81. Modern History: The Opium War And Foreign Encroachment Changing China Readings in the history of China from the opium War to thePresent, opium War; unequal treaties; country trade; balance of trade http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/china/modern/opium.htm

print close The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Reading: The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Primary Source: The Treaty of Nanking, August 1842 Primary Source: Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria Discussion Questions and Suggested Activities The Opium War and Foreign Encroachment Two things happened in the eighteenth century that made it difficult for England to balance its trade with the East. First, the British became a nation of tea drinkers and the demand for Chinese tea rose astronomically. It is estimated that the average London worker spent five percent of his or her total household budget on tea. Second, northern Chinese merchants began to ship Chinese cotton from the interior to the south to compete with the Indian cotton that Britain had used to help pay for its tea consumption habits. To prevent a trade imbalance, the British tried to sell more of their own products to China, but there was not much demand for heavy woolen fabrics in a country accustomed to either cotton padding or silk. The only solution was to increase the amount of Indian goods to pay for these Chinese luxuries, and increasingly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the item provided to China was Bengal opium. With greater opium supplies had naturally come an increase in demand and usage throughout the country, in spite of repeated prohibitions by the Chinese government and officials. The British did all they could to increase the trade: They bribed officials, helped the Chinese work out elaborate smuggling schemes to get the opium into China's interior, and distributed free samples of the drug to innocent victims.

82. Chinese History: The Manchu Dynasty history The Manchu (Qing) Dynasty. In the early 17th century, Britain declaredwar, and the first opium War ended in a decisive defeat for China whose http://www.britishbornchinese.org.uk/pages/culture/history/manchu.html

History: The Manchu (Qing) Dynasty The intrusion of the West into China- by both the introduction and fostering of Western capitalism and the Christian missionaries (although their converting aspirations had little effect, their schools, hospitals etc. had a profound influence) fundamentally altered the traditional structure of Chinese society, causing revolutionary upheavals and the eventual end of the Manchu dynasty. Alongside Western incursions, the Manchu governments suffered the millennialist sect-inspired Taiping Rebellion between 1850 and 1864 and Moslem uprisings between 1864 and 1878, imperial order finally being restored under the Chancellor Li Hung Chang only with the aid of Western adventurers. To compound Manchu troubles, war broke out with Japan in 1894. The Japanese conquered Dairen, Weihaiwei, Shatung and Seoul, with China finally ceding Taiwan and the Pescadores Islands in 1895, alongside payment of reparations. Boxer rising Next period of Chinese History Back to main history menu

83. Opium A brief history of opium. After the Second opium War ended in 1858, Chineseofficials encouraged local production, and poppy cultivation spread beyond http://opioids.com/opium/history/

OPIUM Opium History Up To 1858 A.D. By Alfred W. McCoy Opium as Folk Pharmacopoeia Regardless of level of development, most societies have used drugs for religion, recreation, and medicine. Discovered and domesticated during prehistoric times in the Mediterranean basin, opium became a trade item between Cyprus and Egypt sometime in the second millennium B.C. The drug first appeared in Greek pharmacopoeia during the 5th Century B.C. and in Chinese medical texts during the 8th century A.D. Inferring from such slender evidence, it appears that opium farming first developed in the eastern Mediterranean and spread gradually along Asia's trade routes to India, reaching China by the eighth century A.D. Once introduced into China, opium gained a significant role in formal pharmacopoeia. It was not until the 15th Century that residents of Persia and India began consuming opium mixtures as a purely recreational euphoric, a practice that made opium a major item in an expanding intra-Asian trade. Indeed, under the reign of Akbar (1556-1605), the Mughal state of north India relied upon opium land as a significant source of revenue. Although cultivation covered the whole Mughal empire, it was concentrated in two main areasupriver from Calcutta along the Ganges Valley for Bengal opium and upcountry from Bombay in the west for Malwa opium.

