41. Shop PBS - American Experience, The: The Orphan Trains (VHS) Shop PBS american Experience, The The orphan trains (VHS) - where every purchasesupports history - Videos. Features –Length 60 minutes on 1 tape http://www.shoppbs.org/sm-pbs-american-experience-the-the-orphan-trains--pi-1404

PBS.org Shop for Teachers Wish List My Account ... Shopping Cart [0 items] media: choose format Books DVD Music VHS genre: all genres Arts Business Health History Kids Learning Nature News Religion Science Travel Home History By Keyword or Catalog Number Larger Image Gift Wrap available Details Gift message available Details Email A Friend American Experience, The: The Orphan Trains (VHS) Item no: AMEX904 Our Price: 20% off all orders over $75 ! See Promotion Details In 1853, 10,000 homeless children roamed New York City streets. Young minister Charles Loring Brace founded the Children's Aid Society, sending orphans west to begin new lives with farm families. Until 1929, Brace's Society and other charities sent more than 150,000 neglected children by train to 47 states. Most were treated kindly and formed loving bonds with new parents. Hear the remarkable stories of the ORPHAN TRAIN CHILDREN. Qty: View Other Media Formats and Related Items AVAILABILITY: In stock, leaves warehouse in 1 - 2 full bus. days. - Details Standard shipping- Details Browse: History Features: Other Media Formats and Related Items: Item Price Play Ball!: The Story of Little League Baseball - Softcover Book

42. HIST 3317: Steven Mintz's Vita Yale University and the GilderLehrman Institute of american history, Marilyn Irvin Holt, The orphan trains Placing Out in America in Canadian Review http://www.coe.uh.edu/projects/ethnic_america/mintz_vita.html

Steven Mintz Department of History University of Houston Houston, Texas 77204-3785 Return to Main Menu Return to Instructor Information Teaching Visiting Appointments ... Education Books In Print Under Contract Editor Articles ... Letters of Reference Teaching Co-Director, American Cultures Program, University of Houston, 1996- Professor of History, University of Houston, 1993- Acting Chair, Department of History, University of Houston, 1991-1992 Associate Professor of History, University of Houston, 1986- 1993 Assistant Professor of History, University of Houston, 1981-1986 Assistant Professor of History, Oberlin College, 1978-1980 Visiting Appointments Yale University and the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History, "Origins and Nature of New World Slavery," Summer 1995-1997 Pepperdine University, "A Multimedia Introduction to United States History," Summer 1994 Visiting Scholar, Center for European Studies, Harvard University, 1989-1990 Harvard University Extension School, "American Ethnic Families," "The United States to 1877," 1989-1990 Universitat-GH-Siegen, Germany, 1985-1986

43. Kids In America: 500 Years Of Change | Connect For Kids From those ships, to the orphan trains of the 1850s, children played a role in We wanted to bring the history of childhood to the american public. http://www.connectforkids.org/node/503

@import "misc/drupal.css"; @import "modules/bookreview/bookreview.css"; @import "modules/sidecontent/sidecontent.css"; @import "themes/connectforkids/style.css"; Connect for Kids Home Articles Main Menu Surf to Find Info: Topics: Choose a Topic: Child Care Diversity Education Family Income Health History of Childhood Media Parenting Taking Action Youth at Risk Go Go Types of Content: Articles Blog: Under the CFK Umbrella Events Field Reports Organizations Talktime Live! Toolkits Weblinks Youth Experts Go Guides: Action Central Book Corner CFK Site Guide Kid Beat: Media Resources Newsletters State Pages Topics Go About CFK Keyword Search: Search In Your Inbox: Newsletters: CFK Weekly Connections Celebrating Families E-Alert Connections Re-Connecting Our Youth E-Update Go Subscribe now Related Terms Topics: History of Childhood Click a link above to view all content that has been categorized under that term. Kids in America: 500 Years of Change Published: September 29, 2003 by: Jan Richter Interactive Timeline When I worked as a psychotherapist for close to 20 years, much of my work was in helping people understand their story—and how that story changed as they worked to correct it. Here’s one story—a man who grew up in the forties fervently believed that his mother had been neglectful and unloving when he was a young boy. This conviction colored his relationships with women in his current life and colored how he valued and loved himself. Over and over he complained about how eager his mother was to get him out of her hair. His evidence? Every summer she sent him far away from her.

