61. HISTORY'S VIEW OF AN IMPERIAL COMMISSIONER IN THE OPIUM WARS. history S VIEW OF AN IMPERIAL COMMISSIONER IN THE opium wars. A review andanalysis of the historical accounts of the opium War of 184042, http://www.academictermpapers.com/abstracts/13000/13813.html

SUBJECT INDEX: ANTHROPOLOGY ARCHITECTURE ART BLACK STUDIES ... AREA STUDIES 30,000 Term Papers To Choose From.. Find Academic, Research, College, and University Term Papers Search Our Catalog For A Term Paper, Book Report, Case Study or Essay. We Provide Custom Research, Term Paper Writing, Pre-written Reports and Editing... "$name" TERM PAPERS Academic Term Papers Catalog HISTORY'S VIEW OF AN IMPERIAL COMMISSIONER IN THE OPIUM WARS. 13813. HISTORY'S VIEW OF AN IMPERIAL COMMISSIONER IN THE OPIUM WARS. A review and analysis of the historical accounts of the Opium War of 1840-42, with a particular focus on the character and activities of Imperial Commissioner Lin Tse-Hsu. Argues that while Lin was using completely legal and accepted methods to conduct a war on drugs, his efforts were doomed by the practical realities of an established, highly profitable link in the triangular trade route between England, India and China. Written 1992. 12 pages, 18 footnotes, 3 bibliographic sources.

62. History history of drug laws and restrictions opium wars. Drugs history opiumHypodermic needle invented (1856). By the end of Civil War, 45000 soldiers http://www.mrs.umn.edu/~ratliffj/Drugs_Course/history.htm

63. WHKMLA : The (First) Opium War, 1839-1842 FILES, A Short history of the opium wars, from Drug Library The opium War andthe Opening of China, by Xiangyu Tang, posted in 1997 http://www.zum.de/whkmla/military/19cen/opiumwar1.html

The (First) Opium War 1839-1842 A.) The Situation Preceding the War The E.I.C. (East India Company) long had enjoyed a monopoly, among English merchants and companies, in the Asia trade. Trade was conducted by rules established by the Chinese, through the port of Canton; the E.I.C. exported silk, tea, porcelain a.o. from China, while the Chinese bought cotton and a few other items from the English - and in addition accepted payment in silver. The trade balance, seen from the English perspective, was negative, over a lengthy period of time. The E.I.C. attempted a number of measures to address this imbalance - growing tea in plantations in Assam and growing opium (since 1781) on plantations in British India were two of them. At first, opium was a drug, legitimately traded for medicinal purpose and highly priced on the Chinse market. Yet, at an early stage, opium trade was declared illegitimate in China. Such regulations were not enforced in Canton, for the Chinese mandarins were underpaid, and the Chinese merchants in charge of trading with foreigners were taxed excessively; the illegal opium trade provided both with the opportunity to break even. The E.I.C. did not directly import opium to China, but auctioned off the Indian opium harvest in Calcutta, leaving the opium import to China to private merchants. Until into the 1820es, the opium import through Canton remained at a high, but stable level (c. 4,000 chests per annum); toward the late 1820es and into the 1830es the opium import grew sharply (c.18,000 chests in 1826). Lin Ch'ing t'ien, new Chinese governor of Canton, decided to crack down on the illegitimate opium trade.

64. Books On China China from The opium wars to the 1911 Revolution / Chesneaux, Jean, The ChineseCentury A Photographic history / Spence, Jonathan and Annping Chin http://www.smith.edu/fcceas/china/chistory.html

FIVE COLLEGE CENTER FOR EAST ASIAN STUDIES China Books: History Back to China Menu 1587: A Year of No Significance / Huang, Ray The Ancient Chinese World Barbarians in Peking / Stokes, John and Gwenneth The Birth of China / Creel, Herrlee Glessner Born Red: A Chronicle of the Cultural Revolution / Gao, Yuan Cambridge Illustrated History: China / Ebrey, Patricia Buckley Changing China: Product of Revolution / Whomsey, John Changing China: Readings in the History of China / Gentzler, J. Mason., ed. Chen Village: The Recent History of a Peasant Community / Chan, Anita, Richard Madsen, and Jonathan Unger "China 1991." Current History: A World Affairs Journal (September 1991) / Finan, William W. Jr., ed. China After the Cultural Revolution China from The Opium Wars to the 1911 Revolution / Chesneaux, Jean, Marianne Bastid, and Marie-Claire Bergere China Meets the West, the Treaty Ports / Posner, Ronald

