61. Ozone: Too Much Down Here, Not Enough Up There, Alaska Science Forum Article about the ozone layer. The meteorology acts to make the antarctic stratosphere extremely cold by isolating it from other regions of the global http://www.gi.alaska.edu/ScienceForum/ASF8/883.html

Alaska Science Forum July 25, 1988 Ozone: Too Much Down Here, Not Enough Up There! Article #883 by Dan Jaffe and John Herring This article is provided as a public service by the Geophysical Institute, University of Alaska Fairbanks, in cooperation with the UAF research community. Much has been written lately about ozone and its role in protecting us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) light. This is not, however, the only case where humans and ozone interact. For example, most cities produce substantial amounts of ozone from the combination of light and common air pollutants, and that's bad! Ozone is a toxic and unstable gas that is sometimes formed from normal oxygen. It is composed of three oxygen atoms (instead of the two in an oxygen molecule). It can be produced in several ways, usually involving light or electrical discharges. Once produced in the atmosphere it will revert back to normal oxygen in about 10 days, but not before getting involved in a complex series of chemical reactions. Ozone is sometimes intentionally made for its strong oxidizing nature; like hydrogen peroxide, and for the same reasons, it can kill bacteria and other microorganisms. A high-voltage electrical discharge produces ozone which can then be used instead of chlorine as a disinfectant for drinking water and swimming pools . It is also produced by electric motors, and can often be detected by the characteristic sweet smell of electrical equipment. However, be forewarned: ozone is a powerful and highly toxic substance.

62. Meteorology Chapman s meteorological studies and his impact on meteorology are more than enough At the Paris Conference on ozone in 1929, Chapman presented a paper, http://www.gi.alaska.edu/chapman/meteorology.html

Meteorology Bernard Haurwitz National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder, Colorado Benson Fogle Geophysical Institute University of Alaska College, Alaska Chapman's meteorological studies and his impact on meteorology are more than enough to secure him a position of lasting influence in this field, even though his major interests are concentrated on other branches of terrestrial and space physics. Along with many others he felt that the word "meteorology" is an inappropriate name for this field, and in a letter published in 1946 entitled "A Plea for the Abolition of Meteorology" he suggested that it be renamed "aeronomy." As this suggestion was not accepted by meteorologists, he proposed later that the term "aeronomy" be adopted for the science of that part of the upper atmosphere "where dissociation and ionization become important." It is impossible to separate Chapman's contributions to the fields of meteorology and aeronomy, since they overlap, but three of his accomplishments of particular interest to modern meteorologists may be singled out for special mention. These are his work on diffusion in the earth's atmosphere, his studies of the photochemistry of atmospheric oxygen as it applies to ozone, and his work on atmospheric tides and oscillations. Among Chapman's many papers applying diffusion theory to stellar and planetary atmospheres, special mention must be made of his and Kendall's theory of the origin of noctilucent clouds, published in 1965. This theory, based on a systematic investigation of the upward diffusion of water vapor and the downward diffusion of meteoric dust, attributes the appearance of these clouds to the simultaneous occurrence of a descent of the turbopause to the mesopause, a low mesopause temperature, and the presence of moist air below the mesopause. While acceptance of their theory will depend on the observation of the three required conditions when noctilucent clouds are present and absent, the theoretical discussion of the diffusion and convection and of their effect on the formation of noctilucent clouds will remain a guide for future studies.

63. HYLE 8-2 (2002): Book Review: Maureen Christie: The Ozone Layer. A Philosophy Of Christie starts with early ideas about stratospheric ozone that were rather With regard to computational meteorology, she points out the difference http://www.hyle.org/journal/issues/8-2/rev_schummer.html

