary Author of two books on paleontology for young people. Darwinism Darwin stheory that species originated by evolution from other species and that http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/glossary/

Glossary A B C D ... Z acquired trait: A phenotypic characteristic, acquired during growth and development, that is not genetically based and therefore cannot be passed on to the next generation (for example, the large muscles of a weightlifter). adaptation: Any heritable characteristic of an organism that improves its ability to survive and reproduce in its environment. Also used to describe the process of genetic change within a population, as influenced by natural selection adaptive landscape: A graph of the average fitness of a population in relation to the frequencies of genotypes in it. Peaks on the landscape correspond to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is high, valleys to genotypic frequencies at which the average fitness is low. Also called a fitness surface. adaptive logic: A behavior has adaptive logic if it tends to increase the number of offspring that an individual contributes to the next and following generations. If such a behavior is even partly genetically determined, it will tend to become widespread in the population. Then, even if circumstances change such that it no longer provides any survival or reproductive advantage, the behavior will still tend to be exhibited unless it becomes positively disadvantageous in the new environment. adaptive radiation: The diversification, over evolutionary time, of a

66. Evolution Library: Topic Page evolution/paleontology evolution/paleontology Choose from a categorized collectionof links concerning evolution. The page is hosted by a knowledgeable http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/

Deep Time/History of Life In its 4.6 billion year history, Earth has undergone massive geologic and climatic changes and provided habitat to an ever-changing cast of life forms. To learn more about the origins and evolution of Earth and its inhabitants, investigate this extensive collection of resources. Subtopics Covered: Adaptive radiation Extinction Earth's history Major transformations ... Punctuated equilibrium Featured Multimedia Resources Deep Time Explore 4 billion years of life on Earth, and discover major transformations, geological changes, and extinction episodes. Resource Type: Web Activity The Cambrian Explosion Watch an animation of creatures of the Cambrian explosion created for Evolution: "Great Transformations." Resource Type: Video Length: 24 sec Genetic Tool Kit The shared set of genes for body segments, possessed by all animals, are discussed in this video segment from Evolution: "Great Transformations." Resource Type: Video Length: 4 min, 47 sec Subtopics Covered Adaptive radiation Resource Type Format Topics Covered The Rise of Mammals This diagram shows the enormous increase in the variety of mammals since the Cretaceous period.

67. Paleontology - Online Resources Home page for online links to paleontology resources. Germany (Geology);Yale University, New Haven, CT (paleontology and evolution) http://geology.er.usgs.gov/paleo/paleonet.shtml

Paleontology Selected Online Resources This page provides a selection of links to other World Wide Web sites dealing with Paleontology and related disciplines. Links and pointers to non-USGS sites are provided for information only and do not constitute endorsement, express or implied, by the USGS, U.S. Deptartment of the Interior, or U.S. Government, of the organizations, their suitability, content, products, or services, whether they are governmental, educational, commercial, or any other institutions. Museums Academe Societies Surveys ... Other Lists Museums and Museum Exhibits Paleontology Museums by State , New Mexico Friends of Paleontology Academy of Natural Sciences , Philadelphia, PA British Natural History Museum , London, UK Field Museum of Natural History , Chicago, IL Florida Museum of Natural History , Gainesville, FL Hooper Natural History Museum , Ottawa-Carleton Geoscience Centre, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Museum of Paleontology, University of California at Berkeley

68. Science : PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead @ HighBeam Research Science paleontology When evolution Surges Ahead @ HighBeam Research. http://static.highbeam.com/s/science/october241997/paleontologywhenevolutionsurg

Library Web Executives New! ... Customer Support Question / Keyword(s): Advanced Search Current Article: PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead Start S Science October 24, 1997 ... PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead Science; October 24, 1997; Kerr, Richard A. Kerr, Richard A. Science October 24, 1997 PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead Richard A. Kerr While paleontologists debate whether the evolutionary turnover of species ever slows toward stasis (see main text), many studies of ancient marine animals show that every few million years, it can speed up dramatically. Now the question is what triggers these surges. PALEONTOLOGY: When Evolution Surges Ahead Richard A. Kerr While paleontologists poring over their records of ancient sea creatures debate whether the evolutionary turnover of species ever slows toward stasis (see main text), they do agree that every few million years, it can speed up dramatically. All three studies done to test the idea of stasis in 400- and 500-million-year-old communities of mollusklike brachiopods showed these evolutionary "events." So did studies of