84. PLANT CULTURES - Opium Poppy History The history of opium poppy use is relatively recent in South Asia. A secondopium War was fought in 1856 when the French and British combined to bring http://www.plantcultures.org.uk/plants/opium_poppy_history.html

View my scrapbook Search: Home Plants Themes Stories ... Schools Opium poppy - history The Opium poppy reached South Asia in medieval times. It soon became heavily used for its medicinal and narcotic properties. Large quantities were exported to China by British merchants. British efforts to increase opium consumption in China led to war. Origins The Opium poppy was first grown in the western Mediterranean, in the region of southern France and Italy. There are archaeological finds in that area dating to about 4000 BC. The Opium poppy was probably first grown for food. The seed is rich in edible oil - always a precious resource. Poppy cultivation spread to central Europe and to the Aegean by 1000 BC. The Opium poppy was not known in ancient Mesopotamia, and was probably not known in ancient Egypt. However, by Roman times opium poppy had spread to Egypt. Both Roman and Greek physicians did much to spread knowledge of opium's medical uses. The Islamic world Opium flourished in the Arab world, as in Islam opiates were not proscribed in the same way as alcohol. In the 7th century, the Islamic cultures of western Asia had discovered that the most powerful narcotic and medicinal effects could be obtained by igniting and smoking the poppy's congealed juices. The history of opium poppy use is relatively recent in South Asia. Arab trade and the expanding world of Islam are assumed to have introduced knowledge of the opium drug to the Indian subcontinent by the 12th century. The first records of its cultivation appear in the 15th century and refer to Malwa as a centre of production. The Sanskrit words

85. Discovering China: History Between 1839 and 1842 the British fought an opium War against China to forcethe Chinese to keep buying the drug opium from British India, although opium http://library.thinkquest.org/26469/history/1900.html

History The Cultural Revolution CityScape Contributions ... Interactive History Present search home credits ... guestbook The Decline of the Qing Dynasty By the year 1900 the Chinese Empire had been in existence for over 2000 years, and during this time the Chinese had become extremely clever at astronomy, mathematics, engineering and medicine. They were the first people to use paper and had invented printing, and had been using paper and porcelain long before they had been invented in the West. They had also invented silk weaving, gunpowder, reading glasses, the magnetic compass and the suspension bridge. By 1900 the empire had grown weak. Western powers like Britain, France as well as Japan had gained great influence through trade and the use of force during the nineteenth century, and the Manchu dynasty seemed paralysed and unable to modernise and accept the changes that were happening, or react in a proper way to the challenges. Between 1839 and 1842 the British fought an "Opium War" against China to force the Chinese to keep buying the drug opium from British India, although opium use was banned in China. One of the results of this war was that Hong Kong was signed over to Britain. During a second war in 1860 a combined British French army attacked Beijing and burned down government buildings. In 1894-95 Japan attacked and annexed Korea, Formosa (Taiwan) and Port Arthur. After each of these wars the foreigners forced the rulers to sign "unequal treaties" giving the foreign powers control of China's sea ports and allowing them special trading rights. China was also divided up into spheres of influence, each falling under one or another foreign power.

86. History 39: Spring 2002 Arthur Waldron, The Great Wall of China From history to Myth James M.Polachek, The Inner opium War (Harvard Council on East Asian Studies, 1992), http://history.berkeley.edu/faculty/Wakeman/H39/

O ne of the classic divisions in Chinese political and social thought is between the "martial" ( wu ) and the "civil" ( wen ). This seminar seeks to explore the many dimensions of the former, starting with the military exploits of the Warring States period, the biographies of heroes and assassins in the Shiji , the sworn brothers of the Peach Garden Oath during the Three Kingdoms, and the "heroes of the rivers and lakes" as seen through some of the tales of Water Margin . In later sessions of the course, we will explore the rise of martial White Lotus sectarians during the early Ming, the Manchu military conquest of China, the establishment of secret societies in the Qing, and armed rebellion in the nineteenth century. Finally, we will discuss the tradition of military heroism among both men and women during the 1911 Revolution, the ideals of martial sacrifice among Chinese Nationalist terrorists operating against the Japanese during the 1930s, and the ways in which leaders like Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek tried to combine "martial" and "civil" virtues during the Civil War. Readings will average 70-100 pages per week, and there will be a final essay assignment due at the end of the semester. 1. Wen and Wu

