21. Guest Commentaries: 'Money', 'Kudi', 'Owo' ardent believer in plurality of religion including indigenous African religion. Be it people, MKO loved peoples so much that he got so many around http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/Guest/2005/07/money-kudi-owo.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=5931044"); The Nigerian Village Square …a marketplace of ideas Home The Square NEWS Features ... Print this article Wednesday, July 27, 2005 'Money', 'Kudi', 'Owo' Dele A. Sonubi Before the end of the first term of this political dispensation, politicians and almost all the people who were brought to limelight in the aftermath of events climaxing at the death of the legendary MKO Abiola had totally forgotten the struggle and sacrifices made by those who struggled to bring the present dispensation into reality. I remember at the 2002 commemoration of the demise of Abiola in Lagos, Governor Bola Ahmed Tinubu of Lagos State turned the event into his own political campaign and stole the event from the sober reflection on the rare sacrifice made by Abiola. He turned it into a declaration of his readiness to run for a second term as the governor of the state. The reminiscence over Abiola’s death has been completely overshadowed and since ignored. The late Abraham Lincoln, after several attempts to win election as the American President and to execute a civil war to free the American slaves, declared concerning the heroes who died during the struggles that

22. “Nigerian Federalism In The 21st Century” our identities and advance our peoples with same indigenous motivations and I still readily recall the suggested federating entities as owo, Akoko, http://www.yoruba.org/Magazine/Summer97/F6.html

"Nigerian Federalism in The 21st Century" Keynote address by Chief (Dr.) Anthony Enahoro, C.F.R. to the 5th Yoruba National Convention held at Houston, TexasS, USA on Saturday, 26th April, 1997 Mr. chairman of the 5th Yoruba National Convention, Honorable delegates, Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, May I begin by expressing my appreciation of the honor done to me in inviting me to deliver the keynote address in this convention. I assume that the invitation may be in part in recognition of the opinions I have espoused in recent years on the crisis of nationalities in our country and its pertinence to the future of the Yoruba people; in part in acknowledgment of my involvement in the pre- and immediate post-Nigerian independence affairs of Yorubaland; and in part in acceptance of my on-going presence in the fall-out from the annulment of the June 12, 1993 presidential election. If the latter appears the most cogent or current of these reasons, I must say at the very outset of my remarks this morning that it is not in my view the most fundamental, being in itself but an expression and manifestation of the nationalities crisis in our country, indeed in much of Africa. I will not bore you with a recapitulation of the history of our part of the African continent before the advent of European colonialism. You know it as well as I do-our different nations with their separate identities, histories, languages, religions, cultures and stages of civilization, and some with their own empires. You know the countries - the combinations and amalgamation- created, contrived or arranged by European nations to serve their own interests, and the subsequent emergence of new nationalism on the basis of these new countries and amalgamation. You know the endorsement of these creations by the Organization of African Unity in the nineteen sixties, and the consequent absurdity, as we can now see it, of seeking to construct and develop new nation-states and civilizations on the basis of the destruction of the indigenous languages, political cultures and national identities which in some cases had existed and flourished for a thousand years and more.

23. The Lightspan Network - Sw indigenous peoples Index. Aborigines of Australia General Resources Hmong Chile Ecuador General Resources peoples of the Nyoro/Tooro Orma Oron owo Pende Pokot http://www.lightspan.com/common/studyweb/sw.asp?target=http://www.studyweb.com/H

24. A History Of Art In Africa we must consider both perspectives the indigenous as well Uselu (Ologan from Uselu quarters in owo); and Baba Most Yoruba people would, in fact, be surprised http://www.africans-art.com/index.php3?action=page&id_art=360

25. Ecoi.net - Schwerpunktländer » Nigeria » Ethnizität their members were only passing through owo, en route to The Living africa Ethnic Groups Hausa. Muslim, and mainly Christian indigenous people in Plateau http://www.ecoi.net/doc/de/ng/content/7/11674-