HYLEInternational Journal for Philosophy of Chemistry, Vol. 8, No.2 (2002) , pp. 137-139 http://www.hyle.org 2002 by HYLE and Joachim Schummer HYLE Book Reviews Maureen Christie: The Ozone Layer. A Philosophy of Science Perspective by Joachim Schummer It is like an irony of the history of science that philosophy of chemistry emerged at a time when disciplinary research became increasingly replaced with transdisciplinary problem-orientated research. From bio-medical research via materials science to nanotechnology, chemists and chemical approaches are strongly involved in these areas. If the boundaries of the philosophies of science were to be defined by the boundaries of classical disciplines, we would not only get into demarcation troubles but also miss some of the most fascinating recent research fields. One such field is the study of the dynamics of the stratosphere, which in the 1970s, by the calculations of two chemists, turned from marginality to the greatest importance to securing future conditions of life. Maureen Christie, in her doctoral thesis in the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Melbourne, now published by Cambridge University Press, has taken up the challenge of transdisciplinary research in the atmospheric sciences. Quite a classic philosophy of science approach, her interest is in how evidence is provided for scientific theories – however, not in ideal science but in the actual scientific practice, and not in any field but in one of "strong relevance to today" (p. xi). Thus, she came to the recent history of scientific views of stratospheric ozone depletion.

64. Previous Meteorology Paper Titles ozone Pollution and meteorology Michael Ratte. Drought and the Southeast United States Drought of 1986- Allan Baldassano http://apollo.lsc.vsc.edu/classes/met481/m481top.html

Previous Meteorology Paper Titles Below are titles of papers and presentations from previous "Senior Seminar" courses and other meteorology courses. They may help students select titles in future years, but students must remember that course requirements and quidelines change over the years. Paper titles are listed first and presentation titles are in parenthesis. Only one title means it was used for both the paper and presentation. Spring 2001 The Causes and Effects of lake-effect snow- Tony Petronio Microbursts and Their Effects on Society and Aviation- James Midgley Forecasting the Sea Breeze in Coastal Maine- Scott D. Vibert Statistically modeling the Variability of Significant Tornado Climatology in the United States- Tracy Lynn McCormick Acid Rain: An emerging international problem- Jason Dollard Short Term Severe Thunderstorm Forecasting- Fred Samplatsky A Review of Flooding- Nathaniel Rochedieu An Overview of Research on the Greenland Ice Sheet- Jason B. Michaud Hurricane Andrew: How it Rewrote the Books on Home Construction in South Florida- Keith Rivet Urban Heat Islands: Do They Really Affect our Weather?-

65. An Ozone Climatology Of The Dallas-Fort Worth Area And Its Relationship To Meteo ozone meteorology relationships were examined using scatterplots and Most of the meteorology variables only displayed a rate-limiting role with ozone. http://www.stormingmedia.us/08/0836/A083653.html

Home About Us Contact Us View Cart ... Meteorology An Ozone Climatology of the Dallas-Fort Worth Area and Its Relationship to Meteorology Authors: Timothy E. Nobis TEXAS A AND M UNIV COLLEGE STATION DEPT OF METEOROLOGY Abstract: Limitations: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE Description: Master's thesis Pages: Report Date: 26 OCT 1998 Report number: Keywords relating to this report: CLIMATOLOGY CORRELATION METEOROLOGY OZONE ... WIND VELOCITY Printed Format - $36.95 Adobe PDF - $25.95 Please check the box for the format you wish to order. Shipping Terms About Electronic Delivery E-Mail a colleague Home About Us Contact Us View Cart ... Advanced Search

66. Internet Public Library: Meteorology/Climatology ozone Depletion FAQ http//www.faqs.org/faqs/ozonedepletion/ Comprehensive guide to the scientific aspects of stratospheric ozone depletion. http://www.ipl.org/div/subject/browse/sci12.40.00/

