21. Charles Darwin: Orchids And Evolution Less known are Darwin s botany experiments, especially with orchids. In 1862 Darwin showed that orchid s beauty was not “designed” by God to please humans http://www.juliantrubin.com/bigten/darwininvent.html

jokes and science Scientific American Likes Our Site Following the Path of Discovery Top Site Home Fair Projects Jokes and Science Science Directory ... About Us Charles Darwin: Orchids and Evolution Web www.juliantrubin.com Home Ampère André-M. Archimedes Bell Alexander ... Weather A cartoon of Charles Darwin Illustrates how his theory of evolution was met with ridicule Much is known about Darwin’s theory of evolution. A short description follows: Under the constant struggle to exist, inferior organisms are more likely to die before they can reproduce. On average, superior living things with useful traits are more likely to survive and reproduce and thus to pass on their helpful features. As a result, the next generation changes slightly, the struggle for survival goes on among the descendants and the process is repeated. In other words, the struggle for existence selects organisms with helpful variations but makes others die out. Another useful definition of evolution: A gradual development, from a less adaptable to a more adaptable form through the process of natural selection. Darwin outlined his theory in his book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection in 1859 which was met with ridicule, antagonism and skepticism before it was accepted.

22. Cat 62 Botany: Orchids/ Cacti & Succulents orchids/ Cacti Succulents (the page you currently are) Trees, Shrubs Forestry/ Gardening/ Economic botany Agriculture - Journals/ New Arrivals http://www.euronet.nl/users/backhuys/cat62orch_cact.htm

last modified: 13 July 2005 This online catalogue 62 on Botany is divided into 5 sections: - General Botany (the page you currently are) - Orchids/ (the page you currently are) - Journals/ New Arrivals Orchids SOLD Bernhardt, P., 1990. Correll, D.S., 1950. Costerus, J.C., 1894. SOLD Croix, I.F. la et al., 1991. Cullen, J. (ed.), 1992. Dakkus, P.M.W., 1931. Deinum, D., 1944. Delforge, P., 1995. SOLD Dunsterville, G.C.K., 1964. Duperrex, A., 1961. Kindlmann, P. et al. (eds), 2002. Kreutz, C.A.J., 1992. SOLD Richter, W., 1958. Rittershausen, P.R.C., 1953. Sander, D., 1956 (3rd ed.). Schlechter, R., 1915. Smith, J.J., 1905. SOLD Vermeulen, J.J., 1987. A taxonomic revision of the continental African Bulbophyllinae. viii, 300 p., 101 figs, 11 col. pls, paperbound. BO07425; SOLD Vermeulen, J.J., 1991. White, E.A., 1948 (3rd ed.). Williams, J.G. et al., 1979. Backeberg, C., 1932. Backeberg, C., 1961. Backeberg, C., 1976 (3rd ed.). Benson, L., 1981 (3rd ed.). Bertrand, A., 1951.

23. NHBS Botany Catalogue: Orchids Describes 401 species in 94 genera of native wild (not hybrid) orchids originating from Covers hybridisation, botany, breeding, care and cultivation. http://www.nhbs.com/webcat/bc05p60.html

NHBS Botany Catalogue XVII International Botanical Conference 2005, Vienna customer.services@nhbs.co.uk Botany Catalogue home Orchids A to Z of South East Asian Orchids Peter O'Byrne Describes 401 species in 94 genera of native wild (not hybrid) orchids originating from Southeast Asia. Each species is illustrated with a colour photograph. The book uses a .... add to basket Covers 102 species. .... add to basket An Atlas of Orchid Pollination America, Africa, Asia, and Australia NA Van der Cingel Contents: Introduction; A Summary of the theory of orchid pollination; Pollinators; Classification of orchids; Orchids of North America; Orchids of South and Central .... add to basket Australian Orchid Research, Volume 4 A Review of Pterostylis (Orchidaceae) David L Jones and Mark A Clements Chapters include:A Reassessment of Pterostylis R.Br (Orchidaceae)A New Classification of Pterostylis R.Br (Orchidaceae)A Synopsis of the Subtribe .... add to basket Biology of Vanda Miss Joaquim J Arditti, Hew Choy Sin and Yam Tan Wing Profiles the biology of Singapore's national flower, the orchid, as well as its history and horticultural value. ....