44. References - Kids In America: 500 Years Of Change A Project By Connect For Kids Endangered Children Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in american history. The orphan trains Placing Out in America, Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska http://www.connectforkids.org/childhistory/FRAMES/references.htm

References for Kids in America: 500 Years of Change A Project by Connect for Kids Ashby, LeRoy. Endangered Children: Dependency, Neglect, and Abuse in American History. Bremner, Robert H., Editor, , Volumes I-III, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1971 Calvert, Karin. Children in the House: The Material Culture of Early Childhood, 1600-1900 , Boston, MA, Northeastern University Press, 1992 Carp, E. Wayne, Family Matters , Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1998 Clement, Priscilla Ferguson, Growing Pains: Children in the Industrial Age, 1850-1890 , New York, NY, Twayne's History of American Childhood Series Cravens, Hamilton. , Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina University Press, 1993. Hawes, Joseph M., Children Between the Wars: American Childhood 1920-1940 Hawes, Joseph M. Holt, Marilyn Irvin. The Orphan Trains: Placing Out in America , Lincoln, NE, University of Nebraska University Press, 1992 Hoose, Phillip. We Were There, Too!: Young People in U.S. History , New York, NY, Melanie Kroupa Books, Farrar Straus Giroux, 2001.

45. HST 201 - Dr. Thomas Harvard Guide to american history. MAIN REF Z1236 .H27 1974 Juvenile JusticeAdministration Of orphan trains orphanages orphans Pediatrics http://www.lib.msu.edu/unsworth/Course/H201/thomas-s.htm

History 201 (Dr. Thomas) Spring 2005 Last updated : March 22, 2005 Page Editor: Michael Unsworth Bibliographies Scholarly Articles Magic Searching ... Locations Bibliographies General Children Progressive Era General American Diaries : An Annotated Bibliography Of Published American Diaries And Journals REF The American Historical Association's Guide To Historical Literature MAIN REF A Guide To The Study Of The United States Of America; Representative Books Reflecting The Development Of American Life And Thought MAIN REF REF Z1215 .U5 Suppl. Harvard Guide to American History. MAIN REF The Published Diaries And Letters Of American Women : An Annotated Bibliography REF See Also " Bibliographies " Section of American Studies: Guide To Materials In The MSU Libraries Children The American Boys' Book Series Bibliography, 1895-1935 SPECIAL Girls Series Books A Checklist Of Titles Published 1840-1991 SPECIAL Girls Series Books A Checklist Of Hardback Books Published 1900-1975 SPECIAL Growing Up In Twentieth-Century America : A History And Reference Guide MAIN See Chapter 1 "1900-1920"

46. Places For Kids & Teens - Just Curious - Social Studies - Westward Expansion The american West A presentation of the history and Development of the americanWest, The orphan trains - This PBS documentary companion website gives http://www.suffolk.lib.ny.us/youth/jcsswest.html

BIOGRAPHIES COWBOYS GENERAL GHOST TOWNS ... WILD WEST Return to: JUST CURIOUS KIDS' SITES PLACES FOR KIDS AND TEENS SUFFOLKWEB HOME Places for Just Curious: Westward Expansion BIOGRAPHIES American West: Davy Crockett - Read about the famous frontiersman who fought at the Alamo. Calamity Jane - biography of this wild woman from the Encyclopedia Britannica. Captain Robert Gray - Short biography of the man who "discovered the Columbia River on May 11, 1792 while on a fur trading expedition on the Northwest Coast." Daniel Boone - Pictures of his homestead and biographical information about him. Discoverers and Explorers - Here you'll find information about: Lewis and Clark, the Astorians, Mountain Men, Fur Trading Company and John Fremont. Donner Party Home Page - "The Donner Party is the name given to a group of pioneers who became trapped in the Sierra Nevada mountains during the winter of 1846-47. The experience, at an early time in the far West expansion, was so horrific that it has become legendary as an episode of the American Dream turned nightmare." James Bridger - A short biography from the Kansas City Public Library.