87. Opium Wars - Eduseek The Eduseek page about opium wars. opium wars with Britain Short Historyof the opium wars - Sino-British opium War - The opium Trade - http://www.eduseek.com/static/navigate278.html

Home Subjects Help Age Groups Subjects History History - 12+ Conflict and War ... Opium Wars Categories First Opium War Second Opium War (Arrow war) Links The Opium Wars Emperor of China Declares War on Drugs Opium Wars and the Crumbling Empire Chinese Opium Wars ... Map

88. History Of China Explains a brief history of China. The Second opium War forced China tolegalize the opium trade and also to open more ports for foreign trade. http://www.sevenwondersworld.com/history_of_china.html

SevenWondersWorld.com Wonders Home Pyramid of Giza Hanging Gardens of Babylon Statue of Zeus ... Great Wall of China History of China The two pre-historic centers from which migrations of modern human population over the continent took place were south west Asia and a region comprising the Mongolians’ plateaus and North China. From prehistoric to historic times, possibly beginning as early as 30,000 years ago, movements from South West Asia continued towards Europe and into Central Asia with significant movements into china was taking place. Prehistoric counter movements along the China coast carried early Asiatic migrants of South East Asia, Northward again into Korea and Japan. It is believed that the Japanese and Koreans joined together to settle in China and led to the establishments of Chinese Civilization. Vietnamese influence has profoundly affected Chinese society, setting it apart from the main land societies further west. Chinese Buddhism, formally the Mahayana School is of the Vietnamese influence. China and Foreign Powers: Opium Wars: Mao Tse Tung and Communist Party in China: China, Zhonghua Renmin Gonghe Guo, which is called as People’s Republic of China has Beijing (Peking) as its capital. The large cities in China are Shangai, Canton and Shenzhen. The Area of China is 9,561,000 sq.kms with a population of 1,280.7m. The main language is Chinese. It has a literacy rate of 82% and main religions are Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism. The main currency or Renminbi (means Currency in Chinese) of the country is Yuan.

89. History Of China Britain s desire to continue its illegal opium trade with China collided with prohibiting the addictive drug, and the First opium War erupted in 1840. http://www.historyofnations.net/asia/china.html

History of China Site Links Home Search this Site Africa Asia ... Privacy Policy China is the oldest continuous major world civilization, with records dating back about 3,500 years. Successive dynasties developed a system of bureaucratic control that gave the agrarian-based Chinese an advantage over neighboring nomadic and hill cultures. Chinese civilization was further strengthened by the development of a Confucian state ideology and a common written language that bridged the gaps among the country's many local languages and dialects. Whenever China was conquered by nomadic tribes, as it was by the Mongols in the 13th century, the conquerors sooner or later adopted the ways of the "higher" Chinese civilization and staffed the bureaucracy with Chinese. The last dynasty was established in 1644, when the Manchus overthrew the native Ming dynasty and established the Qing (Ch'ing) dynasty with Beijing as its capital. At great expense in blood and treasure, the Manchus over the next half century gained control of many border areas, including Xinjiang, Yunnan, Tibet, Mongolia, and Taiwan. The success of the early Qing period was based on the combination of Manchu martial prowess and traditional Chinese bureaucratic skills. During the 19th century, Qing control weakened, and prosperity diminished. China suffered massive social strife, economic stagnation, explosive population growth, and Western penetration and influence. The Taiping and Nian rebellions, along with a Russian-supported Muslim separatist movement in Xinjiang, drained Chinese resources and almost toppled the dynasty. Britain's desire to continue its illegal opium trade with China collided with imperial edicts prohibiting the addictive drug, and the First Opium War erupted in 1840. China lost the war; subsequently, Britain and other Western powers, including the United States, forcibly occupied "concessions" and gained special commercial privileges. Hong Kong was ceded to Britain in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking, and in 1898, when the Opium Wars finally ended, Britain executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories, significantly expanding the size of the Hong Kong colony.