65. Ch'ing China: The Opium Wars By the 1830's, the English had become the major drugtrafficking criminal organization in the world . Discussion of the causes and effects of these wars. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/CHING/OPIUM.HTM

tons of opium into Canton which it traded for Chinese manufactured goods and for tea. This trade had produced, quite literally, a country filled with drug addicts, as opium parlors proliferated all throughout China in the early part of the nineteenth century. This trafficing, it should be stressed, was a criminal activity after 1836, but the British traders generously bribed Canton officials in order to keep the opium traffic flowing. The effects on Chinese society were devestating. In fact, there are few periods in Chinese history that approach the early nineteenth century in terms of pure human misery and tragedy. In an effort to stem the tragedy, the imperial government made opium illegal in 1836 and began to aggressively close down the opium dens. The War The Illustrated Gazatteer of Maritime Countries Illustrated Gazatteer of Maritime Countries Gazatteer Gazatteer that the Europeans had developed technologies and methods of warfare in their ceaseless and barbaric quest for power, profit, and material wealth. Civilization, represented by China, was in danger of falling to the technological superiority of the Western powers. Because China is a peaceful and civilized nation, it can overcome the West only if it learns and matches the technology and techniques of the West. The purpose of the Gazatteer ©1996, Richard Hooker

66. History Of The Opium Trade In China After this atrocity, followed the first opium War, when British ships sailed up the In all history, no nation has ever set itself such a gigantic task, http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/History/om/om15.htm

Sign the Resolution for a Federal Commission on Drug Policy Contents Feedback Search ... Historical Research THE OPIUM MONOPOLY BY ELLEN N. LA MOTTE XV HISTORY OF THE OPIUM TRADE IN CHINA The China Year Book makes no mention of the traders who carried these chests of opium into China. The opium came from India, however, and the increase in importation corresponds with the British occupation of India, and the golden days of the East India Company. "Opium was now contraband, but that fact had no effect on the quantity introduced into the country," smuggled in wholesale by the enterprising British traders. After this atrocity, followed the first Opium War, when British ships sailed up the river, seized port after port, and bombarded and took Canton. Her ships sailed up the Yangtsze, and captured the tribute junks going up the Grand Canal with revenue to Peking, thus stopping a great part of China's income. Peace was concluded in 1843, and Great Britain came out well. She recompensed herself by taking the island of Hongkong; an indemnity Of 21 million dollars, and Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo and Shanghai were opened up as "treaty ports"-for the importation of opium and the "open-door" in general. Mr. Wells, in his "Middle Kingdom" describes the origin of this first war with England: "This war was extraordinary in its origin as growing chiefly out of a commercial misunderstanding; remarkable in its course as being waged between strength and weakness, conscious superiority and ignorant pride; melancholy in its end as forcing the weaker to pay for opium within its borders against all its laws, thus paralyzing the little moral power its feeble government could exert to protect its subjects. . . . It was a turning point in the national life of the Chinese race, but the compulsory payment of six million dollars for the opium destroyed has left a stigma upon the English name."

67. Sfc6301i #2 - B. Lown:Tobacco And The Developing World The struggle against tobacco is not being won, it is being relocated. The tobacco wars of the next century will increasingly be waged among vulnerable populations ill equipped to cope with the slick marketing techniques and the dirty tricks perfected by the tobacco industry. http://pcvc.sminter.com.ar/cvirtual/cvirteng/cienteng/sfeng/sfc6301i/ilown/ilown