47. Orphan Trains Other orphan Train Biographies; orphan Train Riders history by H. Hurd orphan Train from PBS s american Experience http://www.42explore2.com/orphan.htm

The Topic: Orphan Trains Easier - Beginning in 1854, for seventy-six years thousands of homeless, neglected poor children from New York City were moved west to rural towns and farm communities. They traveled by rail. Families took them into their homes. Some became foster children or were adopted into a family. Others lived as boarders, apprentices, or live-in laborers. Some found good homes; others found a new life of indentured service or even abuse. Some loved and were loved in their new homes. Others ran away or moved on to another family. Harder - From 1854 to 1929, orphan trains from New York "placed out" 150,000 to 200,000 destitute children, mainly to homes in the farming communities of the Midwest. Some of these children, young infants to age 15, were orphans. Many were homeless street kids, and others were given-up by parents unable to provide for their well-being. Some had been abandoned by their families, were runaways, or had been removed from abusive homes. Children on the orphan trains came from the street gangs and orphan asylums of the city. During the orphan train trip, children were accompanied by a placing agent. The trains stopped in scheduled locations. Children usually lined up in front of prospective takers on a platform or at a meeting hall. They were encouraged to look and act their best. Inspection sometimes involved poking and prodding; an attempt to ascertain their value as workers on farms or in local shops and businesses. Children that were not selected returned to the train to travel on to the another stop.

48. A History Of Household Government In America This is an important book about families in american history not only because it Shammas compares the orphan trains and their passengers to the epic http://www.eh.net/bookreviews/library/0610.shtml

A History of Household Government in America Shammas, Carole Published by EH.NET (March 2003) Carole Shammas, A History of Household Government in America . Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press, 2002. xv + 232 pp. $55 (hardback), ISBN: 0-8139-2125-2; $19.50 (paperback), ISBN: 0-8139-2126-0. Reviewed for EH.NET by Gloria L. Main, Department of History, University of Colorado, Boulder. As a writer, Shammas is feisty and often flip although occasionally her text loses clarity. A great strength of the book, however, is her ability to place American practice in an historical and international context. In sum, Carole Shammas has very usefully revisited an enormous and eclectic literature on "the family" extending from colonial times to nearly the present, and brings to bear critical census data on a scale we have never seen before. The book's long-term perspective will make this work exceptionally valuable to specialists and non-specialists alike. Gloria L. Main is the author of Peoples of a Spacious Land: Families and Cultures in Colonial New England (Harvard University Press, 2001), which won the Economic History Association's Alice Hanson Jones in 2002.

49. Great Books From American History A piece of colonial/Halloween american history simply told, again by Monjo. The story of the orphan trains which took orphans from the big cities of the http://www.punahou.edu/Libraries/ing/amhistory.html

Great Books From American History Ing Learning Center This list is for parents, teachers and students who have expressed an interest in sharing this area of our lives which is not heavily represented in the present K-4 curriculum. Pilgrims, Colonial and Revolutionary Periods Pioneer and Frontier Life Slavery, Civil War and the Reconstruction Immigration ... The Depression, World Wars I and II PILGRIMS, COLONIAL AND REVOLUTIONARY PERIODS A Lion To Guard Us . Fiction, Bulla. A wonderful adventure story of two resourceful siblings who must make their way from England to America alone inspired by their father. The Widow's Broom. Picture Book, Van Allsburg. Recreates the paranoia as well as the dry humor of early East coast America. By the master, Van Allsburg. The Ghost of Nicholas Greebe . Picture Book, Johnson. Similar in spirit to the item above and below. The Dancing Skeleton. Blue Dot, DeFelice. Very young children may need to be reassured that this is supposed to be a funny story; a favorite folk tale. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow . Picture Book, Moses. One of the fairly few examples of a re-written work that is at least as effective as the original and more accessible to modern kids.