24. NHBS - For The Best Books On Earth, Worldwide We offer a comprehensive range of titles on plants and botany, from field guides, orchids, lichens, trees and other flowering and nonflowering plants. http://www.nhbs.com/dept1/sub10.html

Search for books Home About Contact Biblio-Blog ... Subscribe Sub-departments Mammals Birds Fishes We offer a comprehensive range of titles on plants and botany, from field guides, floras, ethnobotanical manuals, and plant biology textbooks to monographs on fungi orchids lichens trees and other flowering and non-flowering plants. FOLLOW THE LINKS BELOW TO BROWSE TITLES Africa Americas: North America ASIA-PACIFIC Asia-Pacific: General South Asia Australasia Europe ... Polar NON-VASCULAR PLANTS Non-Vascular Plants: General Lichens VASCULAR PLANTS Vascular Plants: General Orchids

25. Timber Press: Books On Gardening, Horticulture, Botany, Natural History, And The Buy or learn more about botany for Gardeners, Revised Edition Following the bestselling Flora is Flora s orchids, the definitive reference for orchid http://www.timberpress.com/

Timber Press is a Portland, Oregon, publisher of books about gardening, horticulture, botany, natural history, and the Pacific Northwest. Book title Author name This book is available right now at a 15% discount Buy it or read more about the book. Witch Hazels By Christopher Lane Read the full excerpt An excerpt: Hamamelis mollis to cultivation in 1879. He had studied botany under the tutorship of Professor G. Henslow and then for seven years worked for his brother, R. Maries, at his nursery in Lytham, Lancashire ..." Read more reviews A review: "Has many details and photographs of numerous named varieties." Philadelphia Inquirer , March 11, 2005 True or false: Douglas firs are common dune trees on the Pacific Northwest coastline. True False Play the daily stumper and enter to win our monthly drawing for a free Timber Press book. This month's prize: American Household Botany: A History of Useful Plants, 1620-1900 by Judith Sumner. Congratulations to Carrie from New Orleans, Louisiana, the winner of our July Daily Stumper book drawing. Carrie received a free copy of Gardening on Pavement, Tables, and Hard Surfaces

26. Timber Press: Media Information On Manual Of Orchids Each genus is furnished with precise botanical account, together with the themes common to all orchids — their botany, propagation, hybridization, http://www.timberpress.com/media/getTitle.cfm?ISBN=0-88192-334-6

27. Nicaragua's Best Guide • January - February - March Nicaragua s orchids A Short Lesson in botany The best way to understand Nicaragua’s orchids is to get to know the country’s geography and its different http://www.guideofnicaragua.com/0102/OrchidsEN.html

A Short Lesson in Botany La Cegua Contact us Suscribe to Guide NOW Nicaragua's Orchids A Short Lesson in Botany -By Pat Werner - Stanhopea wardii Stanhopea costaricensis Sobralia sp. Stanhopea sp. Schomburkia superbiens var. Alba t has been said that when God created the world He sculpted orchids with His own hands. And in Nicaragua, best known for its volatile politics, and more traditionally for its lakes and volcanoes, He must have been particularly industrious, as there are about 800 species of orchids found here. More than 600 of these species have been identified and include some of the most beautiful and complicated flowers that exist. Myrmecophila tibicinis For example, the Cattleya Cattleya skinnerii C. skinnerii Maxillaria (42 species), Chondrorhyncha (2 species), Cochleanthes (1 species), Galeottia (1 species), Lycaste (8 species), Xylobium (5 species), (6 species), Stanhopea (8 species), Oncidium (about 15 species that are cloud forest species) and Sobralia (at least 14 known species and probably several unidentified species). Selva Negra Maxillaria mombachoensis , which is found only on Mombacho and nowhere else in the world.