Tobacco and the developing world Published in ProCOR Bernard Lown, MD The opium wars of the 21st century: Tobacco and the developing world The tobacco wars of the next century will increasingly be waged among vulnerable populations ill equipped to cope with the slick marketing techniques and the dirty tricks perfected by the tobacco industry. Most developing countries have no advertising controls, lack adequate health warning requirements, and have a dearth of pressure groups campaigning for stricter tobacco controls. They have set no age limits, nor imposed restrictions on smoking in public places. Their populations are poorly educated on the health hazards nor is information being provided to the burgeoning numbers of teen-agers who are most susceptible to advertising hype. Tobacco already exacts an inordinate toll in the developing world. In Mexico, according to the Center for Disease Control (CDC), death rate for all smoking related disease has increased substantially, ranging in mortality increases of 60% for cerebrovascular disease to 220% for lung cancer. (3) In Brazil cigarette-related disease now leads infectious diseases as the principal cause of death.(4) In Bangladesh, as a result of increased smoking, cancer of the lung has become the third most common cancer among men and perinatal mortality is 270 per 1000 /children of smoking mothers-more than twice the rate for children of nonsmokers. (4) In India, a six-fold increase in mortality from bronchitis and emphysema has been noted, coincident with that country's skyrocketing cigarette consumption.(4,5 ) In developing countries, not only is the use of tobacco surging, but the cigarettes are more addictive and more lethal because of higher tar and nicotine content.

68. Modern Era The opium War, 183942. During the eighteenth century, the market in Europe andAmerica for tea, a new drink in the West, expanded greatly. http://www-chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html

Emergence Of Modern China The success of the Qing dynasty in maintaining the old order proved a liability when the empire was confronted with growing challenges from seafaring Western powers. The centuries of peace and self-satisfaction dating back to Ming times had encouraged little change in the attitudes of the ruling elite. The imperial Neo-Confucian scholars accepted as axiomatic the cultural superiority of Chinese civilization and the position of the empire at the hub of their perceived world. To question this assumption, to suggest innovation, or to promote the adoption of foreign ideas was viewed as tantamount to heresy. Imperial purges dealt severely with those who deviated from orthodoxy. By the nineteenth century, China was experiencing growing internal pressures of economic origin. By the start of the century, there were over 300 million Chinese, but there was no industry or trade of sufficient scope to absorb the surplus labor. Moreover, the scarcity of land led to widespread rural discontent and a breakdown in law and order. The weakening through corruption of the bureaucratic and military systems and mounting urban pauperism also contributed to these disturbances. Localized revolts erupted in various parts of the empire in the early nineteenth century. Secret societies, such as the White Lotus sect ( ) in the north and the Triad Society ( ) in the south, gained ground, combining anti-Manchu subversion with banditry.

69. First Opium War - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The conflict began a long history of Chinese resentment toward Western society For the victors, the opium War paved the way for the opening up of the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Opium_War

First Opium War From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is part of the History of Hong Kong series Timeline Years Prehistory Imperial China ... Opium Wars First Opium War Second Opium War British colony (pre-war) Founding of crown colony Early 20th century ... Aviation history The First Opium War was a trade-inspired war between the United Kingdom and the Qing Empire in China from to . It is often seen as the beginning of European imperial hegemony towards China. The conflict began a long history of Chinese resentment toward Western society that still has remnants today. In the early 19th century, trading in goods from China was extremely lucrative for Europeans. But trade to China suffered from the fact that the Chinese consumer professed no interest in foreign products, such that it was difficult to find trading goods the Chinese might buy. Silver was one, to the extent that the drain on European specie metals was noticeably affecting the economy. In casting about for other possible commodities, the British soon discovered opium , and would use its narcotic effects for economic gains. Between

70. Opium Wars - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The opium war and the signing of various treaties led to the opening of ports, From the Napier Affair through the First opium War (18341843) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opium_wars

Opium Wars From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Opium wars This article is part of the History of Hong Kong series Timeline Years Prehistory Imperial China ... First contacts with the West Opium Wars First Opium War Second Opium War British colony (pre-war) Founding of crown colony ... Aviation history There were two Opium Wars between Britain and China . In the second, France also participated alongside Britain. The opium war and the signing of various treaties led to the opening of ports, in various parts of China. Contents The growth of the opium trade (1650-1911) The East India Company (1773-1833) From the Napier Affair through the First Opium War (1834-1843) Further reading ... edit The growth of the opium trade (1650-1911) The Qing dynasty of China entered into a long decline beginning in the 1800's, beset by increasingly aggressive foreign powers that clamoured for two-way trade with China. Europeans bought porcelain, silk, spices and tea from China, but could sell little in return. The drain on silver in Europe further strained finances already squeezed by European wars. Opium itself had been manufactured in China since the 15th century. It was mixed with