50. Cobblestone Publishing ORPHAN TRAINS (COB9804) american history Archaeology Art Back Issues Biographies ORPHANTRAINS (COB9804). Quantity in Basket none Code COB9804 Price $4.95 http://store.cobblestonepub.com/store/merchant.mv?Screen=PROD&Store_Code=CP&Prod

51. The American Experience/The Orphan Trains/About The Program From P.B.S.'s The american Experience. This site provides information about the orphan trains designed to take their passengers to a better place and a fresh start. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/orphan/index.html

About the Program "I had the whole future ahead of me, and I didn't know what to expect." Elliot Bobo Eighty years ago, Elliot Bobo was taken from his alcoholic father's home, given a small cardboard suitcase, and put on board an "orphan train" bound for Arkansas. Bobo never saw his father again. He was one of tens of thousands of neglected and orphaned children who over a 75-year period were uprooted from the city and sent by train to farming communities to start new lives with new families. Elliot Bobo's remarkable story is part of The Orphan Trains. The story of this ambitious and finally controversial effort to rescue poor and homeless children begins in the 1850s, when thousands of children roamed the streets of New York in search of money, food and shelterprey to disease and crime. Many sold matches, rags, or newspapers to survive. For protection against street violence, they banded together and formed gangs. Police, faced with a growing problem, were known to arrest vagrant childrensome as young as fivelocking them up with adult criminals. In 1853, a young minister, Charles Loring Brace, became obsessed by the plight of these children, who because of their wanderings, were known as "street Arabs." A member of a prominent Connecticut family, Brace had come to New York to complete his seminary training. Horrified by the conditions he saw on the street, Brace was persuaded there was only one way to help these "children of unhappy fortune."

52. Talking History: Shows From 2001 orphan Train We hear about a 1904 drama involving 40 Irish orphans from New Breen is the William Wrath Professor of american history at Northwestern http://talkinghistory.oah.org/arch2001.html

Talking History: Shows from 2001 Can't play MP3 files? Celebrating Christmas: Talking History traces the development of the Christmas holiday as it is celebrated today in the U.S. in a conversation with art historian Karal Ann Marling. Marling is the author of Merry Christmas: Celebrating America's Greatest Holiday. Air date: Dec. 24, 2001 Listen Now:   Real Audio 28.8 The commentary by Rev. Ian Bradley looks at the history of Christmas carols. Bradley is church historian at the University of St. Andrews in Scotland and the author of The Penguin Book of Carols. Patriotism: Cecilia Elizabeth O'Leary, author of To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism , talks about patriotism in the U.S. before and after September 11. O'Leary is a professor of history at California State University and co-director of the Oral History and Community Memory Institute. Dec. 17, 2001 air date Listen Now:   Real Audio 28.8 The commentary by David Greenberg looks at the meaning of terrorism, past and present. Greenberg is a professor of history at Columbia University. Greatest Generation Part 4: In the final segment of our four-part series on Greatest Generations we talk with David Farber about the Baby Boom generation. Farber is a professor of history at the University of New Mexico and author of

53. Orphan Train Riders They all thought that they rode the only orphan train. The history books havechosen to ignore this part of american history. http://www.orphantrainriders.com/riders11.html

Riders Menu The stories of the Orphan Train Riders by D. Bruce Ayler (Descendant) Orphan Train Heritage Society of America. These biographic volumes were written by the riders, themselves, or by a descendant of the riders. As the various riders tell their stories, several things become clear about their common experience: 1. They all thought that they rode the only orphan train. Very few realized that they were part of a major migration into the western parts of the United States. Nor were they aware that other countries were also moving their children. 2. Most of these riders thought that there was something wrong with them—their parents had given them away. In truth, there were many reasons that the children rode the Orphan Trains—parental deaths, inability to feed them, children born out of wedlock, neglect, abuse, etc. There was no one reason which applied to all of these children. 3. The children were instructed not to try to contact their birth parents. They were to break all ties to their past. To be an orphan carried a heavy stigma among their peers. An Orphan was different. They were not as good as anyone else. Many of the orphans, described in these stories, carried heavy emotional scars through out their lives. Many refused to tell their own families about their past.

54. The American Experience/The Orphan Trains/Teacher's Guide The orphan Train (image map with 3 selections), Teacher s Guide. Subjects socialhistory. Thinking skills chronological thinking, historical analysis and http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/orphan/teachers.html

Teacher's Guide Subjects: social history Thinking skills: chronological thinking, historical analysis and interpretation, historical research Time period: The Orphan Trains follows the story of the New York Children's Aid Society, created in 1853 to provide thousands of street children with homes in rural communities in the American midwest. This forerunner of modern foster care forever changed the lives of poor urban childrensometimes providing them with great opportunity, sometimes bringing heartbreak and disappointment. Before Watching 1. Ask students how children are generally viewed in our culture. How has this view changed over time? 2. As students watch the program, ask them to write down Charles Loring Brace's reasons for developing the Children's Aid Society. Have them also note the strengths and weaknesses of his organization. After Watching 1. Discuss whether or not the Children's Aid Society child placement program would be appropriate today. What must people consider when designing a foster care program? Brainstorm a list of goals for such programs. 2. Ask students if the first-hand accounts in the program affected how they viewed the whole story. Who didn't they hear from directly? If they had heard from these other people, how do they think it might have affected their view?