28. Orchids: Links - Branching Out From The Montréal Botanical Garden [Jardin Botan Important and wellstructured list of links on orchids. Content written in English despite the botany and reproductive strategies. Recommanded! http://www2.ville.montreal.qc.ca/jardin/en/biblio/bottin/orchidees.htm

[ Links will open a new window ] Orchids Australasian Native Orchid Society ANOS Orchids / Australia/ English/ Society http://www.anos.org.au/ The website of the Australasian Native Orchid Society presents info concerning the society (publications, products, news, affiliated societies, etc.). The site is updated frequently. Contains also orchid pictures with short descriptions. Links are the most interesting feature, with quite exhaustive list and well-organized presentation. Brazilian Orchids Orchids / Brazil / Brazilian + English / Personal website http://www.delfinadearaujo.com/ Well-presented personal website with interesting content. Many articles on different aspects : history, uses, general care and tips, etc. Well-organized list of links. Bibliography of Brazilian orchid books. The website offers two original sections: First, a selection tool for orchids vs growing environmental conditions. Secondly, a superb gallery of virtual art on orchids (paintings, illustrations, pottery works, photographs, ceramics). The Canadian Orchid Congress / La Fédération canadienne des sociétés orchidophiles Orchids / Canada / English / Society http://www.CanadianOrchidCongress.ca/

29. Hawaiian Ethno Botany: Tropical Gardens Of Maui Hawaii Tropical Gardens of Maui is a 4acre botanical garden and export plant nursery located orchids, and many other plants including native Hawaiian plants, http://www.tropicalgardensofmaui.com/cycads/garden28.html

var ref = document.referrer; var qStr = ( ref ) ? "?ref=" + escape( ref ) : ""; document.location.replace( "http://www.tropicalgardensofmaui.com/" + qStr ); Hawaiian ethno botany: Tropical Gardens of Maui Hawaii Tropical Gardens of Maui is a 4-acre botanical garden and export plant nursery located in Iao Valley on the Island of Maui. Tropical Gardens of Maui is located on the windward side of the island at the entrance of historic Iao Valley. Planting began in 1987 on a treeless lot that was previously a cut flower farm. Sheltered between the valley walls and being at an elevation of approximately 800 feet has provided ideal conditions for the 4 acres of plants; as a result, the garden has grown rapidly. Our location has also provided us with our own unique micro climate that allows us to easily raise a widely diverse selection of plants ranging from Southwestern American Cactus to bizarre Miniature Palms from the rain forest of Borneo. The main reason for starting the garden was to create a showcase of tropical plants from all parts of the world, with hundreds of varieties of exotic palms, ginger's, orchids, and many other plants including native Hawaiian plants, many of which are rare or endangered. Flowering trees provide the canopy for the understory vegetation and also provide homes for the many orchids and other air plants that can be seen growing as they would in their native habitat. The collection of plants is always growing with new ones being introduced continuously. Sections of the garden are continually being replanted and improved.

30. Orchidales The Orchidales include the orchids and three smaller families. For images of orchids on the Web, visit Texas A M botany, and the University of Wisconsin http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/monocots/liliflorae/orchidales.html

Orchidales Orchids and their kin The Orchidales include the orchids and three smaller families. Together, they are one of the largest groups of plants , although they are not of particular ecological or economic importance. Vanilla is cultivated for the strong flavor of its fruits; the little black specks in vanilla ice cream are actually the seeds from the orchid. Many kinds of orchids are cultivated and bred for their delicate and often bizarre flowers. The orchid pictured at right above is Phalaenopsis McLellans , a commonly cultivated genus. On the left is Epipactis gigantea , a native California orchid. Unlike their closest relatives, most orchids have only a single large stamen attached to the pistil to form the gynostemium , visible in the center of an orchid flower. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical, a necessity for reliable pollination by bees . Many tropical species of orchid will rely on a single species of euglossine bee to pollinate them, and the bee will visit only that particular species of orchid which its kind pollinates. Because of this, the orchid must ensure that its pollen is properly delivered. This is most often achieved by gluing the whole supply of pollen to the visiting bee in a mass called the pollinia . When the bee visits another orchid of the same species, thousands of pollen grains are delivered, allowing the plant to mature thousands of tiny dust-like seeds.