Haftungsausschluss Home Schwerpunktländer Nigeria ... Ethnizität Inhalt: Ethnizität Überblick Yoruba Igbo (Ibo) Haussa-Fulani ... Niger-Delta Überblick Überschneidung von ethnischen und religiösen Konflikten 10.2003 - UK Home Office: Mehr als 250 ethnische Gruppen leben in Nigeria Lageberichte des britischen Innenministeriums vom Oktober 2003 UK Home Office - Originaltitel: "Country Report - October 2003" 10.2003 - UK Home Office: Religiöse Unterschiede entsprechen oft regionalen und ethnischen Unterschieden Lageberichte des britischen Innenministeriums vom Oktober 2003 UK Home Office - Originaltitel: "Country Report - October 2003" 31.03.2003 - US Department of State (USDOS): Ethnisch-religiöse Gewalt Jahresbericht zur Menschenrechtslage 2002 US Department of State (USDOS) - Originaltitel: "Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002" Bericht zur Religionsfreiheit in Nigeria 2002 US Department of State (USDOS) - Originaltitel: "International Religious Freedom Report 2002" 04.03.2002 - USDOS: Nigerias Bevölkerung setzt sich aus mehr als 250 verschiedenen ethnischen Gruppen, mit jeweils unterschiedlichen Sprachen und Dialekten, zusammen

26. MOTHERLAND NIGERIA: PEOPLES (by Boomie O.) People and Culture, in Nigeria. owo, owo Info Art Life in africa. Paa, Paa Prayer profile. Puku, Puku Prayer profile Puku Ethnologue Nigeria http://www.motherlandnigeria.com/people.html

PEOPLES SITE AWARDS NIGERIAN ORGANIZATIONS SEND FREE WEBCARD IMMIGRATION ... SCAM INFORMATION TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRO THE GEOGRAPHY LOCATION MAP RIVERS PATRIOTIC STUFF FLAG COAT OF ARMS NATIONAL ANTHEM NATIONAL PLEDGE MOTTO PEOPLES POPULATION RELIGION -CHRISTIANITY -ISLAM -TRADITIONAL -INFLUENCE ETHNIC GROUPS -YORUBA -IBO (or IGBO) -OTHERS LANGUAGES -YORUBA ALPHABET -HAUSA ALPHABET -LINKS TO OTHERS LANGUAGE RESOURCES -GENERAL RESOURCES -YORUBA RESOURCES -IBO RESOURCES -HAUSA RESOURCES -OTHERS MORE ON LANGUAGES -NUMBERS -PEOPLE -BODY PARTS -HOUSE PARTS -PLACES -OTHER WORDS ADDITIONAL LANGUAGES YORUBA NAMES -THE NAMING CEREMONY -COMMON PARTS -CIRCUMSTANTIAL NAMES IGBO NAMES HAUSA NAMES LINKS ON NAMES THE WEDDING MARRIAGE TIDBITS FAMILY TIDBITS OTHER SOURCES FOODS AND DRINKS INTRO SOME MEALS SOME DRINKS RECIPES RECIPES LINKS BUYING (ingredients and food) DINING (restaurants) HEALTHCARE TRADITIONAL HEALTH CURRENT HEALTH POLICY INFO FOR TRAVELERS OTHER LINKS HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS EDUCATION SCHOOL LANGUAGES SCHOOL YEAR SCHOOL LEVELS SCHOOL ATTIRE SCHOOL TRANSPORTATION SCHOOL LINKS HOLIDAYS FESTIVALS ATTIRE TRANSPORTATION AIR LAND WATER SPORTS SPORTS PLAYED SPORTS HISTORY RECORDS SPORTS ASSOCIATIONS SITES ON SPORTS THE ARTS ART LITERATURE MEDIA -RADIO -TELEVISION -INTERNET JUJU MUSIC FUJI MUSIC AFRO-BEAT MUSIC OTHER MUSIC TYPES OTHER SITES WITH SAMPLES