90. China History Forum, Online Chinese History Forum > The Opium War Full Version The opium War China history Forum, online chinese During theopium war the Chinese were baddy defeated and had little naval stregth. http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/lofiversion/index.php/t434.html

Help Search Member List Calendar Full Version: The Opium War China History Forum, online chinese history forum Chinese History By Dynasty Period Qing Jul 19 2004, 12:04 AM Yun Jul 19 2004, 01:20 AM As it happens, I have the full account here, from "The Opium War through Chinese Eyes" (George Allen and Unwin, 1958), a classic book by the British historian Arthur Waley, who used contemporary Chinese sources as material. The tragicomic fire-monkey fiasco took place during the Chinese attempt to recapture the city of Ningbo from the British, and illustrates the folly of placing the military under scholars whose only knowledge of warfare is from books like The Romance of the Three Kingdoms: Someone suggested that fire-crackers should be tied to the back of a number of monkeys, who would then be flung on board the English ships. The flames would spread rapidly in every direction and might with luck reach the powder magazine, in which case the whole ship would blow up. Nineteen monkeys were bought, and at the time of the advance were brought in litters to the advanced base. After the failure of the Chinese attack they accompanied the retreating armies to Tz'u-ch'i. "The fact is," says Pei, "that no one ever dared go near enough to the foreign ships to fling them on board, so that the plan was never put into effect." During the panic that ensued after the defeat of the remaining Chinese troops on the heights behind Tz'u-ch'i, the people fled the town, including a Mr. Feng in whose charge the monkeys had been put. There was no one to care for them, and they eventually died of starvation in Mr. Feng's deserted front lodge.

91. History EVELYN SAKAKIDA RAWSKI, The last emperors, a social history of Qing ARTHUR WALEY,The opium war through Chinese eyes, Stanford Calif., Stanford Univ. http://www.law.kuleuven.ac.be/chineselaw/virtual library/history.htm

GENERAL INFORMATION - INFORMATION GÉNÉRALE - ALLGEMEINE INFORMATION introductions - introductions - Einleitungen BOB TADEMA SPORRY, De geschiedenis van China , Haarlem, Fibula-Van Dishoeck, 5de dr., 1980, 240 p. ARMAND ABEL e.a., China en het Verre-Oosten , Brussel, Uitg.Meddens, 1970, 243 p. HENRI BOREL, "Het daghet in den Oosten" , Amsterdam, L.J.Veen, 2de dr., 1926, 190 p. HARRY HAMM, China , Brussel, Uitg.Artis, 1970, 128 p. D.VAN DER HORST, Geschiedenis van China , Utrecht/Antwerpen, Het Spectrum (Aula151), 1987, 169 p. China, Beeld van het dagelijks leven in de 18de eeuw , Alphen aan den Rijn, Atrium, 1988, 223 p. KARINA MEEUWSE, Het huis van Han, Honderd jaar Chinese geschiedenis in Nederland , Utrecht, Buma, 2000, 270 p. ANTHONY LAWRENCE, China, De lange mars. Tienduizend kilometer door China, Een reconstructie in foto's , Amsterdam, Uniepers b.v., 1987, 320 p. JAMES HAYES, South China village culture , Oxford, Univ.Press, 2001, viii+84 p.