71. Digital China/harvard: The Opium War And, if you ve found a link on the opium War, whether the history or the film,add it to this site! Search Our Site Enter your search terms below, http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/ChinaDragon/opiumwar.html

In the 1842 Treaty of Nanking , the first treaty in the modern history of China, London gained Hong Kong island as a reparation from the Qing Court, desperate to stave off escalation of the military conflict then underway. (The image to the left is a fragment of that treaty.) One particularly important document which led to the Opium War (and, ultimately, this conference and site) was drafted over 150 years ago: Commissioner Lin's Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria , decrying the evils of Britain's opium trade with China, and demanding its termination. Click here to read that letter. China News Digest's outlined history of the Quing Dynasty may be a good starting place for information on the Opium War as an historical event , or set of events. (A good pictorial history of the era is available through China.COM .) Several other general historical accounts are available on the web: see, for example, this account at CNN's HK97 site ... or this account at the Public Broadcasting System site... or this one posted by Fox News ... or this article , at Asiaweek . The U.S. Library of Congress Federal Research Division offers its own brief historical account of the Opium War, as part of its publication

72. The First Opium War On the face of it, the opium War appears to be a rather straightforward affair.Until the eighteenth century, Asian history The First opium War http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/oriental_history/19388

Topics Articles Links Free Courses Home Directory 22 Communities What's New ... Free e-Courses Search Suite101.com Within: Asian History History and Government Reference Computing Dictionary Medical Dictionary Legal Dictionary Financial Dictionary Acronyms Wikipedia Encyclopedia Columbia Encyclopedia New Topics Postcolonial Studies Ancient Roman Women Political Opinion Monarchs of Britain ... More... New Articles Recipes from Disaster - Conclusion Abilene, Kansas, part 3 Lee Kuan Yew Royal Accessories - Part 1 ... More... New Discussions Poll Question Terrorism: What are We Actually Fighting? Table of Contents What did you know about the Indian Trust case? ... More... My Recent Articles East Meets West - Matteo Ricci Wu Zetian : China's Only Empress The Top Ten Related Online Courses Medieval Food King Charles I- The King and the Man Irish Emigration to America The First Opium War Home History and geography History of Asia History of Asia Author: Maria Christensen Published on: May 4, 1999

73. The Second Opium War A description of the Second opium War between Britain and France allied againstChina. East Asian history The Second opium War http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/east_asian_history/111392

Topics Articles Links Free Courses Home Directory 22 Communities What's New ... Free e-Courses Search Suite101.com Within: East Asian History History and Government Reference Computing Dictionary Medical Dictionary Legal Dictionary Financial Dictionary Acronyms Wikipedia Encyclopedia Columbia Encyclopedia New Topics Postcolonial Studies Ancient Roman Women Political Opinion Monarchs of Britain ... More... New Articles Recipes from Disaster - Conclusion Abilene, Kansas, part 3 Lee Kuan Yew Royal Accessories - Part 1 ... More... New Discussions Poll Question Terrorism: What are We Actually Fighting? Table of Contents What did you know about the Indian Trust case? ... More... My Recent Articles Lee Kuan Yew The Assassination of Sultan Mahmud Chiang Kai-Shek Related Online Courses Medieval Food Irish Emigration to America Who was Jack the Ripper? The Second Opium War Home History and geography History of Asia History of Asia Author: John Walsh Published on: October 6, 2004 Welcome Page My Articles Discussions for You My Bookstore ... Community Bookstore Subscribe to My Topic The First Opium War ( http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/1817...