31. UCMP Glossary: Botany gynostemium The central reproductive stalk of an orchid, which consists of a stamen and pollinia A mass of fused pollen produced by many orchids. http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/glossary/gloss8botany.html

UCMP Glossary : Botany Phylogenetics Geology Biochemistry Cell biology ... Zoology Botany Paleogeography adventitious roots A root that grows from somewhere other than the primary root, for example, roots that arise from stems or leaves. alternation of generations Life cycle in which haploid and diploid generations alternate with each other. anemophily Seed plants which are pollinated by wind are said to be anemophilous. angiosperm n. A group of plants that produce seeds enclosed within an ovary, which may mature into a fruit; flowering plants anther The pollen producing tip of a stamen ; part of a flower. More info? antheridium The organ on a gametophyte plant which produces the sperm cells. anthophyte A flowering plant, or any of its closest relatives, such as the Bennettitales, Gnetales, or Pentoxylales. apical meristem Group of cells at the growing tip of a branch or root. It divides cells to create new tissues. archegonium The organ on a gametophyte plant which produces the egg cell, and nurtures the young sporophyte axil The angle formed between a leaf stalk and the stem to which it is attached. In flowering plants, buds develop in the axils of leaves.

32. Tropical Glasshouse UW Aberystwyth Botanic Gardens The botany Gardens Glasshouses. In 1946 the University purchased the estate of Plas Penglais. Liliidae Lilies, orchids (below). http://www.aber.ac.uk/~dbswww/ian_scott/tropical.htm

University of Wales Aberystwyth Botany Gardens - The Tropical Glasshouse Local information: Students and campus visitors are welcome to visit the Glasshouses to see exotic plant species. They are on the east side of Plas Penglais drive (across Penglais Road from the main campus entrance). Enter the tropical glasshouse through the single storey brick building. Please remember that the buildings are only open during working hours (closed 1300-1400 h). There is a monthly update of plants of interest at Visit the Botany Gardens Right: Flowering Canna (Subclass Zingiberidae) in the pond. Ferns and Cycads The largest plants in the Glasshouse are the tree fern Angiopteris evecta right ) and the cycad Cycas revoluta . There are a number of ferns and cycads in the collection. Click on the Hyperlinks below for a few examples: Division Pteridophyta (the ferns) Division Cycadophyta (the cycads) Flowering Plants (the Angiosperms) Flowering plants are assembled in beds and displays like the bromeliads and aroids shown below In the classification system used in the BY10610 module (the Cronquist system), the angiosperms are Division Magnoliophyta, which is subdivided into two classes (ending -opsida), each of which is divided into subclasses (ending -idae). In all, there are 12 angiosperm subclasses, containing 400 families (ending -aceae) and more than 200,000 species.

33. News From Correspondents He is willing to name orchids from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. in the slipper orchids, accepted for publication in the American Journal of botany and http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/herbarium/orchid/ORN30/corres.htm

previous next News from Correspondents Averyanov, Leonid V. (Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str., 2, St. Petersburg, 197376, Russia) is currently involved in exploration of the highland flora of south Vietnam, funded by the American Orchid Society and National Geographic Society. Part of his focus has been endangered Vietnamese paphiopedilums. He is willing to name orchids from Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. Bock, Irene (Dr.-Hoefling-Weg 2, D-34311 Naumberg 1, Germany) is now investigating the systematics of Rodriguezia and Phymatidium and would appreciate living material of species of the latter. Cameron, Kenneth M. (Guildford College, 5800 West Friendly Avenue, Greensboro, North Carolina 27410, USA) completed his Ph.D. last May from the University of North Carolina and is now serving as Assistant Professor at Guildford College. He received the George R. Cooley Award for his paper given at the annual meeting of the American Society of Plant Taxonomists in 1996: "Systematic investigations of the vanilloid orchids: evidence from DNA sequences, anatomy, and morphology." At the same meetings he also received the Katherine Esau Award from the Botanical Society of America for his contributed paper ÒFoliar architecture of the reticulate-veined vanilloid orchids." He continues anatomical and molecular systematic research on the vanilloid orchid group and would welcome any material or information on the biology of the more obscure Òsaprophytic" members of the group.

