41. Readings: A Brief History Of Hong Kong To 1910 Britain and China fought the opium wars over China s right to restrict foreign See also Tsai, Hong Kong in Chinese history, p.22, citing Historical and http://www.askasia.org/teachers/Instructional_Resources/Materials/Readings/China

A Brief History of Hong Kong to 1910 By Joanna Waley-Cohen Reprinted from Picturing Hong Kong: Photography 1855 - 1910, 1997, Asia Society Galleries, published in conjunction with a photo exhibit, Picturing Hong Kong: Photography 1855 - 1910, , showing at the Asia Society Galleries in New York from June 11 to August 17, 1997. Edited for AskAsia. Related Lesson: Scenarios for Hong Kong's Future Hong Kong fulfilled multiple roles in the first half-century or so after it became a British colony in 1842. During that period, Hong Kong occupied the front line in the development of Chinese nationalism; it served as a major conduit for Chinese emigration; and it offered many Chinese their first exposure to both good and bad aspects of "the West." Note 1 .)Under a Joint Declaration made in 1984 between Britain and China, in which Britain acknowledged Hong Kong's dependence on the mainland for such vital resources as drinking water, the entire colonyHong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territoriesreverts to China upon the expiration of the lease on the New Territories at midnight on 30 June 1997. Britain and China fought the Opium Wars over China's right to restrict foreign trade in general and the opium trade in particular. In the eighteenth century, the European passion for things Chinese, particularly silk, ceramics and tea, had led to a thriving international commerce that was highly profitable for China. However, the Manchu Qing dynasty restricted foreign merchants to the southeastern city of Canton (Guangzhou). They did not do so out of any disdain for commerce, as is sometimes mistakenly assumed, but because, given spreading European colonialism in Asia, they were extremely wary about the possibly detrimental effect on imperial control of permitting an unrestrained foreign presence in China.

42. Chinese History - Qing Dynasty Event History (www.chinaknowledge.org) These military actions are called the Second opium War. The economical impactof the opium wars and the penetration of the Western powers in the Chinese http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Qing/qing-event.html

A universal guide for China studies from Chinaknowledge Chinese History - Qing Dynasty 渠朝 (1644-1911) Encoding: Unicode (UTF-8) [Location: HOME History Qing bottom Qing Dynasty event history period before (Ming Dynasty) next period (Republic) Qing Dynasty intro Map and Geography The Manchu conquest of China ... The Revolution of 1911 The Manchu Conquest of China The Way into Crisis That such a vast empire like Qing China would meet conflicts with neighboring people, is a natural cause. Already the occupation of the Ili Territory in the west has not been without consequences for the loyalty of Muslim people of Chinese Turkestan. But expanding Russia also claimed these territories of Inner Asia. Treaties with the Russian tsars helped to settle the border conflicts. Chinese troops proved the Qing sovereignity over Burma and Nepal. Chinese settlers in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Taiwan met rebellions of the aboriginal tribes that could only be subdued by military force. Muslim people stood up against the Qing regime in Gansu and Xinjiang. A Weakening China The Opium Wars Meanwhile, Russia also claimed rights on Chinese territory. The treaties of Nerchinsk (chin. Nibuchu 尼布楚) in 1689 and Kyakhta (chin. Qiaketu 恰堋土 or 恰堋圖) in 1727 already had regulated frontier line and trade between Qing China and Russia. In 1858 Russia occupied the territory north of the River Amur and clamied this territory as Russian, ensured in the Aigun Treaty (Aihui Tiaoyue 璦琿條約).

43. Curriculum Online - History Product Information Britain 17501900 / The opium wars in China / HomeBeats Struggles for RacialJustice Describes the history of Britain s relationship with Africa, http://www.curriculumonline.gov.uk/Subjects/Hi/browselist.htm?taxonid=1726&hid=1

44. Sourcebooks, Inc. Search Our Catalog The opium wars. The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another In this pageturning, dramatic and colorful history, The opium wars responds http://sourcebooks.com/content/catalog/catalog.asp?isbn=1402201494

45. Electronic Passport To Chinese History The British defeated China in the opium wars. They seized Hong Kong, but moreimportantly, It is considered the Golden Age of Chinese history. http://www.mrdowling.com/613chinesehistory.html