69. National-Academies.org Evolution Resources Tempo and Mode in evolution Genetics and paleontology 50 Years After Simpson (1995)The volume examines early cellular evolution, explores changes in the http://nationalacademies.org/evolution/

Search: Subscribe to our FREE e-newsletter! NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES NATIONAL ACADEMY OF ENGINEERING INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE ... Site Map Career Links Employment Internships Career Guides For Retirees News Links News Archive Top News Science in the Headlines Evolution Resources From the National Academies This Web page is designed to provide easy access to books, position statements, and additional resources on evolution education and research. These materials have been produced by the National Academies and other sources. The site will be updated and expanded periodically. Reports Evolution in Hawaii: A Supplement to Teaching About Evolution and the Nature of Science Evolution in Hawaii examines evolution and the nature of science by looking at a specific part of the world the Hawaiian Islands. By focusing on one set of islands, this book illuminates the general principles of evolutionary biology and how ongoing research will continue to expand our knowledge of the natural world. This practical book has been specifically designed to give teachers and their students an opportunity to gain a deeper understanding of evolution using exercises with real genetic data to explore and investigate speciation and the probable order in which speciation occurred based on the ages of each island. [ read FREE online FREE download Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition

70. Carleton University - Undergraduate Calendar 2005-2006 ERTH 3111 Vertebrate paleontology I Mammalian paleontology and evolution ERTH3112 - paleontology and evolution of Lower Vertebrates http://www.carleton.ca/cuuc/courses/ERTH/

Library Carleton A-Z CU Phonebook Campus Map ... 2005-2006 Undergraduate Calendar Jump to courses.......... ACUL AERO ALSS ANTH ARCC ARCH ARCN ARCS ARCU ARTH ASLA BIOC BIOL BIT BUSI CDNS CGSC CHEM CHIN CHST CIVE CLCV CLST CMPS COMP COOP CRCJ DIST ECON ECOR ELEC ENGL ENSC ENST ENVE ERTH ESLA EURR FILM FINS FREN FYSM GEOG GERM GREK HIST HUMR HUMS IDES IMD INAF INSC ISCI ISSC ITAL JAPA JOUR LALS LATN LAWS MAAE MATH MCOM MECH MUSI NET NSCI PADM PAPM PHIL PHYS PSCI PSYC RELI RUSS SOCI SOWK SPAN STAT SYSC TSES WOMN Jump to program... Arch. Studies Art History Biochemistry Biology Biotechnology Business Canadian Studies Chemistry Child Studies Cognitive Science Computational Sci. Computer Science Criminology Dir.Interdisc.Std. Earth Sciences Economics Engineering English Environmental Sci. Environmental Std.

71. Unofficial SJG Archive - People - George G. Simpson (1902-1984) on bringing paleontology into the modern Synthetic Theory of evolution, my developing professional interests united paleontology and evolution. http://www.stephenjaygould.org/people/george_simpson.html

72. - Overselling Of Whale Evolution - 123; Robert L. Carroll, Vertebrate paleontology and evolution (New York W.H. Freeman Co., 1988), 521 (implicit in his statement “early mesonychids http://www.trueorigin.org/whales.asp

Home Feedback Links Books The Overselling of Whale Evolution by Ashby L. Camp This article first appeared in the May/June 1998 issue of Creation Matters , a newsletter published by the Creation Research Society onventional wisdom among evolutionists, at least at the popular level, is that whales descended from Mesonychidae, an early and diverse family of land mammals that were well adapted for running. It is hypothesized that some mesonychid species began feeding on creatures inhabiting shallow waters and that over many generations the selective pressures created by this change of diet transformed one or more of the species into an amphibious archaeocete. The selective pressures of amphibious living in turn generated a variety of archaeocetes and eventually transformed one or more of the species into a fully marine archaeocete. Marine existence then shaped further adaptations to produce the 75 to 77 living species of whales, porpoises, and dolphins. The purpose of this article is to suggest that the fossil evidence for the mesonychid-to-whale transition is not persuasive, let alone conclusive. Mesonychids to Archaeocetes Dissacus navajovius (which is Dissacus carnifex of Cope) and some archaeocete specimens. His rather cautious statement of the claim is worth recalling:

73. Journal Of Dinosaur Paleontology Dinosaurs and evolution. A newspaper article, series of emails, and originaltext (with Dinosaur skulls stolen from Paleontological Institute, Moscow. http://www.dinosauria.com/jdp/jdp.htm

JOURNAL OF DINOSAUR PALEONTOLOGY ARCHAEOPTERYX, ANCIENT BIRDS, AND DINOSAUR-BIRD RELATIONSHIPS Archaeopteryx's Relationship With Modern Birds. The characteristics that link Archaeopteryx to modern birds. Archaeopteryx and the Solnhofen Lagoon. Discussion about the conditions of the Solnhofen Lagoon. Avian hands Bird metacarpal homology. Article critiquing claims that avian digits are 2,3,4. Paul's comments about Feduccia's bird digit paper. Dinosaurian Synapomorphies Found In Archaeopteryx A list of 20 of the many diagnostic features of dinosaurs that are found in Archaeopteryx Dromaeosaurid Archaeopteryx An essay on Archaeopteryx 's relationship to other dinosaurs, especially dromaeosaurids. Earliest beaked bird discovered. Article about Confuciusornis , the oldest bird with a modern beak. More on Confuciusornis Number of Confuciusornis ... Finds. Short article on the number of recent Confuciusornis finds, and other Chinese birds. Earliest bird with alula found. Article about the discovery of a Cretaceous bird with advanced wing aerodynamics. Feathers, scutes and the origin of birds.

74. Paleontology Required Text INVERTEBRATE paleontology AND evolution (4th ED), by ENK ClarksonBasis for Grade Three inlecture examinations and laboratory exercises http://geology.rutgers.edu/paleo.html

Research Graduate Students Graduate Program Undergraduate Program ... Geo-Links RUTGERS Info Paleontology Prof. G.R. McGhee . [Lec. 3 hrs., lab. 3 hrs. Prerequisite: 01:460:101.] The principles of paleontology. Classification, relationships, and evolutionary history of invertebrate fossils. Laboratory study of morphology of invertebrates. Syllabus The course is subequally divided into two parts: (1) An introduction to invertebrate paleozoology and (2) the uses of paleontological data in evolutionary paleobiology and paleoecology. Lecture # Topic Introduction Classification: evolutionary systematics Classification: numerical taxonomy Classification: phylogenetic systematics Sample bias and the fossil record Evolution of the Monera Evolution of the Protista The Porifera, the Cnidaria EXAMINATION I The Lophophorata, I The Lophophorata, I Introduction to the Mollusca The Gastropoda The Bivalvia The Cephalopoda The Arthropoda, I

75. AC Geology Dept. History Belt taught Invertebrate paleontology evolution (Geol. 27) and MargeryCoombs (UmassBiology) still teaches Vertebrate paleontology evolution (Geol. http://www.amherst.edu/~geology/dept_history/

Department History Our department has an unusually rich and storied history. Below are brief views into Amherst Geology history. Brief History of Geology at Amherst: 1825 - Present In 1826 Amherst College had a total of 136 students but by 1836 it had grown to 259 students, making it larger than Harvard and slightly smaller than Yale (Cooper, 1990, p. 13). The College Catalogue of 1826 mentions the courses "Cleaveland's Mineralogy" and "Geology" that were developed by a new teacher, Edward Hitchcock, Professor of Chemistry and Natural History (1825-64). Hitchcock was to have a long and influential career at the college. Frederic Loomis (class of 1896) came to Amherst in 1899 and taught Biology and Comparative Anatomy until 1917 at which time he became the Hitchcock Professor of Mineralogy and Geology. Loomis was a Vertebrate Paleontologist, but he also taught other geology courses. He took Amherst students on over 18 digs in the U.S. and South America. He died at a dig in Alaska in 1937. Many of the Pratt Museum skeletons resulted from those expeditions. Meanwhile, George Bain had come to Amherst in 1926, about 100 years after Hitchock had arrived. He retired in 1965. Bain, an economic mineralogist, was responsible during WWII for finding critical uranium deposits in South Africa. These deposits were needed in the construction of the Atomic bomb. Bain taught structural geology, mineralogy, and geomorphology, and was assisted by Loomis who taught paleontology and evolution.