dqmcodebase = "/javascript/" Subject Collections Business Computers Education ... Meteorology/Climatology This collection All of the IPL Advanced A science that deals with the atmosphere and its phenomena, especially with weather and weather forecasting. Resources in this category: You can also view Magazines Associations on the Net under this heading. About Rainbows http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/staff/blynds/rnbw.html Presents the science of rainbows. Hypertext links you to further articles, a glossary and diagrams. There are experiments for studying the nature of rainbows. Includes references. The Aurora Page http://www.geo.mtu.edu/weather/aurora/ "Information, links and images about the 'Northern Lights'". Bering Sea Climate and Ecosystem http://www.beringclimate.noaa.gov/ This web site of the Bering Sea, one of the world's major fisheries, follows an explosion of interest in Northern Hemisphere climate study. Scientists here recognize a symmetric problem: climate change impacts ecosystems, and ecosystems serve as indicators for climate change. This site describes ecological and climatic indices for the Bering Sea which will serve as measures of climate and ecosystem status: weather, oceanographic and climate data, sea ice data, and fisheries and other biological data. This transitional website contains the main set of time series which will form the basis of a small set of Bering climate/ecosystem indices. Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Products and Research on Disaster Monitoring http://www.ccrs.nrcan.gc.ca/ccrs/homepg.pl?e

67. Meteorological Impacts On Continental Ozone Production And Export The regional and global impacts of urban/industrial emission sources are coupled through regional meteorology, and the time scales for ozone formation and http://www.ess.uci.edu/~oliver/present/swiss/

Swiss-Japanese Workshop on Ozone and the Links with Climate Interlaken, Switzerland, 1-4 July 2002 Organising Committee: Evi Schuepbach (Switzerland), Hajime Akimoto (Japan) and Itsushi Uno (Japan) Meteorological Impacts on Continental Ozone Production and Export Oliver Wild Frontier Research System for Global Change, Yokohama, Japan Collaborators: H. Akimoto (FRSGC), M.J. Prather (UCI), J. Sundet (U. Oslo) and I.S.A. Isaksen (U. Oslo) Meteorological processes control the production of ozone from precursors over polluted urban/industrial regions, as well as the export of ozone from these regions, through the effects of cloud cover, humidity, temperature and rainfall. The regional and global impacts of urban/industrial emission sources are coupled through regional meteorology, and the time scales for ozone formation and destruction differ greatly between clean and polluted environments and between the surface and the upper troposphere. Here we explore how regional meteorological processes affect the quantity and location of ozone production, with particular interest in the relative importance of regional and free-tropospheric ozone production from surface industrial sources. We focus on the East Asian region during the springtime, when meteorological conditions are particularly variable, and study March 2001, when the NASA Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific ( TRACE-P ) measurement campaign was held.

68. EW - Ozone Concentrations In Hamilton - Summer 2003/04 3.1 Concentrations of ozone, 2. 3.2 meteorology, 4. 3.2.1 Comparison of meteorology and ozone concentrations, 4. 3.2.2 Comparison of meteorological http://www.ew.govt.nz/publications/technicalreports/tr0431.htm

Page content Topic navigation Section navigation Print Version Email Us Site Map Home Publications Technical Reports Ozone Concentrations in Hamilton - Summer 2003/04 On This Site: Main Sections About EW Environmental Info For Schools News and Events ... Resource Consents Ozone Concentrations in Hamilton - Summer 2003/04 Abstract Table of Contents Report: TR04/31 Author: Emily Wilton (Environet Ltd.) Abstract Monitoring of ozone concentrations was carried out by Environment Waikato at the Peachgrove Road monitoring site during the summer of 2003/04. This report details the results of the monitoring including a comparison to national ambient air quality guidelines for ozone, an assessment of the meteorological conditions during the monitoring period and an evaluation of the likelihood that results are typical of summer ozone concentrations in Hamilton. Daily variations in ozone concentrations show that, on average, concentrations are highest during the early afternoon (around 2pm) coinciding with the highest average daily temperatures. Concentrations of ozone typically increase from around 7am and decrease from around 2pm to 9pm. It is likely that peak summer ozone concentrations in Hamilton would be higher than those measured during the summer of 2003/04. This conclusion is based on a comparison of wind speeds and temperatures during January to March 2004 to similar periods for 2003 and 2002. This comparison showed similar meteorology for 2003 and 2004 but higher temperatures and lower wind speeds during 2002. Concentrations of ozone in 2002 were therefore likely to be higher than those measured during 2004.