HOME TIME AND SPACE PREHISTORY MESOPOTAMIA ... The Boxer Rebellion Dynasty From at least 1766 BC to this century, China was ruled by dynasties. A dynasty is a ruling family that passes control from one generation to the next. One dynasty lasted more than 800 years, while another lasted only fifteen years. The Chinese people supported their rulers because of what they called the Mandate of Heaven. The ancient Chinese believed their ancestors in heaven had chosen their leaders. The people would rebel against a weak leader because they believed he had lost the Mandate of Heaven. The Shang was the first dynasty to leave written records. The Shang rulers expanded the borders of their kingdom to include all of the land between Mongolia and the Pacific Ocean. The Shang practiced human sacrifice. If a king died, many of his slaves would join him in the grave. Some were beheaded first, others were buried alive. The Shang also developed a lunar calendar consisting of twelve months of 30 days each. When a Shang king died, his next oldest brother replaced him. When there were no brothers, the oldest maternal nephew became king. The Chou were nomads who lived west of the Shang. They overthrew the Shang and ruled China from 1122

46. Fortress Europe: The True Lesson Of The Opium Wars The first `opium War has not on the whole received a very good press. If history teaches anything, it teaches this, and with monotonous repetition. http://www.seangabb.co.uk/pamphlet/chinese.htm

Fortress Europe: The True Lessons of the Opium Wars By Sean Gabb Published in 1988 as Historical Notes No. 5 ISBN 1 87604 15 1 by the Libertarian Alliance, London If there is anything connecting management and unions - and sometimes government - in the European Community, it is fear of the Orient. From Hokkaido to Penang extends the great productive crescent. Its exports come in volumes and at prices disturbing to an economic balance between East and West which even twenty years ago might have seemed part of the natural order. And now the crescent is filling in. Chinese manufactures are appearing in the shops. These are still crude and often funny to look at. But the question is being asked with insistent frequency - what will happen when the principles which have made Hong Kong what it is are applied to a thousand million people? There are two possible answers to this. The first is simple. It will make a thousand million people and all those trading with them very well off. For myself, I doubt if anything costing money has given me as much joy as my Taiwanese wordprocessor. What the Chinese proper will try selling me in ten years time I await with eager hope. The second, however, seems at the moment rather more likely. It is that we shall be dragged behind a cordon of Euro-tariffs and Euro-quotas. In the name of `fair trade' we shall be forced to buy European goods of increasing relative dearness, or not to buy at all. The case for protectionism has been demolished so often and so utterly that showing its economic cost would be a routine use of common sense. Much more interesting is to wonder how politically feasible it can remain. For how long can a market of any size be shut to a more dynamic outsider? There was a time when of all the Europeans the British were best able to know the answer to this. And there really is no better answer to it now than to look at certain events of the last century, when the boot was on the other foot.

47. Ireland Information Guide , Irish, Counties, Facts, Statistics, Tourism, Culture Second opium War (or The Arrow War) (1856 1860); Anglo-Zulu War (1879);Boer War ( 1880-1881 and 1899-1902) British military history of World War II http://www.irelandinformationguide.com/British_military_history

Article History Create an account or log in Ireland British military history History of Britain Chronological Ancient Britain Roman Britain Medieval Britain Modern Britain Geographic History of England History of Ireland History of Scotland History of Wales Topical Economic history British Empire Military history Social history Constitutional history edit For details of British military history see: Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Institutions 2 Alliances 2.1 Scottish 2.2 English ... edit Institutions Royal Navy British Army New Model Army Territorial Army ... Kitchener's Army Auxiliary Units (1940s) Home Guard (1940s) Royal Air Force Royal Ordnance National Service (1949 - 1960) edit Alliances edit Scottish Auld Alliance (1165-1560) edit English Anglo-Portuguese alliance (1386-) Holy League (1510 to 1513) Triple Alliance (1668) Grand Alliance (1689 - ?) edit British Anglo-Portuguese alliance (1704-) Triple Alliance (1717) Triple Alliance (1788) Entente Cordiale (1904) Triple Entente (1908) NATO Western European Union Five Power Defence Agreement edit Military encounters Roman Invasion Manduessedum (61) Battle of Mons Graupius (83) Viking invasions (793 - 1066) Raid on Lindisfarne (793) Battle of Edington (878) Battle of Stamford Bridge (1066) Norman Conquest Battle of Hastings - Last invasion of the British Isles by a foreign force (1066) Third Crusade (1189) Wars of Scottish Independence (1296 - 1333) Hundred Years' War (1337 to 1453) Battle of Agincourt (1415) Wars of the Roses (1455 - 1485) Battle of Bosworth Field - last British king to die in combat (1485)