76. Palaeos Invertebrates : Arthropoda : Eurypterida : Eurypterida from Clarkson s Invertebrate paleontology and evolution, 3rd ed. Walking.Although many Eurypterids had legs too tiny to do more than allow them to crawl http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Eurypterida/Eurypterida.htm

Palæos: Eurypterida INVERTEBRATES Eurypterida Home Palaeont- ology Evolution ... Unit Home Page Next Page Up Page Down Arthropods Chelicerata Cladogram Subclass Eurypterida All about "Sea scorpions" Dolichopterus macrocheirus length 25 to 30 cm Late Silurian period of west central Euramerica Introduction Eurypterid Morphology Eurypterid Locomotion ... Eurypterid links Introduction The Eurypterida are an extinct Paleozoic group of chelicerate arthropods of which 200 fossil species are known. These were spectacular animals, although very rare as fossils. The largest, such as Pterygotus ; reached 2 meters and more in length, but most species were less than 20 cm. Although called "sea scorpions" only the earliest ones were marine. Most lived in brackish water, sheltered lagoons etc. Many species inhabited shallow aquatic environments and some may have been amphibious, emerging onto land for at least part of their life cycle. They may have been capable of breathing both in water and in air. Their morphology suggests that they fed on a variety of kinds of foods. Some forms like Mixopterus were very scorpion-like and may have even been ancestral to scorpions . About two dozen families of eurypterids are known. Eurypterid Morphology Baltoeurypterus tetragonophthalmus left, dorsal (upper) view; right ventral (bottom) view

77. Palaeos Books: Books Carroll, Robert L (1988), Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. WH Freeman Co., 698 pp. (paleontology). Clack, Jennifer A (2002), Gaining Ground the http://www.palaeos.com/Books/default.htm

Palæos: Books BOOKS Books Home Home Palaeontology Evolution Systematics ... Timescale Books A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z By Author Terrestrial Ecosystems through Time: the Evolutionary Paleoecology of Terrestrial Plants and Animals . Univ. Chicago Press, 568 pp. Collective author, the Evolution of Terrestrial Ecosystems Consortium. (paleoecology) Palaeoecology: Ecosystems, Environments and Evolution Benton, Michael J. (2003), When Life Nearly Died: the Greatest Mass Extinction of all Time The Fossils of the Burgess Shale . Smithsonian Inst. Press (Washington), 238 pp. ISBN 1-56098-364-7. (Paleontology) Carroll, Robert L (1988), Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution Clack, Jennifer A (2002), Gaining Ground: the Origin and Evolution of Tetrapods . Indiana Univ. Press, 369 pp. ISBN 0-253-34054-3. (paleontology, systematics) Conway Morris, S (1998), The Crucible of Creation . Oxford Univ. Press, 266 pp. (Evolution) Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs . Academic Press, 869 pp. (Paleontology) The Simon and Schuster Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Creatures : A Visual Who's Who of Prehistoric Life Fortey, Richard A (2000), Trilobite! Eyewitness to Evolution

78. Strange Science: The Rocky Road To Modern Paleontology And Biology This is not a comprehensive history of paleontology or biology, Althoughevolution is not its primary focus, this site treats evolution as a scientific http://www.strangescience.net/