92. History Of Guangdong - Introduction - GD In Brief - Newsgd Guangdong Province has a 2200year-long history with a long-established administrativestatus in China. So the first opium war broke out then. http://newsgd.com/gd/introduction/200305120334.htm

93. THE OPIUM WAR Term Papers, Research Papers On THE OPIUM WAR And Essays At AcaDem Argues that the underlying reason for the opium War was not the drug itself, and his book The Histories The history of the Peloponnesian War . http://www.academon.com/lib/essay/the-opium-war.html

Home Sell Buy FAQs ... Contact Us Papers [1-15] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 7] Go to page: Search results on "THE OPIUM WAR": Term Paper #32723 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) A Look Back at the Opium War An analysis of the significance, causes, and effect of the Opium War in China. 2,150 words ( approx. 8.6 pages ), 7 sources, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract Term Paper #41642 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) The Opium War Argues that the underlying reason for the Opium War was not the drug itself, but more a struggle for power. 2,400 words ( approx. 9.6 pages ), 6 sources, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract Term Paper #40871 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) The Opium War An overview of the part played by Hong Kong in the Opium War of 1839-42. 2,775 words ( approx. 11.1 pages ), 4 sources, Click here to show/hide Paper Summary Abstract This paper looks at the following questions: Why was there such an interest in Hong Kong during the time of the Opium War? Is it actually true that empires collided and sacrificed lives on the basis of a single drug? Were there no other factors involved? The purpose of this paper is to develop these questions and discover to what extent the Opium War of 1839-42 was indeed centered on opium in Hong Kong. Term Paper #43508 Add to Cart (You can always remove it later) Opium War What were the causes of the Opium War?

94. A SIMPLIFIED HISTORY OF CHINA Sun Tzu, author of THE ART OF WAR, lived during the Spring and Autumn Period, Most of the opium was produced in India, which provided income to British http://www.benbest.com/history/China.html

A Simplified History of China by Ben Best (This essay was written as background for my travel report A Trip to China A simplified history of China can be summarized in the following table, which I will proceed to explain in more detail. CHINESE HISTORY PERIOD DATES CAPITAL Shang Dynasty 17-11th century BC Yellow River Zhou Dynasty 1027-771 BC near Xian Spring and Autumn 770-476 BC Warring States 475-221 BC Chin Dynasty 221-207 BC Xian Han Dynasty 206 BC - 220 AD Xian Sui Dynasty 581-617 AD Xian Tang Dynasty 618-907 AD Xian Northern Song Dynasty 960-1127 AD Kaifeng Southern Song Dynasty 1127-1279 AD Hangzhou Yuan Dynasty 1279-1368 AD Beijing Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 AD Nanjing/Beijing Ching Dynasty 1644-1912 AD Beijing Chinese Republic 1912-1949 AD Beijing Civil War 1927-1949 AD Peoples' Republic 1949 AD-present Beijing Cultural Revolution 1966-1976 AD (for more detail, see Chinese History Timeline The first known Chinese dynasty was that of the Shang, which began in northeastern Hunan and later extended eastward along the Yangtze to the sea. Various city-states served as capital during the 500 or so years of the dynasty. Religion was based on reverence for ancestors, heavenly bodies and forces of nature, which were viewed as god-like. Royalty have been found buried with their valuables, including servants who were buried alive. The invention of Chinese writing is associated with Shang, which would explain why the Shang is the first dynasty for which there is a written record. A particularly despotic Shang ruler was overthrown by a western tribe known as the Zhou. Initially the Zhou were somewhat feudal, but they became increasingly centralized. The ruler was regarded as the "son of heaven" governing by divine right. In 771 BC the Zhou capital was sacked by barbarians and rebel lords.

95. China History,Chinese History,Historical Events In China,History Of China China history China travel tourism guide providing detailed information abouthistory of china and historical events in china like the first opium war, http://china.tourism-asia.net/china-history.html