48. Green Tea Diet, Health Benefit - History Conflict England responded by starting the opium wars (18401842) using military The French and Indian War exacerbated Great Britain’s financial problems in the http://greentealovers.com/greenteahistoryconflict.htm

The Tea Shop Our Green Tea Selection Customer Favorites Premium Green Teas ... About the Environment Menu Trouble? Use Site Map Join Our E-mail Newsletter Green Tea Site Search Home The Politics of Tea Over the centuries, the tea trade has shaped culture and significantly influenced power and politics in both the East and the West. In 16th and 17th Century Europe, the favorite tea became black tea, prepared from fully fermented green tea leaves. France and the Netherlands were the two largest tea-consuming nations until the late 1650s. As the English rose to dominate the oceans of the known world, trade ships known as Tea Clippers were born. These vessels carried silk, porcelain and other goods from China to Europe, but they took their name from their most important cargo. Over the centuries, the tea trade has shaped culture and significantly influenced power and politics in both the East and the West. In 1610, the Holland United East Indian Company bought their first crop of Japanese tea in Hirado and Chinese tea in Macao from a Portuguese merchant. Eventually, tea became very popular among Holland's royal families and its upper class. In the 1630s, the Dutch began selling teas to France, Germany, North America, and England. Holland developed a major tea plantation in Indonesia in the 1870s and supplied teas both domestically and internationally. It helped transform Indonesia into one of today's major tea producing nations. By 1760, five thousand tons of teas were imported (this includes smuggling) from China to England. By the 19th century, tea was the major commodity traded between China and England. Tea was paid for in silver. The Chinese imported far less than they sold and they levied extensive tariffs. As a result, England incurred a massive trade deficit and a shortage of silver in Great Britain. Subsequently England forced China to accept opium from their Indian colony as payment to reduce their deficit, causing a dispute that eventually lead to the Opium War in 1840.

49. CNN.com - 1840-1860: Opium Wars - June 24, 2002 More Hong Kong history. 18401860 opium wars. 1860s-1940 In the crown. 1941-1945Occupation. 1945-1960s Postwar. 1960s-1970s Revolution http://asia.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/06/20/hk.history.01/

document.adoffset = 0; document.adPopupDomain = 'edition.cnn.com'; document.adPopupFile = '/cnn_adspaces/adsPopup2.html'; document.adPopupInterval = 'P24'; document.adPopunderInterval = 'P24'; MAIN PAGE EUROPE WORLD WEATHER ... SPORT at SI.com SERVICES E-MAIL SERVICES CNN MOBILE CNN AVANT GO DESKTOP TICKER ... AD INFO CNN TV what's on biz international inside sailing the music room ... CNN Partner Hotels EDITIONS CNN.com U.S. CNN.com Asia CNNArabic.com set your edition Languages Arabic Japanese Spanish Portuguese German Italian Korean Time, Inc. Time.com People Fortune EW 1840-1860: Opium Wars Trade war: Britain acquires 'a barren rock' At the start of the 19th century, Hong Kong was little more than a backwater in southern China, with no indication it would one day be a world trade center. By the middle of that century, Britain's desire to force opium on China had resulted in two wars and the loss of Chinese sovereignty in the territory. In the early 1800s, Hong Kong was inhabited mostly by subsistence farmers, fishermen and pirates. At that time, China's major contact with the outside world was taking place farther north, up the Pearl River, at

50. Chinese History, Map And Chronology opium wars. digitalchina/harvard opium war. history. Good reference site at UCSD Zheng He Cheng Ho The great Chinese mariner who sailed the seas http://www.chinapage.com/history1.html