34. The Work Of The Centre For Economic Botany orchids are represented in the Collections by over 150 items representing recent literature on useful orchids will be extracted from the Economic botany http://www.rbgkew.org.uk/herbarium/orchid/ORN30/bot.htm

previous next The Work of the Centre for Economic Botany (With Particular Reference to Orchids) Please note: The nature of this article means that since it's publication in September 1998 much of the information will have changed. For the latest information about the Centre for Economic Botany please visit the latest CEB web pages Economic botany has always been a key aspect of Kew's science and the Centre for Economic Botany (CEB) provides a focal point for current research into useful and potentially useful plants. The building which houses the CEB is named after Kew's most famous economic botanist, Sir Joseph Banks. This building also houses more than 73,500 botanical samples and artefacts, a collection originally conceived by the first official Director of Kew, Sir William J. Hooker, in 1847 to "render great service, not only to the scientific botanist, but to the merchant, the manufacturer, the physician, the chemist, the druggist, the dyer, the carpenter and the cabinet maker and artisans of every description, who might here find the raw materials employed in their several professions correctly named". Almost 150 years later the significance of this statement is more apparent than ever, given increasing awareness of the importance of plants as sources of useful raw materials, and the Economic Botany Collections form an important component of Kew's scientific collections. Orchids are represented in the Collections by over 150 items representing a very diverse range of taxa. Some of the interesting items include medicinal tea from Jumellea fragrans; a tobacco pipe from Grand Caymen Island, formed from the pseudobulb of Schomburgkia thomsoniana; and fibres from many species including Cyrtopodium andersonii and Diplocaulobium solomonense. Medicinal species are also well represented, including Orchis, Ophrys, and Gastrodia species.

35. Balogh International, Natural Science, Botany, Zoology, Algae Books Royal Botanic Garden Kew ethnobotany, floras, orchids, references, orchid books, symposia proceedings, botanical references and indices. http://www.balogh.com/botanica.html

Balogh International, Inc. presents Natural Sciences Botanical Garden and Institutional Publishers to place an order just email us! Balogh International publications : Ethnobotany, diatoms Royal Botanic Garden Kew ethnobotany, floras, orchids, references, systematic monographs Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh : floras, fungi, orchids, references, monographs National Botanic Garden of Belgium : floras, garden books, monographs, serial titles, fungi, Iconography of Western European Orchids and Belgian Orchids Rijksherbarium/Hortus Botanicus, Netherlands: floras, orchids, monographs Natural History Museum, London - floras of Europe, ecology, botany, forestry This is a publisher of books on New Zealand botany, zoology, and some geology books, such as the Flora of New Zealand Instituto Plantarum de Estudios da Flora/ Editora Plantarum Books on trees, ornamentals, weeds of Brazil. Natural Science Publishers The Stationery Office/HMSO - floras of Europe, tropical botany, forestry, agriculture Biopress, Ltd.

36. Orchids Their Botany And Culture orchids Their botany and Culture Our Price AU$25.00 (approx US$18 356. http://www.orchidaceousbooks.com.au/OB50656.html

Replace with a standard type sidebar content Orchids Their Botany and Culture Orchids Their Botany and Culture by HAWKES, Alex D. Our Price AU$25.00 (approx)US$18.00 Get the latest currency conversion here ISBN: Nil; ... Click Here to go back! Click Here to reserve your copy now! Home About New Books Pre-Owned Books ... Email us now Last updated: 20/02/2005 9:37:16 PM Designed by Orchids Online Web Design

37. Antique Botanical Prints By Paxton: Rhododendron, Orchids, Camellia And Genetian Magazine of botany and Register of Flowering Plants by Paxton, 1841. Lithographs in Original Hand coloring. See for yourself the beauty of these flowers. http://www.philographikon.com/paxton.html

Antique Botanical Prints from "Magazine of Botany and Register of Flowering Plants" by Paxton, 1841. Lithographs in Original Hand coloring. See for yourself the beauty of these flowers... Page size: 23.2 x 15.6 cm ( 9.1 x 6.1 ") Prints have light toning.and minimal, undisturbing spotting. Gentiana septemfida Order Nr. 5351 Thyrsacanthus Schomburgkianus Dendrobium Nobile Order Nr. 5355 Links to our Botanical Prints Home Page E-mail Terms of Sale