China Information History of China Geography of China Climate of China ... Visa of China more China Information China Travel Guide Beijing Lhasa ... Tibet more China Travel Guides China Tourism Great Wall China Yangtze River ... Potala Palace more China Tourism Chinese Music Chinese Paintings Chinese Pottery ... Chinese Dance more Religions and Beliefs Buddhism Taoism Confucianism more China Religions China Festivals Chinese New Year Ching Ming ... Birthday Buddha more China Festivals China Beaches China Wildlife Chinese Architechture ... Capital Beijing Delight Tour more China Tour Packages China China Information China History China has a long history, going back over to 3 thousand years, ruled by Emperors and their dynasties. During 1200 China was invaded by the Mongols from Mongolia and was ruled by Kablai Khan, the era was known as the Yuan Dynasty. Mongols were the first foreign invaders who ruled China for several years. By the mid-1300s, the Yuan dynasty gave way to the Ming dynasty. Then in the mid-1600s, Manchurian troops overthrew the Ming dynasty to establish the Qing dynasty. In the early 1900s, the country came out from the power of dynasty rule to create the Peoples Republic of China. In the 1930s, China came under control of a communist government. With a rich history dating back to over 3500 years, China is one of the oldest civilizations of the world, which is still in existing. A highly evolved system of bureaucratic authority advanced by the changing dynasties and fundamental doctrines put this provincial civilization in a better place than its bordering gypsy.

96. War And Social Upheaval : Opium War The opium War was a critical turning point in Chinese history. In the West it isa conflict virtually unknown except to historians. In China every schoolboy http://histclo.hispeed.com/essay/war/war-ow.html

The Opium Wars Figure 1. Opium Opium is a milky substances that can be drained from unripe poppy capsules. It is a mixture of alkaloids, especially codeine, morphine, and narcotine and various organic acids, especially meconic acid. These substances have a variety of medicinal uses, primarily for the sedetive effect. It also is smoked as an intoxicant. Smokers can experience agreeable dreams, deep sleep, and in large doeses death. Discovery in China Medical science until modern times was much more advanced in China than the West. One Chinese discovery was opium. The Chinese began manufacturing opium for medicinal purposes in the late 15th century. Chinese doctors used it to treat dysentery, cholera, and a variety of other diseases. Drug Addiction in China British Trade Europeans encountered a major problem in trding with China. There was a great demand for Chinese products (porcelin, silks, and othr items) in the West. The Europeans had, however, difficulty delivering products of interest to the Chinese. Preindustrial China found few items made in Europe that were marketable. This problem gotten even worse when Europeans in the 18th century developed a taste for tea. The result was an unfavorable ballance of trade which could only be settled with bullion, gold and silver. This only began to change when the British used their Indian colony to alter the basis of trade, developing a triangular trade. The British shiped merchandize to India and Southeast asia which with the

97. Asiaweek.com Draped on this peg, the extraordinary tapestry of Hong Kong s history has made this Through the Open Door poured even more gold than from the opium War. http://www.asiaweek.com/asiaweek/97/0711/cs2.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] Home Magazine Archive Special Reports Asiaweek 1000 Financial 500 Best Cities Salary Survey ... More... Other News TIME Asia TIME.com CNN Asia FORTUNE.com ... AOL.com From Opium War to Open Door A past scarred by war and enriched by work has made Hong Kong a home like no other. To remain a haven distinct from China is key to its future By Rehman Rashid A MID THE BUSTLING WARREN of Hong Kong's Western District nestles a tiny landscaped park of carp ponds and red-tiled pagodas. Men ponder chess pieces in the shade as children scream and careen on rollerblades. This is Hong Kong's intertidal zone, where the last of Hollywood Road's antique shops tumble into junk stalls and await the stream of footsore tourists. Some pause at a display of old photographs by the park entrance. One shows a sun-baked parade ground, deserted but for some gazebos, in whose inky shade amorphous shadows laze. The caption reads, "Possession Point, 1841." There the British formally claimed Hong Kong, in late January that year, probably somewhere beneath this nook where Hollywood Road meets Possession Street. Not that the nearby vendor of cloisonne, netsuke and porcelain cares. "Some things will change, some things won't," he replies to the question every foreigner poses these handover days. "Whatever happens I'll be here. This is my home." Draped on this peg, the extraordinary tapestry of Hong Kong's history has made this metropolitan corner a place familiar to its people and separate from the mainland. But the park, like the rest of the territory, has had to rejoin China. The homecoming has, ironically, engendered more intensely than at any time in the past century and a half a sense that this enclave of 1,095 sq km is a home distinct even from Mother China. Yes, the past has made Hong Kong a home discrete from the ultimate homeland of the Chinese. So has the future, at least as promised: for at least half a century, the city's inhabitants are assured that the metropolis will continue to be the home they have known.