27. Joseph Kenny OP: THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN TROPICAL AFRICA, Chapter 3B Datings for owo and Benin artifacts begin slightly later thought of, and the presence of indigenous priests in Pedro da Cunha, the Warri people “know how to http://www.diafrica.org/nigeriaop/kenny/ccta/CCTA3B.htm

THE EARLY EVANGELIZATION OF BENIN FURTHER REFLECTIONS Bodija Journal , n. 2 (1990), 71-75 The Middle Period of African Church history—between early North and East African, and the 19th-20th century missionary movement—is one of the least known but most fascinating episodes in the history of the Church.  I have presented the main events of this period in my book, A history of the Catholic Church in Tropical Africa, 1445-1850   Particularly intriguing is the discovery, when the Portuguese first came to Benin in the latter part of the 15th century, of evidence of previous Christian influence. Christian influence from the African hinterland João de Barros described a cross which the Benin king wore around his neck.  It was sent from the “Ogané”.  The Benin ambassador to the Ogané wore a similar cross.   That this cross is a Christian symbol fits well with its shape, as seen on carvings and bronzes, which is the Nubian cross, and with the presence of a chain of Christian influence and/or such crosses from Nubia right to Benin. The identity of the Ogané is more problematic.  De Barros thought he was the “Prester John” or emperor of Ethiopia.  Hodgkin

28. The Metropolitan Museum Of Art - The Met Store centralization, and prosperity of the owo and Benin Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. migration of the Fulani peoples to Hausaland http://www.metmuseumstore.com/toah/ht/08/sfg/ht08sfg.htm

Books Jewelry Luxury Fine Jewelry Posters, Panels, and Framed Prints ... International Licensing and Wholesale Customer Service (Monday through Friday, 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern time; U.S. and Canada): Telephone Orders (24 hours, 7 days; U.S. and Canada): Luxurious accessories for the new season feature intricate detail and striking jeweled tones. William Morris Patchwork Shawl , $98, and Parisian Double Teardrop Necklace and Earrings Set Your purchase helps support The Metropolitan Museum of Art and its programs. Thank you for shopping at the online Met Store. Home Works of Art Permanent Collection Features ... Terms and Conditions

29. African Timelines Part III: African Slave Trade & European Imperialism studies the dispersion and settlement of african peoples beyond the continent Nevertheless africa’s indigenous personality has managed to remain intact http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum211/timelines/htimeline3.htm

Part III: African Slave Trade AD / CE 15th - early 19th centuries African Timelines Table of Contents COCC Home Cora Agatucci Home Classes ... African Timelines Web tip: When you revisit this web page, please "refresh" or "renew" in your Internet Browser Short Cuts on this web page to brief Discussions on: Height of Atlantic Slave Trade Black Holocaust "Middle Passage" Resistance Diaspora Olaudah Equiano Dynamics of Changing Cultures ... Amistad Revolt See also Chronology on the History of Slavery and Racism [in the U.S.A.] , Eddie Becker, 1999: http://innercity.org/holt/slavechron.html http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1790_1829.html 1830-the end: http://innercity.org/holt/chron_1830_end.html late 15 th c. Kingdom of Kongo flourished on the Congo River (modern Zaire, now Republic of Congo), a confederation of provinces under the manikongo (the king; "mani" means blacksmith, denoting the early importance and spiritual power of iron working) From Symbols of Royal Power: Stool (Detroit Institute of Arts' African, Oceanic, and New World Cultures: African Art)

30. InPortal indigenous peoples Law (17/19) North America, Oceania. Law and Real Estate (58/148) africa, Asia, Central Szukaj S³owo Szukaj Links in entire directory http://www.legalbeetle.com/index.php?sid=176421280&t=sub_pages&cat=78&inl_langua

31. Ecoi.net - Focus Countries » Nigeria » Ethnicity their members were only passing through owo, en route The Living africa Ethnic Groups overwhelmingly Muslim, and mainly Christian indigenous people in Plateau http://ecoi.weberhofer.at/doc/en/NG/content/8/11674

32. PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. The development of indigenous trade and markets in West africa. London. Paper from History of Central african peoples Conference, Lusaka. http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RBurt/MinHistNet/Africa.html

PRECOLONIAL METALWORKING IN AFRICA : A BIBLIOGRAPHY. Originally compiled by Dr Tim Maggs and staff of the Natal Museum, Private Bag 9070, Pietermaritzburg 3200, South Africa. Maintained and updated by Dr Duncan Miller, Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa. This version dated: 30 May 1998 June 1, 1998. The archaeology of Africa - food, metals and towns :750-833. London: Routledge) which contains numerous references not listed below. If you find this bibliography useful please cite it as a reference in publication as: Pre-colonial metalworking in Africa, especially southern Africa: a bibliography :1-67. Department of Archaeology, University of Cape Town (African Studies Library). ABUKAKAR, N. 1992. Metallurgy in northern Nigeria: Zamfara metal industry in the 19th century. In Thomas-Emeagwali, G. ed Science and technology in African history with case studies from Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Zimbabwe, and Zambia :55-78. Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press. ACKERMAN, D. 1983. Marale van groot argeologiese belang.

33. Ijaw... Press Releases We the Ijaws, one of the indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria GT Stride and C. Ifeka, peoples and empires of West africa 10001800, http://www.unitedijawstates.com/press.htm

United Ijaw States We Dare To Be Different Support Ijaw Foundation Home Voices Boro Corruption ... Contact Us Ijaw Pro-Active Leadership Council 16011 SW. 154 AVENUE. MIAMI, FLORIDA 33187 ijaw@unitedijawstates.com July 11, 2003 President George W. Bush The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, D.C. 20500 Letter to President Bush of the United States of America on his August Visit to Nigeria. Mr. President, We welcome you to Nigeria on this August visit of yours as the President of the United States. The United States has long had a tradition of promoting liberty, justice, the rule of law and is proud to stand on the side of brave people everywhere who seek the same freedoms upon which the United States was founded. And each year the United States reaffirms her determination to work for freedom around the globe. We the Ijaws, one of the indigenous peoples of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria numbering over 14 million, welcome you and wish you well . Mr. President, as you once said, in too many corners of the earth, freedom and independence are the victims of dictators or elected tyrants driven by hatred, fear, designs of ethnic superiority, religious intolerance, and xenophobia. These despots deny their citizens the liberty and justice that is the birthright of all people. Some governments starve their people, take away their voices and in many other places, people are denied the most basic rights to speak in freedom, and their daily lives are haunted by the fear of the secret police. Mr. President, these are words and facts that you are well aware of and have alluded to in the past. We welcome you to our world as Ijaws of the Niger Delta.

34. Center For African And African American Studies The people were displaced and forced to live as refugees in other kingdoms.6 Toyin Falola, Yoruba Gurus indigenous Production of Knowledge in africa http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/caaas/events/past_event/goto/events/dt_alao_1-2

Jester Center A232A; Austin, TX 78705 :: (512) 471-1784 Fax (512) 471-1798 Main Menu Home About the Center Undergraduate Program Africa Program ... Site Map Upcoming Events Brazil: Race and Politics in the Americas September 16th from 9-5 pm The Pork Chop Wars September 18th @ 2 pm Coming soon: Fall 2005 Event Calendar! Calendar of Events Current Events Past Events Conferences News ... News Archives YORUBA: AN ENDURING LEGACY AKIN ALAO CENTER FOR AFRICAN AND AFRICAN –AMERICAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN. Friday, January 24, 2003 ::Jump to Footnotes:: Preliminary statements on the Yoruba The Yoruba as an ethnic and cultural group is one of the most researched ethnic groups in the world. By 1976, the available literature on the Yoruba, despite many omissions, numbered 3,488 items, an unrivalled feat in sub-Saharan Africa. A Yoruba civilization with a set of ideas, values, practices, philosophical thought, beliefs, traditions, institutions, material goods and technologies is well established and never in doubt. Concrete historical realities show that the Yoruba possess a rich civilization that is comparable with other civilizations of the world. The major aspects of this culture are expressed in visible attributes and in sublime values. The material culture is exhibited in commerce, manufacturing technology, arts and crafts and of course music and dance. Yoruba values are best seen in respect for elders and constituted authorities, honesty, integrity, diligence and a profound religious belief system.