Chinese History Chinese history, timelines, maps, and Chronology of dynasties and emperors Classical History Books Collection[BIG5] Chronologies Chronology of Chinese dynasties [GIF] Chronology of Dynasties and Reign of Emperors [pdf] [GB] Another Chronology Timeline and Maps Detailed Time line by Seki Wei [BIG5] Most complete chronology timeline! Opium Wars digitalchina/harvard opium war History Good reference site at UCSD Zheng He [Cheng Ho] The great Chinese mariner who sailed the seas Brief History [GB] Click on each dynasty to read a brief description. Chinese History Hakka - Chinese Culture Page by Dr. S. L. Lee Portraits of Emperors [Home Page] of China the Beautiful

51. Welcome To Amoymagic.com, An English Guide To Xiamen! Lords of opium. Every time history repeats itself, the price goes up. Before my quick overview of the opium wars, lets read The opium Den, from http://amoymagic.mts.cn/OpiumWar.htm

52. WWW-VL: History: Military History WWWVL United States Military history King William s War. Eighteenth Century The opium wars 1839-1842. The opium wars 1839-1842 1856-1860 http://vlib.iue.it/history/mil/

WWW-VL: HISTORY: MILITARY HISTORY Click here for: The WWW-VL: World History Index WWW-VL: History: W3 Search Engines Research Tools Bibliography Bibliotheca: Military Archaeology and History British and Commonwealth Orders of Battle Canadian Forces College/Peace and Security Server: Military History Land Forces of Britain, the Empire, and the Commonwealth [extraordinary breadth and depth of coverage] Military Data Resource [large number of links] On-Line Bibliography of Military Leadership Women as Warriors in History Archives Text MILHST-L Modern Military History KOREAN-WAR-L History of the Korean War WWI-L World War I WWI-L Archive Images War Artists from the First World War (Archives of Ontario) Journals The Ancient History Bulletin South African Military History Journal DISPATCH , The Scottish Military Historical Journal ... Military History Publishers of Military History Books Military Bookman Osprey Publishing Ltd. (Military History) Naval Institute Press Biographies Index to Military and Diplomatic Biographies Military History Organizations The Anglo-Zulu War Historical Society Center for Defence Information Irish Brigade Association NATO ... Society of Ancient Military Historians Military Museums Canadian Forces Directorate of History and Heritage Canadian War Museum Royal Submarine Museum UK Texas Military Museum USAF Air Museum. First World War Displays

53. WWW-VL History Index Military history of Victoria s Reign. The Second AngloBurmese War 1852-1853 The Crimean War 1854-1856. The Crimean War 1854-1856. The opium wars 1856- http://vlib.iue.it/history/europe/uk/uk.html

WWW-VL: HISTORY of the United Kingdom Click here for The World-Wide Web Virtual Library (WWW-VL) central catalogue The WWW-VL search facility. Research Tools Geography Maps Relief Political 1987 Administrative Divisons 1988 Ordnance Survey - Britain's national mapping agency ... Motorways and Airfields GPS Data Historical Britannia London's Lost Map , from the Museum of London London 1859 Gazetteers Political Divisions of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Cities and Towns Village Search [Locator of Places] A Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford University Press Reference Encyclopaedia of British History: 1700-1950 The Monarchy: 1760-1900 Prime Ministers: 1750-1930 Members of Parliament: 1750-1850 ... GENUKI: Royalty Kings and Queens Index Bibliography Including Web Indezes British Search Engines A-M British Search Engines N-Z History Gateway [The Institute of Historical Research, London]

54. Home Page The opium wars, also known as the AngloChinese wars marks the greatest success in chaos.umd.edu/history/modern.html. Hooker, Richard. The opium wars. http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/China/05/marx/