Recent Updates/Additions Harry Seeley - September 18, 2005 Timeline - September 18, 2005 References - September 18, 2005 Cesi and the Linceans - September 9, 2005 Athanasius Kircher - September 9, 2005 Aristotle - September 9, 2005 Charles Darwin - September 2, 2005 Ever wonder how people figured out there used to be such things as dinosaurs? Curious about how scientists learned to reconstruct fossil skeletons? The knowledge we take for granted today was slow in coming, and along the way, scientists and scholars had some weird ideas. This Web site shows some of their mistakes, provides a timeline of events, gives biographies of a few of the people who have gotten us where we are today, and lists resources you can use to learn more. A Little History From Nature Illuminated published by The J. Paul Getty Museum Strange ideas didn't end with the Middle Ages. Savants took centuries to unravel the process of fossilization, many of them suspecting that nature fashioned odd stones just for fun. Living animals often proved as puzzling as fossils when scholars had to make sense of the weird specimens that explorers brought back to Europe from other continents. And belief in monsters and omens persisted well into the Renaissance, fueled in part by the religious tensions of the Reformation. But over time, fascination with oddities led to a better understanding of the history of life. Starting in the late 18th century, Georges Buffon and later Georges Cuvier suggested that the earth was much older than anyone had previously imagined. By studying the fossil record, 19th-century geologist John Phillips divided the ages of the earth into three eras: Paleozoic (old life), Mesozoic (middle life) and Cenozoic (new life). Charles Darwin published

79. Proboscidea in Carroll, RL, 1988 Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. 1996 TheProboscidea evolution and paleontology of elephants and their relatives. http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsid

Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Proboscidea - elephants and relatives Main Groups of Placental Mammals o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Anthracobunidae Nakusia shahrigensis Pilgrimella pilgrimi Lammidhania wardi Anthracobune A. pilgrimi A. pinfoldi A. aijiensis Jozaria palustris `o Proboscidea Illiger, 1811 sensu Moeritherium Andrews, 1901 Moeritheriidae Andrews, 1906 M. lyonsi M. trigodon Andrews, 1904 `o Barytherioidea Phosphatherium escuilliei Numidotheriidae Daouitherium rebouli Numidotheriidae Numidotherium koholense Mahboubi et al., 1986 [incl. N. savagei Court, 1995] [paraphyletic Numidotheriidae Barytherium grave Andrews, 1901 [ Barytheriidae Elephantiformes Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845 Deinotherioidea Bonaparte, 1845 (Osborn, 1921 nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Bonaparte, 1845) Chilgatherium harrisi Chilgatheriinae Deinotheriinae nom. transl. pro Deinotheriidae Prodeinotherium P. orlovii P. pentapotamiae P. bavaricum P. hobleyi P. pentapotamiae Deinotherium D. giganteus D. bozasi Arambourg, 1934 [ D. giganteus Kaup, 1829:

80. Altungulata in Carroll, RL, 1988 Vertebrate paleontology and evolution. –WH Freeman andcompany, New York, 1988, 698. Court, N., 1990 Periotic anatomy of http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/Metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Synapsid

Mikko's Phylogeny Archive Altungulata Main Groups of Placental Mammals Alternative phylogeny of Altungulata Taxeopoda o ALTUNGULATA Paenungulata Taxeopoda Cope, 1882 Phenacodonta sensu lato Ocepeia daouiensis Meniscotheriidae Ectocion osbornianus Gidleyina Prosthecion Meniscotherium Cope, 1874 [ Hyracops M. tapiacitis M. robustum M. chamense Phenacodontidae Phenacodontidae genera et species Almogaver Eodesmatodon Paraphenacodus solivagus Tetraclaenodon puercensis Euprotogonia T. septentrionalis Copecion brachypternus Phenacodus P. primaevus P. vortmani P. trilobatus Embrithopoda Andrews, 1906 sensu sensu Hyracoidea Perissodactyla Owen, 1848 sensu stricto Mesaxonia sensu Altungulata sensu stricto sensu Loxolophidae Arctocyonidae: Loxolophinae Phenacolophidae Ganolophus Minchenella Phenacolophus Tienshanilophus Yuelophus `o Uranotheria Embrithopoda Hyracoidea (tamaanit) `o Tethytheria Sirenia Behemota Desmostylia Reinhart, 1953 (desmostylit) ` Proboscidea Note: Meniscotheriidae and Phenacodontidae form a monophyletic taxon Phenacodonta Reference(s): Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.

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