55. Ancestry.com - Orphan Train Genealogy In the scheme of great national events in american history, the relocation programmade barely orphan Train Heritage Society of America, Inc. PO Box 496 http://www.ancestry.com/library/view/ancmag/701.asp

Discover Your Family Story Help Subscribe Member Login Username Password ( Forgot? Home My Ancestry Search ... Store You are here: Learn The Library Magazines Ancestry Magazine Browse the Library Books/CD-ROMs Magazines Ancestry Magazine Genealogical Computing Daily News Desk Columnists Love to Learn? Subscribe to Ancestry Magazine! Ancestry Magazine Archive January/February 1995 vol. 13 no. 1 Orphan Train Genealogy – Marilyn Irvin Holt "They put us all on a big platform in some big building while people came from all around the countryside to pick out those of us they wished to take home. I was four years old, and my sister was only two . . ." This is how one woman remembered her 1914 orphan train experience, one that she shared with at least 200,000 others from 1853 to 1929. The orphan trains carried children, teenagers, and some adults (mostly women) out of eastern cities to rural communities. They were removed from poverty and want, incarceration and institutionalization. Some went to Connecticut, Vermont, Illinois, Nebraska, Virginia, and Texas. By the time the relocation program ended, youngsters were scattered across the breadth of America. When it began, the program was called "placing out." Today it is know as the "orphan trains." The practice began with the New York Children’s Aid Society, but it was taken up by other charities – the Children’s Mission to the Children of the Destitute (Boston), the New York Juvenile Asylum, the New England Home for Little Wanderers (Boston), and the New York Foundling Hospital. By the late 1800s, charities in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois also adopted the program, sending children to states farther west. Each agency had its own placement policies; the New England Home for Little Wanderers, for example, strongly encouraged legal adoption, but New York Juvenile Asylum placements were by legal indenture only. Agencies, however, varied little in procedure.

56. Family Tree Magazine 101 Best Family history Web Sites By Melanie Rigney. american history Learn their stories from the orphan Train Heritage Society of America, http://familytreemagazine.com/101sites/101_american.html

Getting Started The Big Picture Portals and Link Indexes Special Interest ... Resources 101 Best Family History Web Sites By Melanie Rigney American History www.loc.gov The Library of Congress site has a wonderful American Memory page, with links to more than 60 collections, searchable by keyword or time period in a variety of media. www.thehistorynet.com This site from Cowles History Group provides a nice assortment of articles about famous people and events in history. moa.cit.cornell.edu/MOA/moa-mission.html Cornell University and the University of Michigan established the Making of America Project to provide online access to important 19th century US journals and books. www.nara.gov/genealogy The National Archives and Records Administration doesn't have a lot of actual records online, but does provide great explanations of what you'll find at regional offices, how to get data, what you're likely to find (including the burned 1890 census), and how to order microfilm of military records. Don't miss the handy page that helps you figure the Soundex number for surnames you're searching www.nara.gov/genealogy/soundex/soundex.html

57. Orphan Trains Picture the plight of the poor immigrant coming to America in the late 19th and The story of the orphan train has a place in the history of just about http://www.rootsweb.com/~mogrundy/orphans.html

They rode the Orphan Trains New York's homeless children sought better lives in the Midwest. Many found the home they never had with families in Missouri and other states. by Jim McCarty Children from New York's orphanages came to the Midwest by the trainload in a huge migration that lasted 75 years. Estimates put the number of children relocated at 150,000 to 400,000, with some 100,000 coming to Missouri. Picture the plight of the poor immigrant coming to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In most cases they left poverty and oppression. Unfortunately they often discovered conditions were little better in the new world The immigrants found few jobs. There was no labor union, no sick leave, no insurance. A steady supply of willing replacements meant low wages and appalling conditions. Worse, dangerous jobs meant numerous accidents and no safety net for those who suffered disabilities. Small wonder the children of these families suffered terribly. Many found their parents unable to care for them, and in desperation turned to the streets to sell newspapers, beg for food or steal to get by. In 1854 estimates put the number of homeless children in New York City at 34,000. Clearly, something had to be done for this class of people called "street Arabs" or "the dangerous classes".