74. Wars, Wars Of The World, World War, Wars History, Wars Directory, World War I, W wars, wars of the World, World War, wars history, wars Directory, World War I,World War II, War of the World, War Sites, wars in the World, http://www.123world.com/wars/

Wars of the world Welcome to the ultimate source of authentic and reliable information about the Wars of the world on the net. The links in this directory will guide you to the official sites of the wars that you are looking for. Click on the respective alphabet to begin your search for a particular war or scroll down to the appropriate section beginning with that alphabet. Once you click on the link, it will directly take you to the official homepage of the particular war. In case of non-availability of of a particular official site, we have screened a number of sites and selected the most informative site on the subject. We have made sincere efforts to list the links of all the official war sites on the net. The links provided here are most reliable and will help you get all the facts and figures about the important wars of the world. However, if you do not find the official site of the war that you are looking for, then use the feedback link at the bottom of this page to apprise us of the same. We will leave no stones unturned to add the missing link to our directory as soon as possible. a b c d ... z A American Civil War Arab-Israeli Wars Aroostook War B Bangladesh War of Liberation Boer War Boxer Rebellion C Crimean War Cuban Revolution F Falklands War French Revolution G Greek War of Independence Gulf War H Haitian Revolution I Indo-Pak War-1971 Iranian Revolution K Korean War M Mexican Revolution N Nanjing Massacre Napoleonic war O Opium Wars P Philippine-American War Punic Wars R Russian Revolution S Second Sino-Japanese War Somalian Civil War Spanish- American War Spanish Civil War U

75. History 344: The Opium War The Cambridge history of China (Cambridge, England, 1978), Vol. 10, 163212 Waley,Arthur, The opium War Through Chinese Eyes (London, 1958) http://www.wfu.edu/~sinclair/opiumb.htm

I. Introduction: European maritime expeditions II. 1685-1740: Era of multi-port trade III. 1760-1842: Era of the Canton System A. Foreign grievances B. Macartney (1793) and Amherst (1816) missions C. British trade IV. Opium trade V. Effects of opium trade VI. Debate over legalization VII. Commissioner Lin’s program and the outbreak of war A. The “three-fold” strategy B. March 24, 1839: Chinese troops surround factories C. Bonds of guarantee D. First shots: Kowloon, September 4, 1839 E. Palmerston orders naval expedition to China, October 18, 1839 VIII Warfare A. First phase: November 1839–January 1841 B. Second phase: August 1841–August 1842 C. Treaty of Nanjing, August 29, 1842 D. Supplementary Treaty of the Bogue, October 18, 1843 IX. Consequences of the war Bibliography Beeching, Jack, The Opium Wars in China, 1834-1860 (London, 1975) Chang, Hsin-pao, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War (Cambridge, Mass., 1964) Fairbank, John K., Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast. 2 vols. (Cambridge, Mass., 1953)

76. Drug Policy Alliance: History 104: Opium And World Power 1800-2000 opium A history Martin Booth (London Simon and Schuster, 1996). The CantonTrade and the opium War Frederic Wakeman, Jr. In Denis Twitchett and http://www.drugpolicy.org/library/features/collegecours/richards2.cfm

Home Publications and Library Features College Courses in Drugs and Drug Policy History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000 powered by Join the Drug Policy Alliance's work to promote drug policies based on science, compassion, health, and human rights. Overview The Lindesmith Library Catalog College Courses in Drugs and Drug Policy Shame Utah for Rave Bust The Pursuit of Pleasure : Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900 What the Doormouse Said Doug Valentine on Cultural Baggage [Audio] GEOPIUM History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000 "History 104: Opium and World Power 1800-2000". Taught by John Richards, Duke University, Durham, NC. Semester II, 1999-2000. Reading List Opium: A History Martin Booth (London: Simon and Schuster, 1996). (Booth) Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of America's Romance with Illegal Drugs Jill Jonnes (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996) (Jonnes). Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy: A Study of the Asian Opium Trade 1750-1950 Carl A. Trocki (London and New York: Routledge, 1999). (Trocki) Course Outline Part I: The Nineteenth Century Week 1 Introduction Web-based course discussion topic: What is addiction?