98. China History Britain s desire to continue its illegal opium trade with China collided with prohibiting the addictive drug and the First opium War erupted in 1840. http://www.world66.com/asia/northeastasia/china/history

China History - overview of historic events the travel guide you write Recent Changes Home Destinations Mapsonomy ... China Sections China Map History Practical Information ... [Add Section] Map View Enlargement History [edit this] [Upload image] Dynastic Period China is the oldest continuous major world civilisation with records dating back about 3 500 years. Successive dynasties developed a system of bureaucratic control which gave the agrarian-based Chinese an advantage over neighbouring nomadic and hill cultures. Chinese civilisation was further strengthened by the development of a Confucian (Kongzi) state ideology and a common written language that bridged the gaps among the country's many local languages and dialects. Whenever China was conquered by nomadic tribes as it was by the Mongols in the 13th century the conquerors sooner or later adopted the ways of the "higher" Chinese civilisation and staffed the bureaucracy with Chinese. The last dynasty was established in 1644 when the nomadic Manchus overthrew the native Ming dynasty and established the Qing dynasty with Beijing as its capital. At great expense in blood and treasure the Manchus over the next half century gained control of many border areas including Xinjiang, Yunnan, Mongolia, and Taiwan. The success of the early Qing period was based on the combination of Manchu martial prowess and traditional Chinese bureaucratic skills. During the 19th century Qing control weakened and prosperity diminished. China suffered massive social strife economic stagnation explosive population growth and Western penetration and influence. The Taiping and Nian rebellions along with a Russian-supported Muslim separatist movement in Xinjiang drained Chinese resources and almost toppled the dynasty. Britain's desire to continue its illegal opium trade with China collided with imperial edicts prohibiting the addictive drug and the First Opium War erupted in 1840. China lost the war; subsequently Britain and other Western powers including the United States forcibly occupied "concessions" and gained special commercial privileges. Hong Kong was ceded to Britain in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanjing and in 1898 when the Opium Wars finally ended Britain executed a 99-year lease of the New Territories significantly expanding the size of the Hong Kong colony. NASTY!!

99. Writing In The Major Political Science 148 Chinese Politics The Transformation and the Era of Reform;history 275A USChina Relations From the opium War to Tiananmen http://www.stanford.edu/group/wim/general/current_index.html

Writing in the Major Current WIM Courses Home Students Instructors PWR Contents of this section: WIM Courses Listed by School: School of Humanities and Sciences School of Engineering School of Earth Sciences General Information This section lists the courses that are available to fulfill the Writing in the Major Requirement. Listings of majors are organized by school: Humanities and Sciences, Engineering, and Earth Sciences. IMPORTANT NOTE: Students should consult department/program descriptions in the Bulletin and if necessary consult with the Undergraduate Director or Administrator for information on exactly which course(s) fulfill the WIM Requirement for their particular major(s). The list of WIM courses in this website does not necessarily contain all the information students need in order to plan for completion of the requirement. Links are provided to department/program web sites, which may contain additional information on specific courses. For general information on the Writing in Major Requirement and the features of WIM courses see The WIM Requirement and Student Questions WIM Courses in the School of Humanities and Sciences African and African American Studies African and African American Studies 105 Intro to African and African American Studies

100. Asian Review Of Books The opium wars by W. Travis Hanes III and Frank Sanello On the historical andgeopolitcal seismic scale, the opium wars fought between England and China http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/arb/article.php?article=183

A  B  C  D  E  F  G  H  I  J  K  L  M  N  O  P  Q  R  S  T  U  V  W  X  Y  Z

Page 5     81-100 of 108    Back | 1  | 2  | 3  | 4  | 5  | 6  | Next 20