69. How Does Meteorology/weather Influence Ozone Concentrations How does meteorology/weather influence ozone concentrations? Air Quality meteorology Rethinking the ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution http://capita.wustl.edu/capita/capitareports/globeO3/MetInfluence.htm

How does meteorology/weather influence ozone concentrations? The chemical reaction required to form tropospheric ozone occurs most efficiently on hot, sunny days under stagnant and humid air conditions. High humidity and high temperatures enhance the formation of ozone. Low wind speeds lead to the buildup of high local pollutant concentrations. High winds tend to dilute ozone concentrations locally near sources but they also transport ozone to other locations, often causing high ozone concentrations in areas without large sources of NOx and VOCs. Learn more: Run a simulation to see how weather influences ozone Factors influencing ozone Air Quality Meteorology Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (Chapter 4) READY - Meteorological Modeling and Data UNISYS Weather Weather Underground

70. NARSTO Detailed List Of Science Questions What is the sensitivity of urban ozone to regional transport of ozone, to track the impact of emissions, meteorology, ozone and precursors over time to http://www.cgenv.com/Narsto/assess.details.html

NARSTO Assessment Activities DETAILED SCIENCE QUESTIONS FOR NARSTO 1998 ASSESSMENT Science question 1. (Addresses Policy question 1.) What are the most significant research developments in tropospheric ozone science over the last decade? How have these developments confirmed or changed our conceptual picture of tropospheric ozone processes? What are the principal remaining scientific uncertainties? Are there any scientific breakthroughs on the horizon in the next fewyears? Would these breakthroughs/developments alter the way we are managing the ozone problem? Science question 2. (Addresses Policy questions 2,3,4,5.) How does ozone accumulation on urban ( <200 km) and regional (200-2000 km) scales depend on the source dimension and location? How does it depend on the relative contribution from urban and regional sources? What are the relationships among point source, urban, regional, and larger scale processes and tropospheric ozone levels? What are the regional transport influences on urban-scale ozone and the urban influences on regional tropospheric ozone? How large a region must be considered; do we know how large is large enough?

71. CSIRO - Ozone Depletion ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere is the result of humanproduced chemicals, meteorology status report on the 1998 Antarctic ozone hole (and other http://www.csiro.au/index.asp?type=faq&id=OzoneDepletion&stylesheet=sectorInform

72. Climatology And Meteorology Global ozone Variations, 19581986 - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP East Anglia Home Page Oceanography, meteorology, Climatology http://www.uwsp.edu/geo/internet/climate.html

Climatology and Meteorology Resource s Last revised August 27, 2004 Choose one of the topics below: Atmospheric Chemistry and Composition Data Resources Ocean Data Physical Geography Resource Page ... UW-SP Geography/Geology Education Page: More Educational Resources related to Weather and Climate Atmospheric Chemistry and Composition Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center - Links to reports and data concerning atmospheric carbon dioxide. Access to "Trends: A compendium of Data on Global Change" NOAA OACES CO Group - Information about sources and sinks of carbon dioxide in th eocean. The group collects data on both atmospheric and oceanic carbon dioxide. Global Fossil Fuel Emissions: 1860-1989 - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP directory. Global, Regional and National Fossil Carbon Emissions: 1950-1990 - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP directory Methane Resources to come Ozone Global Ozone Variations, 1958-1986 - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP directory Meteor-3 TOMS Data - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP directory Nimbus-7 TOMS Data - Link to Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center FTP directory Particulates Lamb's Dust Veil Index, 1500-1983

73. Meteorology Data And Activity meteorology Data and Activity. Background. Groundlevel ozone pollution is mainly a daytime problem during summer months because sunlight plays a primary http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/air/monops/lessons/meteoract.html

Office of Air Quality Address/Phone/Fax aqp@tnrcc.state.tx.us Help ... Search February 25, 1998 Meteorology Data and Activity Background: Ground-level ozone pollution is mainly a daytime problem during summer months because sunlight plays a primary role in its formation. Nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons are known as the chief "precursors" of ozone. These compounds react in the presence of sunlight to produce ozone. The sources of these precursor pollutants include cars, trucks, power plants and factories, or wherever natural gas, gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, and oil are combusted. These gaseous compounds mix like a thin soup in the atmosphere, and when they interact with sunlight, ozone is formed. Large industrial areas and cities with heavy summer traffic are the main contributors to ozone formation. When temperatures are high and the mixing of air currents is limited, ozone can accumulate to unhealthful levels. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for ozone at 0.12 parts per million (ppm). Ozone concentrations of 0.125 ppm (125 in parts per billion) or above are considered an exceedance of this standard because of mathematical rounding. The Monitoring Operations Division has more ozone information.