77. [2] Boodle Boys It takes up the early history of opium and other traditional drugs such as During that first opium War, the Chief of Operations for Russell Co. in http://www.ctrl.org/boodleboys/boddlesboys2.html

The Boodle Boys The Charmer, China Trade Clipper Ship launched 1854 "When we sold the Heathen nations rum and opium in rolls, And the Missionaries went along to save their sinful souls." The Old Clipper Days Julian S. Cutler Col. WH Russell in his later years William H. Russell cousin Samuel Russell formally established Russell & Co. on January 1, 1824 for the purpose of acquiring opium and smuggling it to China. Russell & Co. merged with the number one US trader, the J. & T.H. Perkins " Boston Concern " in 1829. By the mid-1830s the opium trade had become "the largest commerce of its time in any single commodity, anywhere in the world." Russell & Co. and the Scotch firm Jardine-Matheson, then the world's largest opium dealer working together were known as the " Combination ." George HW Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts not far from the historic home of Robert Bennett Forbes, a Russell partner. Many great American, European and Chinese family fortunes were built on the "China"(opium) trade. Yes, they sold porcelain, tea, silks and other items at home in the US, but they "needed" the trade in opium for silver to pay for the desired goods and—opium smuggling returned "handsome" profits Samuel Russell of Middleton, Connecticut

78. Critical Montages It looks as if it is the latest opium War, regardless of intentions of all parties in Afghanistan was a chapter in the long history of opium and empire. http://montages.blogspot.com/2004/12/new-opium-war.html

@import url("http://www.blogger.com/css/blog_controls.css"); @import url("http://www.blogger.com/dyn-css/authorization.css?blogID=6786517"); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/main.css); @import url(http://www.blogger.com/css/navbar/3.css); Notify Blogger about objectionable content. What does this mean? BlogThis! Critical Montages "Method of this project: literary montage. I needn't say anything. Merely show." Walter Benjamin subject = new Array; link = new Array; subject_count=0; Saturday, December 11, 2004 subject[subject_count]='A New Opium War'; A New Opium War If you look at the changes in the political economy of Afghanistan, you may conclude that this is neither a "war on terror" that Washington says it is nor a pipeline war as some of its critics allege. It looks as if it is the latest Opium War, regardless of intentions of all parties (Afghans, Americans, Europeans, and others) involved. According to the Afghanistan Opium Survey 2004 by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), opium cultivation has increased 64% since 2003. The opium industry now employs 2.3 million in Afghanistan (compared to 1.7 million in 2003), i.e., 10% of the Afghan population. The export value of Afghan opium is estimated to be $2.8 billion, a 22% increase since 2003. The opium export today accounts for more than of Afghanistan's Gross Domestic Product.

79. Antiforeign Movement And The Arrow, Or Second Opium, War (from China) --  Encyc Antiforeign movement and the Arrow, or second opium, War (from China) At thesigning of the Hyper War A Hypertext history of the Second World War http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-71769

Home Browse Newsletters Store ... Subscribe Already a member? Log in Content Related to this Topic This Article's Table of Contents Expand all Collapse all Introduction The land Relief The eastern region The Manchurian Plain The Ch'ang-pai Mountains The North China Plain The Loess Plateau ... The Nan Mountains The southwest The Plateau of Tibet The northwest The Tarim Basin The Dzungarian Basin The Tien Shan Drainage ... Soils Climate The air masses Temperature Rainfall Plant and animal life Plant life Animal life Settlement patterns Rural areas Urban areas The people Ethnic and linguistic groups Population growth Population distribution Internal migration ... The economy Resources Mineral resources Hydroelectric resources Agriculture Farming and forestry Livestock and fishing Industry Finance ... Trade Administration of the economy The role of the government Trade unions Economic policies Transportation ... Posts and telecommunications Administration and social conditions Government and party Administration Armed forces Justice ... Cultural life History Prehistory Archaeology in China Early man Neolithic Period Climate and environment ... Religious beliefs and social organization The first historical dynasty: the Shang The advent of bronze casting The Shang dynasty Royal burials The chariot ... State and society The Chou and Ch'in dynasties Chou and Shang The Chou feudal system Social, political, and cultural changes

80. Opium Wars --  Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The Online Encyclopedia You C opium wars body Two trading wars of the mid19th century in China. Brief historyof some events that took place during the war. http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9374076?query=China&ct=

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