58. Orphan Trains To Missouri orphan trains to Missouri documents the history of the children on those of the Charles Loring Brace Award from the orphan Train Heritage of America. http://www.umsystem.edu/upress/spring1997/patrick.htm

Orphan Trains to Missouri Michael D. Patrick and Evelyn Goodrich Trickel As an "orphan train" crossed the country, it left part of its cargo at each stop, a few children in one small town and a few in another. Even though farmers needed many hands for labor, most of the small farm communities could not or would not take all of the children on the train. As the train moved to its next stop, those children not taken feared no one would ever want them. Early immigration laws encouraged the poor of Europe to find new hope with new lives in the United States. But sometimes the immigrants exchanged a bad situation in their native country for an even worse one on the streets of New York and other industrial cities. As a result, the streets were filled with crowds of abandoned children that the police called "street arabs." Many New York citizens blamed the street arabs for crime and violence in the city and wanted them placed in orphan homes or prisons. In 1853 a man by the name of Charles Loring Brace, along with other well-to-do men in New York City, founded the Children's Aid Society. The society planned to give food, lodging, and clothing to homeless children and provide educational and trade opportunities for them. But the number of children needing help was so large that the Children's Aid Society was unable to care for them, and Brace developed a plan to send many of the children to the rural Midwest by train. He was convinced that the children of the streets would find many benefits in rural America. In 1854 he persuaded the board of the society to send the first trainload of orphans west. With this, the orphan trains were born.

59. Missouri Humanities Council's E-News July 2005 orphan Train Reenactments in Belton. The Cass County Living history Guild has Landmarks of american history and Culture workshops bring groups of K12 http://www.mohumanities.org/E-News/July05/July2005E-Passages.htm

Volume 2, No. 7: July 15, 2005 Monthly E-News from Michael Bouman, Executive Director Missouri Humanities Council Contents: Chautauqua Scrapbook State Fair Preview Smithsonian's "Key Ingredients" in Missouri Orphan Train Reenactment in Belton Save Our History Grants - Deadline October 21 at The History Channel Grants to Support Faculty Workshops on American Culture - Deadline August 10 at NEH "Motherless Child," a Reflection on Mothers Chautauqua Scrapbook Imagine a week-long festival where people add to their knowledge of history. Imagine history programs that are experiences ! Imagine programs to interest the whole family. Imagine being able to ask Teddy Roosevelt about the creation of national parks. That's the Chautauqua experience, and that's why it's our flagship program. But why take my word for it? A woman named Joy Moll decided to make the Pike County Chautauqua one of her "43 things to do when I turn 43," and she created a scrapbook of that experience at this web site: http://joy.mollprojects.com/myprojects/chautauqua/index.html

60. Orphan Trains Traveling the orphan trains Across America, Journey to Somewhere The orphantrain riders were a huge part of history that is directly related to the http://www.valdosta.edu/~mjeunice/intro.html

The Orphan Trains by Jeannett Eunice This hands-on social studies and language arts lesson is designed for third grades and up. It is designed to teach students about a major part of history that is virtually unknown, the orphan train children. Table of Contents Unit Introduction Unit Outcomes Lesson Plans Children's Books ... Rubric Unit Introduction From the late 1800's to the early 1900's thousands of children roamed the streets of eastern cities along the Atlantic Coast. The children were homeless, abandoned, or orphan children that were penniless and without food and water and most importantly without a family for one reason or another. Some were separated from their parents in the immigration progress at Ellis Island, others had parents who had died from illnesses, and others were given up by mothers and fathers who left them behind in their migration to the West to start new lives. The stories of these children are heart-breaking, but still a very real part of history. Unit Outcomes Students will learn about orphan train riders and the hardships that they had to endure.

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

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