74. WMO 50 - Meteorology Milestones 1957, Global ozone Observing Station set up of the ozone Layer. 1987, Marine meteorology and Associated Oceanographic Activities Programme established http://www.wmo.ch/wmo50/e/wmo/history_pages/meteorology_e.html

The World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) History Meteorology Milestones IMO: The Origin of WMO The Beginnings of WMO Today Future Developments ... The Building Meteorology Milestones First International Meteorological Conference WMO's predecessor, the International Meteorological Organization (IMO) established WMO's Convention agreed at Conference of Directors WMO's Convention enters into force on 23 March WMO established as a specialized agency of the United Nations Global Ozone Observing Station set up World Weather Watch launched Operational Hydrology Programme established Tropical Cyclone Programme established First World Climate Conference held which led to the establishment of the World Climate Programme WMO long-term planning process established Vienna Conference on Framework Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer Marine Meteorology and Associated Oceanographic Activities Programme established Montreal Protocol calls for reduction of greenhouse gases WMO/UNEP Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established Global Atmosphere Watch established Second World Climate Conference initiates the Global Climate Observing System International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction begins WMO/UNEP begin process which led to negotiation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change UN Conference on Environment and Development (the 'Earth Summit') leads to Agenda 21 Negotiation of UN Convention to Combat Desertification Climate Information and Prediction Services (CLIPS) established

75. My Personal Homepage Koffi B, EN Koffi and E De Saeger, 1998 ozone episodes and meteorology in the Part I ozone episodes and large scale meteorology. October 1998. 20 pp. http://www.unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/Personal/EK/ERLAP_EK.html

Meteorological processes involved during episodes of high ozone concentrations observed over Europe from 1994 to 1996 Dr. Ernest N. Koffi Consultant scientist in Air Pollution (1997 - 1998) Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Formerly European Reference Laboratory on Air Pollution, Environment Institute, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy Work and results In the framework of the EC Directive 92/72 EEC on Air Pollution by ozone, the European Commission had to prepare a report to the Council on the evaluation of photochemical pollution in the Community. The contribution of the Joint Research Centre to this report focuses on the interpretation of the ozone phenomenology during selected episodes in terms of meteorology My personal work consisted of the following tasks: Mapping of the spatio-temporal distribution of the high ozone concentrations over Europe and the associated meteorology (e.g. pressure, temperature, radiation and wind field). Results show two main mechanisms according to the synoptic situations: i) during anticyclonic meteorological situation, photochemical processes are important (the raise of temperature plays an important role in the increase of ozone concentration), ii) during cyclonic situations, observed ozone can come from long distance away Simulation of both direct and back trajectories within ECMWF analyses for the interpretation of advection transport processes involved in ozone episodes. Results show that the analyses can help to explain the origin of ozone precursors and also their transport over long distances

76. POP - Pannonian Ozone Project (IMP-BOKU Environmental Meteorology) Environmental meteorology Group Summary The Pannonian ozone Project (POP) was initiated in 1993 with the aim to develop scientific tools to support the http://www.boku.ac.at/imp/envmet/pop.html