35. Guinea Coast, 1400-1600 A.D. | Timeline Of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum The increase in size, centralization, and prosperity of the owo and Benin The fifteenthcentury migration of the Fulani peoples to Hausaland brings a http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/08/sfg/ht08sfg.htm

See also Central Africa Eastern and Southern Africa and Western and Central Sudan The increase in size, centralization, and prosperity of the Owo and Benin kingdoms during this period is partially the result of their participation in trans-Saharan trade routes and trade with the Portuguese . Artistic production responds to refinements in metallurgic technologies and an intensified use of symbolic and ritualistic emblems of kingship. Artists of the Guinea coast are influenced aesthetically through contact with Islamic traders and the Portuguese, who often directly commission the carving of ivory objects. Additionally, the Akan (in what is now Ghana) develop an elaborate system of cast brass gold weights to measure the precious gold dust being traded to North Africa and then to Europe; the design of these gold weights is heavily influenced first by abstract Islamic visual motifs and later indigenous Akan aesthetics. The royal court of Benin is believed to have originated in the thirteenth century. According to Edo oral tradition, the kingdom was governed by the thirty-one "Rulers of the Sky," or Ogiso kings. The Ada ceremonial sword, which in contemporary Benin court ritual remains an important emblem of kingship, is believed to date to this period. Eweka I, who may have been from the neighboring Yoruba dynasty, is the first Benin oba (king), succeeding the Ogiso kings around 1300. Eweka's authority is undermined by conflict with autochthonous chiefs. Oba Ewedo of the kingdom of Benin reorganizes the

36. Political African Women Of The Sixteenth, Seventeenth, And Eighteenth Centuries Pendant Mask Iyoba Nigeria; Edo peoples, court of Benin indigenous narratives about them have not survived to the present day, or have yet to be http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/pwmn/hd_pwmn.htm

Related Timeline Content Timelines Central Africa, 1600-1800 A.D. Guinea Coast, 1600-1800 A.D. Special Topics The Portuguese in Africa, 1415-1600 Ana Nzinga: Queen of Ndongo Dona Beatriz: Kongo Prophet Exchange of Art and Ideas: the Benin, Owo, and Ijebu Kingdoms Idia: The First Queen Mother of Benin Portraits of African Leadership Trade Relations Among European and African Nations The Transatlantic Slave Trade Ways of Recording African History Maps World Map, 1600-1800 A.D. Africa Map, 1600-1800 A.D. Ana Nzinga Idia Dona Beatriz As leaders, priestesses, traders, cultivators, oracles, wives, and mothers, women have occupied key roles in the developments that have shaped the course of African history. The turbulent years following West and Central Africa's initial contact with Europe were marked by the emergence of women revered for their formidable political skills and social vision. We know of these women today largely through oral histories , artworks, and, significantly, contemporaneous European documents. There can be no doubt that important and celebrated women existed in other periods of African history, but prior to the era of contact with Europe, written records of their names and achievements simply do not exist. Indigenous narratives about them have not survived to the present day, or have yet to be recognized and recorded. As the study of African history continues, however, the identities of other notable African women will surely be revealed. Alexander Ives Bortolot Department of Art History and Archaeology

37. Membership Development/Hospitality/Disciplinary Olumo Rock, sacred to the Egba people, is on the Ibadan was until recently the largest indigenous African city. Water Falls, Ebomi Lake and the Museum at owo. http://www.yorubainternational.org/yiuhistory.htm

38. Guest Commentaries: An Analysis Of The Survival And Resurgence Of The Yoruba In An indiscernible number of indigenous people that remained in africa maintained traditional religion. One method of retaining tradition resulted in certain http://www.nigeriavillagesquare1.com/Articles/Guest/2005/08/analysis-of-survival