38. Botany Libraries Collections During his botanical career, Ames identified and studied orchids from Florida, the Caribbean, the Philippines, and Central South America. http://www.huh.harvard.edu/libraries/oakes_ames.htm

HOLLIS E-Journals Botanical Databases Other Botanical Links ... Library Collections The Orchid Library of Oakes Ames The Orchidaceae, one of the largest and most complex of plant families, was but poorly understood when Oakes Ames as a young man began his systematic studies. Today, and in no small measure because of his work and that of his associates, the species of Orchidaceae have probably been more thoroughly studied and more completely classified than those of any of the larger plant families. Harvard dinner for Oakes Ames, 1948 Oakes Ames at his microscope. Oakes Ames (1874-1950) was hired as an Instructor of Botany immediately after receiving his Master's degree from Harvard in 1900. Thus began a career of teaching at Harvard which lasted 50 years. During this time Ames also held other influential positions. He was Director of the Botanical Garden from 1909-1922 and Curator of the Botanical Museum from 1923-1927. In 1927 he became Supervisor of the Botanical Museum and in 1937- 1945 he held the post of Director. Ames's study of orchids began while he was still a very young man. A lifelong passion began with a glimpse of a

39. Botany In Cyberspace http//www.wisc.edu/botany/orchids/orchids_of_Wisconsin.html. Pacific Northwest Conifers The purpose of this site at Oregon State University is to help you http://www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu/~dkramer/botanycyber.html

Search Engines The Ohio State University Teacher Academy Agricultural Economics ... Herbaria, Gardens, and Museums Search Engines These are just a few of the many search engines you can use to find about anything on the Internet. If you don't find the topic on this list, try the search engines! If you are looking for information on a particular plant, searching on the scientific name of the plant will increase your chances of getting information written by professional botanists. AltaVista Search: Main Page http://www.altavista.com/ College and University Home Pages http://www.mit.edu:8001/people/cdemello/univ.html GO.com http://www.go.com/ Google.com http://www.google.com/ Snap.com http://home.snap.com/ Yahoo http://www.yahoo.com/ Top The Ohio State University The Ohio State University Homepage Information about the university for students, faculty, and others. http://www.osu.edu The Ohio State University Libraries Click here to access the OSU library catalog. http://www.lib.ohio-state.edu/ OhioLINK (Ohio Library and Information Network) A link to the combined catalogs of most of Ohio's academic institutions. You can check out books by interlibrary loan from this link.

40. Succulent Plant Page: Botanical Bookmarks Internet Directory for botany Finland - very comprehensive collection grouped by Stapeliads - orchids of the Succulent World Astrophytum Home Page http://www.succulent-plant.com/botanic.html

list of Botanical Bookmarks This collection does not aim to be a complete reference to botanical pages as several very large, documented collections of such links exist elsewhere (see below under 'collections of links' ), but is intended as a starting point for those with a botanical interest, especially related to succulent plants. This page was last updated window.document.write(today); at which time all links were believed to be correct. Some links may be listed under more than one heading. Please note that some servers may not respond at any one time, because they are down for maintenance, overloaded by users or through a faulty Net connection. I am generally happy to provide a free link on this page to web sites (amateur or commercial) with a cactus or succulent plant theme. All links offered purely for information "as seen" and no recommendation of any organisation or web site is implied. Email: webmaster with suggestions Botanical Bookmarks: Index Mainly plants: Collections of links or other information Specific topics Gardening Water ... Cold Hardy ... listed by Genus or type Adenium Aizoaceae (Mesembs) Asclepiadaceae Hoya Caudiciforms Coryphantha Epiphytes Euphorbia Gymnocalycium Lobivia Mammillaria Melocactus Pelargonium Peperomia and Piperacea Sempervivum Turbinocarpus Welwitschia in Habitat: National Parks and Gardens Nurseries and Seed Sources Other Plants: Bromeliads Carnivorous Plants Gourds Forestry ... and some mailing lists Glossaries: Botanical terms Internet jargon Domain suffixes Mainly plants: collections of links or other information

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