The Pre and Post-Immediate Effects of Opium Introduction on China by Conner Marx Opium PowerPoint In 19 th two drastically different ways by the two sides. The Opium Wars, also known as the Anglo-Chinese Wars marks the greatest success in European, specifically, British history. Also making it the most devastating loss in Chinese History (Hooker 1). Prior to the Opium War and Western Influence, China was a peaceful, independent, and self-satisfied nation. Since the times of the Ming dynasty, The Emergence of Modern China , "The imperial Neo-Confucian scholars accepted as axiomatic the cultural superiority of Chinese civilization and the position of the empire at the hub of their perceived world. To question this assumption, to suggest innovation, or to promote the adoption of foreign ideas was viewed as tantamount to heresy. Imperial purges dealt severely with those who deviated from orthodoxy." This imperial "loyalty" developed into a unique system of foreign affairs (Glasoe 1). "The imperial Neo-Confucian scholars accepted as axiomatic the cultural superiority of Chinese civilization and the position of the empire at the hub of their perceived world. To question this assumption, to suggest innovation, or to promote the adoption of foreign ideas was viewed as tantamount to heresy. Imperial purges dealt severely with those who deviated from orthodoxy." (Ward Fay xxi).

55. [Regents Prep Global History] Imperialism: China Welcome to the Global history section of the New York State High School opium wars In the early 1800s, the British treasury was being depleted due to http://regentsprep.org/Regents/global/themes/imperialism/china.cfm

Regents Prep Global History Imperialism China Opium Wars In the early 1800s, the British treasury was being depleted due to its dependence upon imported tea from China. The Chinese still considered their nation to be the Middle Kingdom , and therefore viewed the goods the Europeans brought to trade with as nearly worthless trinkets. To solve this trade imbalance Britain imported opium, processed from poppy plants grown in the Crown Colony of India, into China. Chinese officials attempted to ban the importation of the highly addictive opium, but ultimately failed. The British declared war on China in a series of conflicts called the Opium Wars . Superior British military technology allowed them to claim victory and subject the Chinese to a series of unequal treaties Unequal Treaties According to the 1842 Treaty of Nanjing , the Chinese were to: Reimburse Britain for costs incurred fighting the Chinese Open several ports to British trade Provide Britain with complete control of Hong Kong Grant extraterritoriality to British citizens living in China Spheres of Influence Eventually several European nations followed suit, forcing China to sign a series of unequal treaties.

56. The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, And Opium Consumption In China In this paper we examine the impact of China s opium legalization on the quantityand N4 Economic history - - Government, War, Law, and Regulation http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/11355.html

This file is part of IDEAS , which uses RePEc data Papers Articles Software Books ... Help! The Opium Wars, Opium Legalization, and Opium Consumption in China Author info Abstract Publisher info Download info ... Statistics Author Info Jeffrey A. Miron Chris Feige Abstract The effect of drug prohibition on drug consumption is a critical issue in debates over drug policy. One episode that provides information on the consumption-reducing effect of drug prohibition is the Chinese legalization of opium in 1858. In this paper we examine the impact of China's opium legalization on the quantity and price of British opium exports from India to China during the 19th century. We find little evidence that legalization increased exports or decreased price. Thus, the evidence suggests China's opium prohibition had a minimal impact on opium consumption. Download Info To download: If you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. Information about this may be contained in the File-Format links below. In case of further problems read the IDEAS help file . Note that these files are not on the IDEAS site. Please be patient as the files may be large.

57. Chrysalis Books - The Opium Wars The opium wars presents a detailed and thoroughly engrossing new history thatevokes the political and moral struggles of the people involved in the wars http://www.chrysalisbooks.co.uk/book/1861056893

Menu Home About Chrysalis Books Group Newsletter Our imprints ... Press Office Search by Book title Author ISBN number Current category only History and Heritage You are in: History The Opium Wars The Addiction of One Empire and the Corruption of Another By W. Travis Hanes III, PhD and Frank Sanello Normal price: Summary About the Author Historian W. Travis Hanes III, PhD is an internationally recognised expert on nineteenth-century Britain and holds a doctorate in British Imperial History. Frank Sanello has written numerous books on history and film. Publisher Robson Publication Date 3 November 2003 ISBN Size (h x w) Binding HB Pages Related Books WINSTON CHURCHILL by Parker,R A C ROYALTY'S STRANGEST CHARACTERS by Geoff Tibballs SAMURAI by Stephen Turnbull BOER WAR, LETTERS DIARIES,PHOTO MAL by RIALL AGENTS OF EMPIRE by Gribbon, Walter Privacy statement Contact us Home