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=5931044"); The Nigerian Village Square …a marketplace of ideas Home The Square NEWS Features ... Print this article Friday, August 05, 2005 An Analysis of the Survival And Resurgence Of The Yoruba In The Americas: A perspective of an African American on re-connecting to our cultural traditions by: Iya Oyatolu Olajejoye ABSTRACT The focus of this paper is on descendants of Africa ’s cultural/spiritual systems. The paper offers a perspective on the effects that the slave trade and colonization has had on descendants from Africa . The Yoruba are one of the surviving indigenous traditions of Africa . The Yoruba ethnic group is examined and how the culture/religion persevered a traumatic history. Yoruba tradition and others are unique cultural/religious systems that maintained remnants and propagated rich and complex systems in the Americas . This paper discusses the effects of Christian influence on Africa and its descendants. Finally, I examine how the Yoruba are in the midst of a dramatic global resurgence.

39. Bibliography On African Traditional Religion Human rights in African indigenous religion, Bulletin of Ecumenical Scriptures of African peoples The Sacred utterances of the Anlo, New York, 1973. http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/atr_bibliography.htm

Updated: 16 March, 2005 Abbink J., "Ritual and Environment: The Mósit ceremony of the Ethiopian Me'en people," Journal of Religion in Africa , "Reading the entrails: analysis of an African divination discourse", Man Abimbola W., "The Place of African Traditional Religion in Contemporary Africa: The Yoruba Example" in Olupona, ed. Kingship, Religion and Rituals in a Nigerian community: a phenomenological study of Ondo Yoruba festivals . Stockholm,1991, 51-58. Abrahamsson H., The Origin of Death, Studies in African Mythology, Studia Ethnographica Upsaliensia III, Uppsala, 1951. Acheampong S.O., "Reconstructing the structure of Akan traditional religion," Mission Ackah C. A., Akan Ethics. A Study of the Moral Ideasand the Moral Behaviour of the Akan Tribes of Ghana, Accra, 1988. Achebe Chinua, "Chi in Igbo Cosmology", in In Morning Yet on creation day, N.Y., 1975. Achebe Chinwe, The World of the Ogbanje, Enugu, 1986. Adagala K., "Mother Nature, Patriarchal Cosmology & Gender" in Gilbert E.M., ed. Nairobi: Masaki Publishers.1992, 47-65.

40. Benin Bibliography Ancestral Ram s Heads of the EdoSpeaking People. African Arts 6(1) 28-34, 88. Edo Influence on the Arts of owo. African Arts 9(4) 40- 45, 90. Y http://webits3.appstate.edu/Eli/Africa/benin_bibliography.htm

Use the search feature of your browser to locate items. You can find many of these items in our library or through Interlibrary Loan. If you are interested in an item that is not in the library , check with me . I may be able to lend it to you. [Y] indicates that I have it, [X] that I have a photocopy, and [N] that I do not have it. A more extensive bibliography on Benin is maintained by Dr. Charles Gore. Adediran, B. (1991). "Pleasant Imperialism: Conjectures on Benin Hegemony in Eastern Yorubaland." African Notes African Arts (1997). "Praise songs to Oba Ovonramwen." African Arts (3): 42-43. [Y] Agbaje-Williams, B., Jean-Baptiste (1987). "Ife, Old Oyo and Benin: A Chronological Consideration in the Light of Recent Archaeological Work at Old Oyo." Nigeria Magazine (4). [N] Agbontaen, K. A. (1990). "Benin City Arts and Craft Heritage." Nigeria Magazine . [N] Agbontaen, K. A. (1995). "Art, Power Politics and the Interrelatedness of Social Classes in Pre-colonial Benin." Saint Petersburg Journal of African Studies . [N] Agbontaen, K. A. (1997). "An assessment of four centuries (15th-19th) of Benin art production in evaluating the role of the craft guild system in Benin polity."

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