IMP Institute of Meteorology and Physics University of Agricultural Sciences , Vienna, Austria Environmental Meteorology Group Project Catalogue Publications related to this project Project: Pannonian Ozone Project (POP) Staff: Andreas Stohl, Gerhard Wotawa Co-operation: Austrian Environmental Protection Agency Austrian research Centre Seibersdorf Seibersdorf RIVM, Netherlands Summary: The Pannonian Ozone Project (POP) was initiated in 1993 with the aim to develop scientific tools to support the planning process for the reduction of summer ozone levels in North-eastern Austria. The project was carried out by the Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf, the Institute for Meteorology and Physics (University for Agricultural Sciences, Vienna) and the Austrian Federal Environment Agency. POP was funded by the Austrian Federal Ministries for Science and Traffic Affairs, for Environment, Youth and Family, and for Agriculture and Forestry as well as by the Provinial Governments of Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland. After 3 years of work the project has achieved the following results: A harmonized data set of air quality measurements from fixed monitoring stations and two aircrafts from two summers in the study area.

77. Department Of Environmental Engineering and meteorology, emissions inventory assessment, tropospheric ozone and Kumar, S. and John, K. Trends in ozone Levels and Characteristics of High http://www.even.tamuk.edu/?p=faculty-john

78. Singapore Science Centre ScienceNet Earth Science Meteorology ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere is the result of humanproduced However, at all latitudes away from the equator, the layer of ozone that http://www.science.edu.sg/ssc/detailed.jsp?artid=390&type=6&root=2&parent=2&cat=

79. Atmosphere Internet Sites Great source of atmospheric ozone information and satellite data. National Weather Service Office of meteorology Home Page. http://www.wsanford.com/~wsanford/atmo.html

- USE AT YOUR OWN RISK! Table of Contents Sanford's Top 10 Atmospheric Science-Related Web Sites Meteorology General Interest/Sources of Real-Time Weather Data NOAA/NWS Web Sites ... New Links Sanford's Top 10 Atmospheric Science-Related Web Sites Based upon content, visual appeal, and how frequently I visit these sites. The DataStreme Project , AMS Project ATMOSPHERE's graduate-level, Internet-based distance learning introductory meteorology course. WeatherNET 4 (WRC-TV) UIUC's The Weather World 2010 Project and The Weather Machine The Purdue Weather Processor Blue-Skies JavaWeather (requires a Java-capable Web browser) WeatherNet - The Mother Lode of all Weather-Related Home Pages! Intellicast The Weather Channel USA TODAY Weather CLIMVIS - Climate Visualizer Meteorology General Interest/Sources of Real-Time Weather Data Meteorology Section of the WWW Virtual Library American Meteorological Society WeatherNET 4 (WRC-TV) Automated Weather Source Home Page ... Automated Weather Source Neighborhood WeatherNet , featuring real-time weather observations from over 1300 automated weather stations installed nationwide. The Weather Channel Online WeatherNet - The Mother Lode of all Weather-Related Home Pages!

80. Activities, History And Present State Of The Division Of Meteorology And Climato Optional lectures and seminars, such as atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric ozone, mathematical modeling in meteorology and climatology, GIS, http://www.dmc.fmph.uniba.sk/public_html/ecinnost.html

Teaching Profile First lectures on Meteorology and Climatology were read at the Comenius University in 1939. The first university workplace, “ Institute of Meteorology and Climatology ” was established for students of Master study in physics in autumn 1946. students have finished this study up today of them achieved the 2 nd degree ( PhD. CSc. of them the 3 rd degree DrSc There are 9 PhD students in Meteorology and Climatology at present. DMC provided lectures and seminars on Climatology for the geographic study course “ Hydrology and Climatology ” at the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Comenius University. From 1953 to 1980: students finished this study of them achieved the CSc. of them the 3 rd degree DrSc The basic course of meteorology and climatology begins after two years (5 semesters) of mathematics and physics study. There are included the lectures and seminars on: dynamic, synoptic and aviation meteorology physics of atmospheric boundary layer physics of clouds and precipitation general and regional climatology microclimatology and agrometeorology applied numerical mathematics statistics applicable software air pollution meteorology Optional lectures and seminars, such as atmospheric chemistry, atmospheric ozone, mathematical modeling in meteorology and climatology, GIS, applied meteorology, climatic changes, atmospheric energy balance, etc. are selected according to the students interest.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 4     61-80 of 96    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | Next 20