58. University Of Manitoba: Arts - Department Of History - Course Outlines 2004-05 Thurs., Jan 27 Placing the opium wars in history myths and legacies. Section IIIMythic moments of change and resistance in China A. The Boxer Revolution http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/history/undergrad/outlines05/309L01.html

Department of History Undergraduate Courses University of Manitoba 11.309 L01 (Winter 2005) Myth and Experience in Modern China Prof. T. Chen 346 University College phone: 474-9149 email: chentm@ms.umanitoba.ca office hours: Wednesday, 10am-12pm Course Overview Evaluation Class Participation Written Assignment I 1600-2000 words Due: Tuesday Feb 1, 2005 Response Paper Group 1: Due March 3, 2005 Group 2: Due March 22, 2005 Term Paper 2500-3000 words Due: Tuesday April 12, 2005 Final Exam TBA Class format will be a combination of lectures and discussion. Students are expected to participate actively in the course. Students will also be required, on occasion, to lead discussion of particular readings as well as present their own research. The class participation mark will be based on attendance, participation, preparation, and content. Response papers are short papers (approx. 3-4 pages) that directly address particular themes in the reading. The response paper will discuss a memoir from a specific historical period and consider how the author records and contextualizes experience, myth and their historical significance.

59. India & China Stage: Jasmine Dispatch - June 12, 2000 Addresses the rugged history of British invasion, drug wars and the opium trade . Drug wars to Star wars A Tangled Trip Through the opium Trade http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/asia/071500/071500jasopium.html

Drug Wars to Star Wars: A Tangled Trip Through the Opium Trade July 15, 2000 In the tricky world of international relations and politics, you'll be surprised at some of the things a country and its leaders can get away with. Let's flip through annals of history and highlight a few examples. The construction of the Narmada Dam in India caused the inundation of villages and took the lives of villagers fighting to protect their homes. This is a prime example of the injustices people face at the hands of world leaders. Let's not forget about the founding fathers of the United States, who captured, enslaved, and murdered Africans to build America. Click image for larger view History is full of instances similar to these. As a matter of fact, when Christopher Columbus "discovered" America, he was actually looking to exploit trade opportunities in the East! Another good example has only recently has been reconciled. During the 1500s, when the European powers were searching for trade opportunities, they began to establish trade relations with China. The Portuguese were the first to land on the shores of China in 1516 and had successfully set up trade missions by 1557. The

60. Fortress Europe: The True Lesson Of The Opium Wars The first `opium War has not on the whole received a very good press. Cambridge history of China, Cambridge University Press, 1978, vol. 10, part 1, p. http://freespace.virgin.net/old.whig/chinese.htm

Fortress Europe? The True Lesson of the Opium Wars by Sean Gabb Published 1988 by the Libertarian Alliance, London. ISBN - 1 87604 15 1 If there is anything connecting management and unions - and sometimes government - in the European Community, it is fear of the Orient. From Hokkaido to Penang extends the great productive crescent. Its exports come in volumes and at prices disturbing to an economic balance between East and West which even twenty years ago might have seemed part of the natural order. And now the crescent is filling in. Chinese manufactures are appearing in the shops. These are still crude and often funny to look at. But the question is being asked with insistent frequency - what will happen when the principles which have made Hong Kong what it is are applied to a thousand million people? There are two possible answers to this. The first is simple. It will make a thousand million people and all those trading with them very well off. For myself, I doubt if anything costing money has given me as much joy as my Taiwanese wordprocessor. What the Chinese proper will try selling me in ten years time I await with eager hope. The second, however, seems at the moment rather more likely. It is that we shall be dragged behind a cordon of Euro-tariffs and Euro-quotas. In the name of `fair trade' we shall be forced to buy European goods of increasing relative dearness, or not to buy at all. The case for protectionism has been demolished so often and so utterly that showing its economic cost would be a routine use of common sense. Much more interesting is to wonder how politically feasible it can remain. For how long can a market of any size be shut to a more dynamic outsider? There was a time when of all the Europeans the British were best able to know the answer to this. And there really is no better answer to it now than to look at certain events of the last century, when the boot was on the other foot.

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